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Nanomaterials
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Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
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Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "2D and Carbon Nanomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 19008

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Dapeng Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang 453007, China
Interests: nanomaterials; controllable synthesis; catalysis; energy storage/conversion; environmental remediation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues

Biomass-derived carbon-based nanomaterials can potentially be applied in the fields of environmental remediation, energy conversion and storage and medical care, among others. The unique composition and tissue structures of the biomass grant these carbon-based nanomaterials with outstanding features, such as high surface area, well-developed porous texture and active heteroatom doping sites. Meanwhile, the abundant resources of biomass have further endowed these materials with feasibility for potential large-scale application.

The scope of this issue covers the novel design and synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials derived from biomass. This Special Issue is also a suitable venue for research devoted to understanding the catalytic, thermal, magnetic, chemical, or electrochemical properties of biomass-derived carbon-based nanomaterials toward promoting their applications in the fields of environmental remediation, energy conversion and storage, and medical care, to name but a few.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:          

  • Synthesis of biomass-derived carbon-based nanomaterials
  • Biomass-derived carbon-based nanomaterials for environmental remediation, energy storage/conversion, photocatalysis and electro-catalysis
  • New characterization techniques for biomass-derived carbon-based nanomaterials
  • Techniques for the massive and industrialized fabrication of biomass-derived carbon-based nanomaterials

We are pleased to invite you to submit details of your latest research work in any research field relevant to this Special Issue. Submissions of communications, full papers, and reviews are all welcomed.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Kind regards

Dr. Dapeng Wu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomass
  • nanocomposites
  • biofuel
  • catalysis
  • carbon materials
  • environmental remediation
  • bioenergy
  • adsorption
  • electrochemistry
  • energy storage/conversion

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 175 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for Special Issue: “Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterial”
by Mengmeng Zhang, Pengfei Li and Dapeng Wu
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(13), 2020; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13132020 - 07 Jul 2023
Viewed by 901
Abstract
Biomass-derived carbon-based nanomaterials represent a group of green and high-quality materials which can be potentially employed in the fields of environmental protection, energy conversion and clean energy storage [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

