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22 pages, 48731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Propolis-Sodium Alginate Scaffolds: Influence on Structural Parameters, Release Mechanisms, Cell Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity

by Kubra Aranci, Muhammet Uzun, Sena Su, Sumeyye Cesur, Songul Ulag, Al Amin, Mehmet Mucahit Guncu, Burak Aksu, Sevgi Kolayli, Cem Bulent Ustundag, Jorge Carvalho Silva, Denisa Ficai, Anton Ficai and Oguzhan Gunduz

Molecules 2020, 25(21), 5082; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215082 - 02 Nov 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6149

Abstract

In this study, the main aim was to fabricate propolis (Ps)-containing wound dressing patches using 3D printing technology. Different combinations and structures of propolis (Ps)-incorporated sodium alginate (SA) scaffolds were developed. The morphological studies showed that the porosity of developed scaffolds was optimized [...] Read more.

In this study, the main aim was to fabricate propolis (Ps)-containing wound dressing patches using 3D printing technology. Different combinations and structures of propolis (Ps)-incorporated sodium alginate (SA) scaffolds were developed. The morphological studies showed that the porosity of developed scaffolds was optimized when 20% (v/v) of Ps was added to the solution. The pore sizes decreased by increasing Ps concentration up to a certain level due to its adhesive properties. The mechanical, swelling-degradation (weight loss) behaviors, and Ps release kinetics were highlighted for the scaffold stability. An antimicrobial assay was employed to test and screen antimicrobial behavior of Ps against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains. The results show that the Ps-added scaffolds have an excellent antibacterial activity because of Ps compounds. An in vitro cytotoxicity test was also applied on the scaffold by using the extract method on the human dermal fibroblasts (HFFF2) cell line. The 3D-printed SA–Ps scaffolds are very useful structures for wound dressing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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20 pages, 3755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Electrochemical Sensor Designs Based on Diazonium Salts and Gold Nanoparticles for Pico Molar Detection of Metals

by Zouhair Ait-Touchente, Sana Falah, Erika Scavetta, Mohamed M. Chehimi, Rachid Touzani, Domenica Tonelli and Abdelhafed Taleb

Molecules 2020, 25(17), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173903 - 27 Aug 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3509

Abstract

We report a comparison of sensors’ performance of different hybrid nanomaterial architectures modifying an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface. Diazonium salts and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as building units to design hybrid thin films of successive layers on the ITO electrode [...] Read more.

We report a comparison of sensors’ performance of different hybrid nanomaterial architectures modifying an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface. Diazonium salts and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as building units to design hybrid thin films of successive layers on the ITO electrode surface. Different architectures of hybrid thin films were prepared and characterized with different techniques, such as TEM, FEG-SEM, XPS, and EIS. The prepared electrodes were used to fabricate sensors for heavy metal detection and their performances were investigated using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) method. The comparison of the obtained results shows that the deposition of AuNPs on the ITO surface, and their subsequent functionalization by diazonium salt, is the best performing architecture achieving a high sensitivity in terms of the lower detection limit of pico molar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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16 pages, 4148 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Electrochemical Properties of Screen-Printed Carbon Nano-Onion Electrodes

by Loanda R. Cumba, Adalberto Camisasca, Silvia Giordani and Robert J. Forster

Molecules 2020, 25(17), 3884; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173884 - 26 Aug 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3790

Abstract

The properties of carbon nano-onions (CNOs) make them attractive electrode materials/additives for the development of low-cost, simple to use and highly sensitive Screen Printed Electrodes (SPEs). Here, we report the development of the first CNO-based ink for the fabrication of low-cost and disposable [...] Read more.