11 pages, 4760 KiB  
Article
Chitin-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanopaper with Subwavelength Nanoporous Structures for Solar Thermal Heating
by Thanakorn Yeamsuksawat, Luting Zhu, Takaaki Kasuga, Masaya Nogi and Hirotaka Koga
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(9), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091480 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1443
Abstract
Sustainable biomass-derived carbons have attracted research interest because of their ability to effectively absorb and convert solar light to thermal energy, a phenomenon known as solar thermal heating. Although their carbon-based molecular and nanoporous structures should be customized to achieve enhanced solar thermal [...] Read more.
Sustainable biomass-derived carbons have attracted research interest because of their ability to effectively absorb and convert solar light to thermal energy, a phenomenon known as solar thermal heating. Although their carbon-based molecular and nanoporous structures should be customized to achieve enhanced solar thermal heating performance, such customization has insufficiently progressed. In this study, we transformed a chitin nanofiber/water dispersion into paper, referred to as chitin nanopaper, with subwavelength nanoporous structures by spatially controlled drying, followed by temperature-controlled carbonization without any pretreatment to customize the carbon-based molecular structures. The optimal carbonization temperature for enhancing the solar absorption and solar thermal heating performance of the chitin nanopaper was determined to be 400 °C. Furthermore, we observed that the nitrogen component, which afforded nitrogen-doped carbon structures, and the high morphological stability of chitin nanofibers against carbonization, which maintained subwavelength nanoporous structures even after carbonization, contributed to the improved solar absorption of the carbonized chitin nanopaper. The carbonized chitin nanopaper exhibited a higher solar thermal heating performance than the carbonized cellulose nanopaper and commercial nanocarbon materials, thus demonstrating significant potential as an excellent solar thermal material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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11 pages, 2525 KiB  
Article
Polyacrylic Acid Functionalized Biomass-Derived Carbon Skeleton with Highly Porous Hierarchical Structures for Efficient Solid-Phase Microextraction of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons
by Anying Long, Hailin Liu, Shengrui Xu, Suling Feng, Qin Shuai and Shenghong Hu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(24), 4376; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12244376 - 08 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1049
Abstract
In this study, polyacrylic acid functionalized N-doped porous carbon derived from shaddock peels (PAA/N-SPCs) was fabricated and used as a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating for capturing and determining volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) from water. Characterizations results demonstrated that the PAA/N-SPCs presented a highly [...] Read more.
In this study, polyacrylic acid functionalized N-doped porous carbon derived from shaddock peels (PAA/N-SPCs) was fabricated and used as a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating for capturing and determining volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) from water. Characterizations results demonstrated that the PAA/N-SPCs presented a highly meso/macro-porous hierarchical structure consisting of a carbon skeleton. The introduction of PAA promoted the formation of polar chemical groups on the carbon skeleton. Consequently, large specific surface area, highly hierarchical structures, and abundant chemical groups endowed the PAA/N-SPCs, which exhibited superior SPME capacities for VHCs in comparison to pristine N-SPCs and commercial SPME coatings. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the proposed analytical method presented wide linearity in the concentration range of 0.5–50 ng mL−1, excellent reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 5.8%–7.2%, and low limits of detection varying from 0.0005 to 0.0086 ng mL−1. Finally, the proposed method was applied to analyze VHCs from real water samples and observed satisfactory recoveries ranging from 75% to 116%. This study proposed a novel functionalized porous carbon skeleton as SPME coating for analyzing pollutants from environmental samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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18 pages, 5133 KiB  
Article
Co-Immobilization of Lactase and Glucose Isomerase on the Novel g-C3N4/CF Composite Carrier for Lactulose Production
by Le Wang, Bingyu Jiao, Yan Shen, Rong Du, Qipeng Yuan and Jinshui Wang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(23), 4290; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234290 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1759
Abstract
The g-C3N4/CF composite carrier was prepared by ultrasound-assisted maceration and high-temperature calcination. The enzyme immobilization using the g-C3N4/CF as the novel carrier to immobilize lactase and glucose isomerase was enhanced for lactulose production. The carbon [...] Read more.
The g-C3N4/CF composite carrier was prepared by ultrasound-assisted maceration and high-temperature calcination. The enzyme immobilization using the g-C3N4/CF as the novel carrier to immobilize lactase and glucose isomerase was enhanced for lactulose production. The carbon fiber (CF) was mixed with melamine powder in the mass ratio of 1:8. The g-C3N4/CF composite carrier was obtained by calcination at 550 °C for 3 h. After the analysis of characteristics, the g-C3N4/CF was successfully composited with the carbon nitride and CF, displaying the improvement of co-immobilization efficiency with the positive effects on the stability of the enzyme. The immobilization efficiency of the co-immobilized enzyme was 37% by the novel carrier of g-C3N4/CF, with the enzyme activity of 13.89 U g−1 at 60 °C. The relative activities of co-immobilized enzymes maintained much more steadily at the wider pH and higher temperature than those of the free dual enzymes, respectively. In the multi-batches of lactulose production, the relative conversion rates in enzymes co-immobilized by the composite carrier were higher than that of the free enzymes during the first four batches, as well as maintaining about a 90% relative conversation rate after the sixth batch. This study provides a novel method for the application of g-C3N4/CF in the field of immobilizing enzymes for the production of lactulose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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14 pages, 15295 KiB  
Article
N, S Co-Doped Carbons Derived from Enteromorpha prolifera by a Molten Salt Approach: Antibiotics Removal Performance and Techno-Economic Analysis
by Mengmeng Zhang, Kexin Huang, Yi Ding, Xinyu Wang, Yingli Gao, Pengfei Li, Yi Zhou, Zheng Guo, Yi Zhang and Dapeng Wu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(23), 4289; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234289 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1342
Abstract
N, S co-doped bio-carbons with a hierarchical porous structure and high surface area were prepared using a molten salt method and by adopting Entermorpha prolifera (EP) as a precursor. The structure and composition of the bio-carbons could be manipulated by the salt types [...] Read more.
N, S co-doped bio-carbons with a hierarchical porous structure and high surface area were prepared using a molten salt method and by adopting Entermorpha prolifera (EP) as a precursor. The structure and composition of the bio-carbons could be manipulated by the salt types adopted in the molten salt assisted pyrolysis. When the carbons were used as an activating agent for peroxydisulfate (PDS) in SMX degradation in the advanced oxidation process (AOP), the removal performance in the case of KCl derived bio-carbon (EPB-K) was significantly enhanced compared with that derived from NaCl (EPB-Na). In addition, the optimized EPB-K also demonstrated a high removal rate of 99.6% in the system that used local running water in the background, which proved its excellent application potential in real water treatment. The degradation mechanism study indicated that the N, S doping sites could enhance the surface affinity with the PDS, which could then facilitate 1O2 generation and the oxidation of the SMX. Moreover, a detailed techno-economic assessment suggested that the price of the salt reaction medium was of great significance as it influenced the cost of the bio-carbons. In addition, although the cost of EPB-K was higher (USD 2.34 kg−1) compared with that of EPB-Na (USD 1.72 kg−1), it was still economically competitive with the commercial active carbons for AOP water treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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14 pages, 4696 KiB  