The properties of carbon nano-onions (CNOs) make them attractive electrode materials/additives for the development of low-cost, simple to use and highly sensitive Screen Printed Electrodes (SPEs). Here, we report the development of the first CNO-based ink for the fabrication of low-cost and disposable electrodes, leading to high-performance sensors. Achieving a true dispersion of CNOs is intrinsically challenging and a key aspect of the ink formulation. The screen-printing ink formulation is achieved by carefully selecting and optimising the conductive materials (graphite (GRT) and CNOs), the polymer binder, the organic solvent and the plasticiser. Our CNO/GRT-based screen-printed electrodes consist of an interconnected network of conducting carbon particles with a uniform distribution. Electrochemical studies show a heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant of 1.3 ± 0.7 × 10⁻³ cm·s⁻¹ and a higher current density than the ferrocene/ferrocenium coupled to a commercial graphite SPEs. In addition, the CNO/GRT SPE can detect dopamine in the concentration range of 10.0–99.9 µM with a limit of detection of 0.92 µM (N = 3). They exhibit a higher analytical sensitivity than the commercial graphite-based SPE, with a 4-fold improvement observed. These results open up the possibility of using high-performing CNO-based SPEs for electrochemical applications including sensors, battery electrodes and electrocatalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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23 pages, 9496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemo-Protective Potential of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles against Fipronil-Induced Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Inflammation and Reproductive Dysfunction in Male White Albino Rats

by Hamida Saleh, Atef M. K. Nassar, Ahmed E. Noreldin, Dalia Samak, Norhan Elshony, Lamiaa Wasef, Yaser H. A. Elewa, Shaimaa M. A. Hassan, Abdullah A. Saati, Helal F. Hetta, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Masakazu Umezawa, Hazem M. Shaheen and Yasser S. El-Sayed

Molecules 2020, 25(15), 3479; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153479 - 31 Jul 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4204

Abstract

Fipronil (FIP) is an insecticide commonly used in many fields, such as agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health, and recently it has been proposed as a potential endocrine disrupter. The purpose of this study was to inspect the reproductive impacts of FIP and [...] Read more.

Fipronil (FIP) is an insecticide commonly used in many fields, such as agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health, and recently it has been proposed as a potential endocrine disrupter. The purpose of this study was to inspect the reproductive impacts of FIP and the possible protective effects of cerium nanoparticles (CeNPs) on male albino rats. Rats received FIP (5 mg/kg bwt; 1/20 LD₅₀), CeNPs (35 mg/kg bwt) and FIP+CeNPs per os daily for 28 days. Serum testosterone levels, testicular oxidative damage, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were evaluated. FIP provoked testicular oxidative damage as indicated by decreased serum testosterone (≈60%) and superoxide dismutase (≈50%), glutathione peroxidase activity (≈46.67%) and increased malondialdehyde (≈116.67%) and nitric oxide (≈87.5%) levels in testicular tissues. Furthermore, FIP induced edematous changes and degeneration within the seminiferous tubules, hyperplasia, vacuolations, and apoptosis in the epididymides. In addition, FIP exposure upregulated interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS), caspase-3 (Casp3) and downregulated the Burkitt-cell lymphomas (BCL-2), inhibin B proteins (IBP), and androgen receptor (Ar) mRNA expressions Casp3, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1(IBA1), and IL-1β immunoreactions were increased. Also, reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), mouse vasa homologue (MVH), and SOX9 protein reactions were reported. Interestingly, CeNPs diminished the harmful impacts of FIP on testicular tissue by decreasing lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and inflammation and increasing the antioxidant activities. The findings reported herein showed that the CeNPs might serve as a supposedly new and efficient protective agent toward reproductive toxicity caused by the FIP insecticide in white male rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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12 pages, 1806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multilayer Gold-Silver Bimetallic Nanostructures to Enhance SERS Detection of Drugs

by Marta Gambucci, Elena Cambiotti, Paola Sassi and Loredana Latterini

Molecules 2020, 25(15), 3405; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153405 - 28 Jul 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3097

Abstract

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a widely used technique for drug detection due to high sensitivity and molecular specificity. The applicability and selectivity of SERS in the detection of specific drug molecules can be improved by gathering information on the specific interactions occurring [...] Read more.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a widely used technique for drug detection due to high sensitivity and molecular specificity. The applicability and selectivity of SERS in the detection of specific drug molecules can be improved by gathering information on the specific interactions occurring between the molecule and the metal surface. In this work, multilayer gold-silver bimetallic nanorods (Au@Ag@AuNRs) have been prepared and used as platforms for SERS detection of specific drugs (namely promethazine, piroxicam, furosemide and diclofenac). The analysis of SERS spectra provided accurate information on the molecular location upon binding and gave some insight into molecule-surface interactions and selectivity in drug detection through SERS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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18 pages, 12987 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hybrid Nanocellulose-Copper (II) Oxide as Engine Oil Additives for Tribological Behavior Improvement

by Sakinah Hisham, Kumaran Kadirgama, Hussein A. Mohammed, Amit Kumar, Devarajan Ramasamy, Mahendran Samykano and Saidur Rahman