Article
Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon with a Good Balance between High Specific Surface Area and Mesopore Volume for Supercapacitors
by Yanbo Wang, Yiqing Chen, Hongwei Zhao, Lixiang Li, Dongying Ju, Cunjing Wang and Baigang An
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3804; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213804 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1295
Abstract
Porous carbon has been one desirable electrode material for supercapacitors, but it is still a challenge to balance the appropriate mesopore volume and a high specific surface area (SSA). Herein, a good balance between a high SSA and mesopore volume in biomass-derived porous [...] Read more.
Porous carbon has been one desirable electrode material for supercapacitors, but it is still a challenge to balance the appropriate mesopore volume and a high specific surface area (SSA). Herein, a good balance between a high SSA and mesopore volume in biomass-derived porous carbon is realized by precarbonization of wheat husk under air atmosphere via a chloride salt sealing technique and successive KOH activation. Due to the role of molten salt generating mesopores in the precarbonized product, which can further serve as the active sites for the KOH activation to form micropores in the final carbon material, the mesopore–micropore structure of the porous carbon can be tuned by changing the precarbonization temperature. The appropriate amount of mesopores can provide more expressways for ion transfer to accelerate the transport kinetics of diffusion-controlled processes in the micropores. A high SSA can supply abundant sites for charge storage. Therefore, the porous carbon with a good balance between the SSA and mesopores exhibits a specific gravimetric capacitance of 402 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 in a three-electrode system. In a two-electrode symmetrical supercapacitor, the biomass-derived porous carbon also delivers a high specific gravimetric capacitance of 346 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 and a good cycling stability, retaining 98.59% of the initial capacitance after 30,000 cycles at 5.0 A−1. This work has fundamental merits for enhancing the electrochemical performance of the biomass-derived porous carbon by optimizing the SSA and pore structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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16 pages, 3238 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Carbon Derived from Sulfur-Free Lignins for Functional Electrical and Electrochemical Devices
by Bony Thomas, Mohini Sain and Kristiina Oksman
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(20), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203630 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1720
Abstract
Technical lignins, kraft, soda, lignoboost, and hydrolysis lignins were used for the production of carbon particles at different carbonization temperatures, 1000 °C and 1400 °C. The results showed that the lignin source and carbonization temperature significantly influenced the carbon quality and microstructure of [...] Read more.
Technical lignins, kraft, soda, lignoboost, and hydrolysis lignins were used for the production of carbon particles at different carbonization temperatures, 1000 °C and 1400 °C. The results showed that the lignin source and carbonization temperature significantly influenced the carbon quality and microstructure of the carbon particles. Soda lignin carbonized up to 1400 °C showed higher degree of graphitization and exhibited the highest electrical conductivity of 335 S·m−1, which makes it suitable for applications, such as electromagnetic interference shielding and conductive composite based structural energy storage devices. The obtained carbon particles also showed high surface area and hierarchical pore structure. Kraft lignin carbonized up to 1400 °C gives the highest BET surface area of 646 m2 g−1, which makes it a good candidate for electrode materials in energy storage applications. The energy storage application has been validated in a three-electrode set up device, and a specific capacitance of 97.2 F g−1 was obtained at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 while an energy density of 1.1 Wh kg−1 was observed at a power density of 50 W kg−1. These unique characteristics demonstrated the potential of kraft lignin-based carbon particles for electrochemical energy storage applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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14 pages, 3484 KiB  
Article
Supramolecular Self-Assembly Strategy towards Fabricating Mesoporous Nitrogen-Rich Carbon for Efficient Electro-Fenton Degradation of Persistent Organic Pollutants
by Ye Chen, Miao Tian and Xupo Liu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(16), 2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162821 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1095
Abstract
The electro-Fenton (EF) process is regarded as an efficient and promising sewage disposal technique for sustainable water environment protection. However, current developments in EF are largely restricted by cathode electrocatalysts. Herein, a supramolecular self-assembly strategy is adopted for synthetization, based on melamine–cyanuric acid [...] Read more.
The electro-Fenton (EF) process is regarded as an efficient and promising sewage disposal technique for sustainable water environment protection. However, current developments in EF are largely restricted by cathode electrocatalysts. Herein, a supramolecular self-assembly strategy is adopted for synthetization, based on melamine–cyanuric acid (MCA) supramolecular aggregates integrated with carbon fixation using 5-aminosalicylic acid and zinc acetylacetonate hydrate. The prepared carbon materials characterize an ordered lamellar microstructure, high specific surface area (595 m2 g−1), broad mesoporous distribution (4~33 nm) and high N doping (19.62%). Such features result from the intrinsic superiority of hydrogen-bonded MCA supramolecular aggregates via the specific molecular assembly process. Accordingly, noteworthy activity and selectivity of H2O2 production (~190.0 mg L−1 with 2 h) are achieved. Excellent mineralization is declared for optimized carbon material in several organic pollutants, namely, basic fuchsin, chloramphenicol, phenol and several mixed triphenylmethane-type dyestuffs, with total organic carbon removal of 87.5%, 74.8%, 55.7% and 54.2% within 8 h, respectively. This work offers a valuable insight into facilitating the application of supramolecular-derived carbon materials for extensive EF degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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22 pages, 6892 KiB  
Article
Humulus scandens-Derived Biochars for the Effective Removal of Heavy Metal Ions: Isotherm/Kinetic Study, Column Adsorption and Mechanism Investigation
by Xingang Bai, Luyang Xing, Ning Liu, Nana Ma, Kexin Huang, Dapeng Wu, Mengmeng Yin and Kai Jiang
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3255; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123255 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1770
Abstract
Humulus scandens was first adopted as a biomass precursor to prepare biochars by means of a facile molten salt method. The optimized biochar exhibits a high specific surface area of ~450 m2/g, a rich porous structure and abundant oxygen functional groups, [...] Read more.
Humulus scandens was first adopted as a biomass precursor to prepare biochars by means of a facile molten salt method. The optimized biochar exhibits a high specific surface area of ~450 m2/g, a rich porous structure and abundant oxygen functional groups, which demonstrate excellent adsorption performance for heavy metal ions. The isotherm curves fit well with the Langmuir models, indicating that the process is governed by the chemical adsorption, and that the maximum adsorption capacity can reach 748 and 221 mg/g for Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively. In addition, the optimized biochar demonstrates good anti-interference ability and outstanding removal efficiency for Cu2+ and Pb2+ in simulated wastewater. The mechanism investigation and DFT calculation suggest that the oxygen functional groups play dominant roles in the adsorption process by enhancing the binding energy towards the heavy metal ions. Meanwhile, ion exchange also serves as the main reason for the effective removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

24 pages, 14599 KiB  
Review
Green Production of Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
by Chao Ma, Mengmeng Zhang, Yi Ding, Yan Xue, Hongju Wang, Pengfei Li and Dapeng Wu
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(11), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13111768 - 30 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1605
Abstract
Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) with a high energy density have been regarded as a promising energy storage device to harness unstable but clean energy from wind, tide, solar cells, and so on. However, LSBs still suffer from the disadvantages of the notorious shuttle effect [...] Read more.
Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) with a high energy density have been regarded as a promising energy storage device to harness unstable but clean energy from wind, tide, solar cells, and so on. However, LSBs still suffer from the disadvantages of the notorious shuttle effect of polysulfides and low sulfur utilization, which greatly hider their final commercialization. Biomasses represent green, abundant and renewable resources for the production of carbon materials to address the aforementioned issues by taking advantages of their intrinsic hierarchical porous structures and heteroatom-doping sites, which could attribute to the strong physical and chemical adsorptions as well as excellent catalytic performances of LSBs. Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to improving the performances of biomass-derived carbons from the aspects of exploring new biomass resources, optimizing the pyrolysis method, developing effective modification strategies, or achieving further understanding about their working principles in LSBs. This review firstly introduces the structures and working principles of LSBs and then summarizes recent developments in research on carbon materials employed in LSBs. Particularly, this review focuses on recent progresses in the design, preparation and application of biomass-derived carbons as host or interlayer materials in LSBs. Moreover, outlooks on the future research of LSBs based on biomass-derived carbons are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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19 pages, 3727 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Sodium-Ion Energy Storage Devices
by Mengdan Yan, Yuchen Qin, Lixia Wang, Meirong Song, Dandan Han, Qiu Jin, Shiju Zhao, Miaomiao Zhao, Zhou Li, Xinyang Wang, Lei Meng and Xiaopeng Wang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(6), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060930 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3963
Abstract
Compared with currently prevailing Li-ion technologies, sodium-ion energy storage devices play a supremely important role in grid-scale storage due to the advantages of rich abundance and low cost of sodium resources. As one of the crucial components of the sodium-ion battery and sodium-ion [...] Read more.
Compared with currently prevailing Li-ion technologies, sodium-ion energy storage devices play a supremely important role in grid-scale storage due to the advantages of rich abundance and low cost of sodium resources. As one of the crucial components of the sodium-ion battery and sodium-ion capacitor, electrode materials based on biomass-derived carbons have attracted enormous attention in the past few years owing to their excellent performance, inherent structural advantages, cost-effectiveness, renewability, etc. Here, a systematic summary of recent progress on various biomass-derived carbons used for sodium-ion energy storage (e.g., sodium-ion storage principle, the classification of bio-microstructure) is presented. Current research on the design principles of the structure and composition of biomass-derived carbons for improving sodium-ion storage will be highlighted. The prospects and challenges related to this will also be discussed. This review attempts to present a comprehensive account of the recent progress and design principle of biomass-derived carbons as sodium-ion storage materials and provide guidance in future rational tailoring of biomass-derived carbons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)
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