Molecules 2020, 25(13), 2975; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25132975 - 28 Jun 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2597

Abstract

Friction and wear are the main factors in the failure of the piston in automobile engines. The objective of this work was to improve the tribological behaviour and lubricant properties using hybrid Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) and Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles blended with SAE [...] Read more.

Friction and wear are the main factors in the failure of the piston in automobile engines. The objective of this work was to improve the tribological behaviour and lubricant properties using hybrid Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) and Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles blended with SAE 40 as a base fluid. The two-step method was used in the hybrid nanofluid preparation. Three different concentrations were prepared in a range of 0.1% to 0.5%. Kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were also identified. The friction and wear behavior were evaluated using a tribometer based on ASTM G181. The CNC-CuO nano lubricant shows a significant improvement in term of viscosity index by 44.3–47.12% while for friction, the coefficient of friction (COF) decreases by 1.5%, respectively, during high and low-speed loads (boundary regime), and 30.95% during a high-speed, and low load (mixed regime). The wear morphologies results also show that a smoother surface was obtained after using CNC-CuO nano lubricant compared to SAE 40. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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18 pages, 4007 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Ceria-Containing Hybrid Multilayered Microcapsules for Enhanced Cellular Internalisation with High Radioprotection Efficiency

by N. R. Popova, A. L. Popov, A. M. Ermakov, V. V. Reukov and V. K. Ivanov

Molecules 2020, 25(13), 2957; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25132957 - 27 Jun 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3263

Abstract

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are believed to be the most versatile nanozyme, showing great promise for biomedical applications. At the same time, the controlled intracellular delivery of nanoceria remains an unresolved problem. Here, we have demonstrated the radioprotective effect of polyelectrolyte microcapsules modified [...] Read more.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are believed to be the most versatile nanozyme, showing great promise for biomedical applications. At the same time, the controlled intracellular delivery of nanoceria remains an unresolved problem. Here, we have demonstrated the radioprotective effect of polyelectrolyte microcapsules modified with cerium oxide nanoparticles, which provide controlled loading and intracellular release. The optimal (both safe and uptake efficient) concentrations of ceria-containing microcapsules for human mesenchymal stem cells range from 1:10 to 1:20 cell-to-capsules ratio. We have revealed the molecular mechanisms of nanoceria radioprotective action on mesenchymal stem cells by assessing the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as by a detailed 96-genes expression analysis, featuring genes responsible for oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation etc. Hybrid ceria-containing microcapsules have been shown to provide an indirect genoprotective effect, reducing the number of cytogenetic damages in irradiated cells. These findings give new insight into cerium oxide nanoparticles’ protective action for living beings against ionising radiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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20 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PEGylated Liposomal Methyl Prednisolone Succinate does not Induce Infusion Reactions in Patients: A Correlation Between in Vitro Immunological and in Vivo Clinical Studies

by Yaelle Bavli, Bing-Mae Chen, Steve R. Roffler, Marina A. Dobrovolskaia, Eldad Elnekave, Shifra Ash, Yechezkel Barenholz and Keren Turjeman

Molecules 2020, 25(3), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030558 - 28 Jan 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4529

Abstract

PEGylated nanomedicines are known to induce infusion reactions (IRs) that in some cases can be life-threatening. Herein, we report a case study in which a patient with rare mediastinal and intracardiac IgG4-related sclerosing disease received 8 treatments of intravenously administered PEGylated liposomal methylprednisolone-succinate [...] Read more.

PEGylated nanomedicines are known to induce infusion reactions (IRs) that in some cases can be life-threatening. Herein, we report a case study in which a patient with rare mediastinal and intracardiac IgG4-related sclerosing disease received 8 treatments of intravenously administered PEGylated liposomal methylprednisolone-succinate (NSSL-MPS). Due to the ethical requirements to reduce IRs, the patient received a cocktail of premedication including low dose of steroids, acetaminophen and H2 blockers before each infusion. The treatment was well-tolerated in that IRs, complement activation, anti-PEG antibodies and accelerated blood clearance of the PEGylated drug were not detected. Prior to the clinical study, an in vitro panel of assays utilizing blood of healthy donors was used to determine the potential of a PEGylated drug to activate complement system, elicit pro-inflammatory cytokines, damage erythrocytes and affect various components of the blood coagulation system. The overall findings of the in vitro panel were negative and correlated with the results observed in the clinical phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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Review

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37 pages, 8134 KiB

Open AccessReview

Structural Characterization of Biomaterials by Means of Small Angle X-rays and Neutron Scattering (SAXS and SANS), and Light Scattering Experiments

by Domenico Lombardo, Pietro Calandra and Mikhail A. Kiselev

Molecules 2020, 25(23), 5624; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235624 - 29 Nov 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7983

Abstract

Scattering techniques represent non-invasive experimental approaches and powerful tools for the investigation of structure and conformation of biomaterial systems in a wide range of distances, ranging from the nanometric to micrometric scale. More specifically, small-angle X-rays and neutron scattering and light scattering techniques [...] Read more.

Scattering techniques represent non-invasive experimental approaches and powerful tools for the investigation of structure and conformation of biomaterial systems in a wide range of distances, ranging from the nanometric to micrometric scale. More specifically, small-angle X-rays and neutron scattering and light scattering techniques represent well-established experimental techniques for the investigation of the structural properties of biomaterials and, through the use of suitable models, they allow to study and mimic various biological systems under physiologically relevant conditions. They provide the ensemble averaged (and then statistically relevant) information under in situ and operando conditions, and represent useful tools complementary to the various traditional imaging techniques that, on the contrary, reveal more local structural information. Together with the classical structure characterization approaches, we introduce the basic concepts that make it possible to examine inter-particles interactions, and to study the growth processes and conformational changes in nanostructures, which have become increasingly relevant for an accurate understanding and prediction of various mechanisms in the fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology. The upgrade of the various scattering techniques, such as the contrast variation or time resolved experiments, offers unique opportunities to study the nano- and mesoscopic structure and their evolution with time in a way not accessible by other techniques. For this reason, highly performant instruments are installed at most of the facility research centers worldwide. These new insights allow to largely ameliorate the control of (chemico-physical and biologic) processes of complex (bio-)materials at the molecular length scales, and open a full potential for the development and engineering of a variety of nano-scale biomaterials for advanced applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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15 pages, 10935 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Nanoparticles on the Structure and Enzymatic Activity of Human Carbonic Anhydrase I and II

by Celia Cabaleiro-Lago and Martin Lundqvist

Molecules 2020, 25(19), 4405; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194405 - 25 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2495

Abstract

Human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) belong to a well characterized group of metalloenzymes that catalyze the conversion of carbonic dioxide into bicarbonate. There are currently 15 known human isoforms of carbonic anhydrase with different functions and distribution in the body. This links to the [...] Read more.

Human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) belong to a well characterized group of metalloenzymes that catalyze the conversion of carbonic dioxide into bicarbonate. There are currently 15 known human isoforms of carbonic anhydrase with different functions and distribution in the body. This links to the relevance of hCA variants to several diseases such as glaucoma, epilepsy, mountain sickness, ulcers, osteoporosis, obesity and cancer. This review will focus on two of the human isoforms, hCA I and hCA II. Both are cytosolic enzymes with similar topology and 60% sequence homology but different catalytic efficiency and stability. Proteins in general adsorb on surfaces and this is also the case for hCA I and hCA II. The adsorption process can lead to alteration of the original function of the protein. However, if the function is preserved interesting biotechnological applications can be developed. This review will cover the knowledge about the interaction between hCAs and nanomaterials. We will highlight how the interaction may lead to conformational changes that render the enzyme inactive. Moreover, the importance of different factors on the final effect on hCAs, such as protein stability, protein hydrophobic or charged patches and chemistry of the nanoparticle surface will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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45 pages, 2475 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Drugs against Intracellular Infections

by Arturo Sánchez, Susana P. Mejía and Jahir Orozco

Molecules 2020, 25(16), 3760; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163760 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 5411

Abstract

Polymeric nanocarriers (PNs) have demonstrated to be a promising alternative to treat intracellular infections. They have outstanding performance in delivering antimicrobials intracellularly to reach an adequate dose level and improve their therapeutic efficacy. PNs offer opportunities for preventing unwanted drug interactions and degradation [...] Read more.

Polymeric nanocarriers (PNs) have demonstrated to be a promising alternative to treat intracellular infections. They have outstanding performance in delivering antimicrobials intracellularly to reach an adequate dose level and improve their therapeutic efficacy. PNs offer opportunities for preventing unwanted drug interactions and degradation before reaching the target cell of tissue and thus decreasing the development of resistance in microorganisms. The use of PNs has the potential to reduce the dose and adverse side effects, providing better efficiency and effectiveness of therapeutic regimens, especially in drugs having high toxicity, low solubility in the physiological environment and low bioavailability. This review provides an overview of nanoparticles made of different polymeric precursors and the main methodologies to nanofabricate platforms of tuned physicochemical and morphological properties and surface chemistry for controlled release of antimicrobials in the target. It highlights the versatility of these nanosystems and their challenges and opportunities to deliver antimicrobial drugs to treat intracellular infections and mentions nanotoxicology aspects and future outlooks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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39 pages, 6114 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanobioconjugates for Signal Amplification in Electrochemical Biosensing

by Sebastian Cajigas and Jahir Orozco

Molecules 2020, 25(15), 3542; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153542 - 03 Aug 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4060

Abstract

Nanobioconjugates are hybrid materials that result from the coalescence of biomolecules and nanomaterials. They have emerged as a strategy to amplify the signal response in the biosensor field with the potential to enhance the sensitivity and detection limits of analytical assays. This critical [...] Read more.

Nanobioconjugates are hybrid materials that result from the coalescence of biomolecules and nanomaterials. They have emerged as a strategy to amplify the signal response in the biosensor field with the potential to enhance the sensitivity and detection limits of analytical assays. This critical review collects a myriad of strategies for the development of nanobioconjugates based on the conjugation of proteins, antibodies, carbohydrates, and DNA/RNA with noble metals, quantum dots, carbon- and magnetic-based nanomaterials, polymers, and complexes. It first discusses nanobioconjugates assembly and characterization to focus on the strategies to amplify a biorecognition event in biosensing, including molecular-, enzymatic-, and electroactive complex-based approaches. It provides some examples, current challenges, and future perspectives of nanobioconjugates for the amplification of signals in electrochemical biosensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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30 pages, 11434 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

In Vivo Biosynthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials Using Eukaryotes—A Review

by Ashiqur Rahman, Julia Lin, Francisco E. Jaramillo, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Clayton Jeffryes and Si Amar Dahoumane

Molecules 2020, 25(14), 3246; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143246 - 16 Jul 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4147

Abstract

Bionanotechnology, the use of biological resources to produce novel, valuable nanomaterials, has witnessed tremendous developments over the past two decades. This eco-friendly and sustainable approach enables the synthesis of numerous, diverse types of useful nanomaterials for many medical, commercial, and scientific applications. Countless [...] Read more.

Bionanotechnology, the use of biological resources to produce novel, valuable nanomaterials, has witnessed tremendous developments over the past two decades. This eco-friendly and sustainable approach enables the synthesis of numerous, diverse types of useful nanomaterials for many medical, commercial, and scientific applications. Countless reviews describing the biosynthesis of nanomaterials have been published. However, to the best of our knowledge, no review has been exclusively focused on the in vivo biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials. Therefore, the present review is dedicated to filling this gap by describing the many different facets of the in vivo biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living eukaryotic cells and organisms—more specifically, live plants and living biomass of several species of microalgae, yeast, fungus, mammalian cells, and animals. It also highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the synthesis methodologies and the NP characteristics, bio-applications, and proposed synthesis mechanisms. This comprehensive review also brings attention to enabling a better understanding between the living organisms themselves and the synthesis conditions that allow their exploitation as nanobiotechnological production platforms as these might serve as a robust resource to boost and expand the bio-production and use of desirable, functional inorganic nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanochemistry: Good Beginnings for a Cross-Disciplinary Platform)

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