Research

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17 pages, 6500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Label-Free Electrochemical Sensor Based on Manganese Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Myoglobin Detection: Biomarker for Acute Myocardial Infarction

by Adel Al Fatease, Mazharul Haque, Ahmad Umar, Shafeeque G. Ansari, Yahya Alhamhoom, Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah, Mater H. Mahnashi, Wenjuan Guo and Zubaida A. Ansari

Molecules 2021, 26(14), 4252; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144252 - 13 Jul 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2722

Abstract

A label free electrochemical sensor based on pure titanium oxide and manganese (Mn)-doped titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles are fabricated and characterized for the sensitive detection of myoglobin (Mb) levels to analyze the cardiovascular infarction. Pristine and Mn-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles were [...] Read more.

A label free electrochemical sensor based on pure titanium oxide and manganese (Mn)-doped titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles are fabricated and characterized for the sensitive detection of myoglobin (Mb) levels to analyze the cardiovascular infarction. Pristine and Mn-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method and characterized in order to understand their structure, morphologies, composition and optical properties. The structural properties revealed that the pure- and doped-TiO₂ nanoparticles possess different TiO₂ planes. FTIR studies confirm the formation of metal oxide nanoparticles by exhibiting a well-defined peak in the range of 600–650 cm⁻¹. The values of the optical band gap, estimated from UV-Vis spectroscopy, are decreased for the Mn-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectra in the presence of myoglobin (Mb) indicated interaction between the TiO₂ nanoparticles and myoglobin. The SPE electrodes were then fabricated by printing powder film over the working electrode and tested for label-free electrochemical detection of myoglobin (Mb) in the concentration range of 0–15 nM Mb. The fabricated electrochemical sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 100.40 μA-cm^−2/nM with a lowest detection limit of 0.013 nM (0.22 ng/mL) and a response time of ≤10 ms for sample S3. An interference study with cyt-c and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) of the sensors show the selective response towards Mb in 1:1 mixture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Pharmaceutical Analysis and for Detection of Molecules of Biological and Clinical Interest)

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7 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Biosensing Membrane Base on Ferulic Acid and Glucose Oxidase for an Amperometric Glucose Biosensor

by Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez and Laura Galicia

Molecules 2021, 26(12), 3757; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123757 - 20 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

A biosensing membrane base on ferulic acid and glucose oxidase is synthesized onto a carbon paste electrode by electropolymerization via cyclic voltammetry in aqueous media at neutral pH at a single step. The developed biosensors exhibit a linear response from 0.082 to 34 [...] Read more.

A biosensing membrane base on ferulic acid and glucose oxidase is synthesized onto a carbon paste electrode by electropolymerization via cyclic voltammetry in aqueous media at neutral pH at a single step. The developed biosensors exhibit a linear response from 0.082 to 34 mM glucose concentration, with a coefficient of determination R² equal to 0.997. The biosensors display a sensitivity of 1.1 μAmM⁻¹ cm⁻², a detection limit of 0.025 mM, and 0.082 mM as glucose quantification limit. The studies reveal stable, repeatable, and reproducible biosensors response. The results indicate that the novel poly-ferulic acid membrane synthesized by electropolymerization is a promising method for glucose oxidase immobilization towards the development of glucose biosensors. The developed glucose biosensors exhibit a broader linear glucose response than other polymer-based glucose biosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Pharmaceutical Analysis and for Detection of Molecules of Biological and Clinical Interest)

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14 pages, 1779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Quantification of Alprazolam

by Waree Boonmee, Kritsada Samoson, Janjira Yodrak, Adul Thiagchanya, Apichai Phonchai and Warakorn Limbut

Molecules 2021, 26(10), 2958; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102958 - 16 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2647

Abstract

A simple and highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry of alprazolam. Based on an electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode, the sensor demonstrated good adsorption and electrochemical reduction of alprazolam. The morphology of the glassy carbon electrode and the [...] Read more.

A simple and highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry of alprazolam. Based on an electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode, the sensor demonstrated good adsorption and electrochemical reduction of alprazolam. The morphology of the glassy carbon electrode and the electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviors of alprazolam were determined by cyclic voltammetry, and the analytical measurements were studied by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Optimized operational conditions included the concentration and deposition time of sulfuric acid in the electrochemical pretreatment, preconcentration potential, and preconcentration time. Under optimal conditions, the developed alprazolam sensor displayed a quantification limit of 0.1 mg L⁻¹, a detection limit of 0.03 mg L⁻¹, a sensitivity of 67 µA mg⁻¹ L cm⁻² and two linear ranges: 0.1 to 4 and 4 to 20 mg L⁻¹. Sensor selectivity was excellent, and repeatability (%RSD < 4.24%) and recovery (82.0 ± 0.2 to 109.0 ± 0.3%) were good. The results of determining alprazolam in beverages with the developed system were in good agreement with results from the gas chromatography–mass spectrometric method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Pharmaceutical Analysis and for Detection of Molecules of Biological and Clinical Interest)

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18 pages, 5408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Food Colorants Detection by Reduced Graphene Oxide and Methionine Film Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode

by Chutimon Akkapinyo, Kittitat Subannajui, Yingyot Poo-arporn and Rungtiva P. Poo-arporn

Molecules 2021, 26(8), 2312; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082312 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3327

Abstract

A facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and methionine film modified screen printed carbon electrode (rGO-methionine/SPCE) was proposed as a disposable sensor for determination of food colorants including amaranth, tartrazine, sunset yellow, and carminic acid. The fabrication process can be achieved in [...] Read more.

A facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and methionine film modified screen printed carbon electrode (rGO-methionine/SPCE) was proposed as a disposable sensor for determination of food colorants including amaranth, tartrazine, sunset yellow, and carminic acid. The fabrication process can be achieved in only 2 steps including drop-casting of rGO and electropolymerization of poly(L-methionine) film on SPCE. Surface morphology of modified electrode was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This work showed a successfully developed novel disposable sensor for detection of all 4 dyes as food colorants. The electrochemical behavior of all 4 food colorants were investigated on modified electrodes. The rGO-methionine/SPCE significantly enhanced catalytic activity of all 4 dyes. The pH value and accumulation time were optimized to obtain optimal condition of each colorant. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for determination, and two linear detection ranges were observed for each dye. Linear detection ranges were found from 1 to 10 and 10 to 100 µM for amaranth, 1 to 10 and 10 to 85 µM for tartrazine, 1 to 10 and 10 to 50 µM for sunset yellow, and 1 to 20 and 20 to 60 µM for carminic acid. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated at 57, 41, 48, and 36 nM for amaranth, tartrazine, sunset yellow, and carminic acid, respectively. In addition, the modified sensor also demonstrated high tolerance to interference substances, good repeatability, and high performance for real sample analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Pharmaceutical Analysis and for Detection of Molecules of Biological and Clinical Interest)

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14 pages, 2330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Interdigitated Electrode-Based Disposable Enzyme Sensor Strip for Glycated Albumin Measurement

by Mika Hatada, Noya Loew, Junko Okuda-Shimazaki, Mukund Khanwalker, Wakako Tsugawa, Ashok Mulchandani and Koji Sode

Molecules 2021, 26(3), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030734 - 31 Jan 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3945

Abstract

Glycated albumin (GA) is an important glycemic control marker for diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to develop a highly sensitive disposable enzyme sensor strip for GA measurement by using an interdigitated electrode (IDE) as an electrode platform. The superior characteristics of IDE were [...] Read more.

Glycated albumin (GA) is an important glycemic control marker for diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to develop a highly sensitive disposable enzyme sensor strip for GA measurement by using an interdigitated electrode (IDE) as an electrode platform. The superior characteristics of IDE were demonstrated using one microelectrode of the IDE pair as the working electrode (WE) and the other as the counter electrode, and by measuring ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox couple. The oxidation current was immediately reached at the steady state when the oxidation potential was applied to the WE. Then, an IDE enzyme sensor strip for GA measurement was prepared. The measurement of fructosyl lysine, the protease digestion product of GA, exhibited a high, steady current immediately after potential application, revealing the highly reproducible measurement. The sensitivity (2.8 nA µM⁻¹) and the limit of detection (1.2 µM) obtained with IDE enzyme sensor strip were superior compared with our previously reported sensor using screen printed electrode. Two GA samples, 15 or 30% GA, corresponding to healthy and diabetic levels, respectively, were measured after protease digestion with high resolution. This study demonstrated that the application of an IDE will realize the development of highly sensitive disposable-type amperometric enzyme sensors with high reproducibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Pharmaceutical Analysis and for Detection of Molecules of Biological and Clinical Interest)

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13 pages, 2801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid-Contact Potentiometric Sensors Based on Main-Tailored Bio-Mimics for Trace Detection of Harmine Hallucinogen in Urine Specimens

by Abde El-Galil E. Amr, Ayman H. Kamel, Abdulrahman A. Almehizia, Ahmed Y. A. Sayed and Hisham S. M. Abd-Rabboh

Molecules 2021, 26(2), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020324 - 10 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

All-solid-state potentiometric sensors have attracted great attention over other types of potentiometric sensors due to their outstanding properties such as enhanced portability, simplicity of handling, affordability and flexibility. Herein, a novel solid-contact ion-selective electrode (SC-ISE) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the ion-to-electron transducer [...] Read more.

All-solid-state potentiometric sensors have attracted great attention over other types of potentiometric sensors due to their outstanding properties such as enhanced portability, simplicity of handling, affordability and flexibility. Herein, a novel solid-contact ion-selective electrode (SC-ISE) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the ion-to-electron transducer was designed and characterized for rapid detection of harmine. The harmine-sensing membrane was based on the use of synthesized imprinted bio-mimics as a selective material for this recognition. The imprinted receptors were synthesized using acrylamide (AA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. The polymerization process was carried out at 70 °C in the presence of dibenzoyl peroxide (DBO) as an initiator. The sensing membrane in addition to the solid-contact layer was applied to a glassy-carbon disc as an electronic conductor. All performance characteristics of the presented electrode in terms of linearity, detection limit, pH range, response time and selectivity were evaluated. The sensor revealed a wide linearity over the range 2.0 × 10⁻⁷–1.0 × 10⁻² M, with a detection limit of 0.02 µg/mL and a sensitivity slope of 59.2 ± 0.8 mV/hamine concentration decade. A 40 mM Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer solution at pH of 6 was used for all harmine measurements. The electrode showed good selectivity towards harmine over other common interfering ions, and maintained a stable electrochemical response over two weeks. After applying the validation requirements, the proposed method revealed good performance characteristics. Method precision, accuracy, bias, trueness, repeatability, reproducibility, and uncertainty were also evaluated. These analytical capabilities support the fast and direct assessment of harmine in different urine specimens. The analytical results were compared with the standard liquid chromatographic method. The results obtained demonstrated that PEDOT/PSS was a promising solid-contact ion-to-electron transducer material in the development of harmine-ISE. The electrodes manifested enhanced stability and low cost, which provides a wide number of potential applications for pharmaceutical and forensic analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Pharmaceutical Analysis and for Detection of Molecules of Biological and Clinical Interest)

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11 pages, 1052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amperometric Cytosensor for Studying Mitochondrial Interferences Induced by Plasticizers Bisphenol B and Bisphenol A

by Roberto Dragone, Gerardo Grasso and Chiara Frazzoli

Molecules 2020, 25(21), 5185; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215185 - 07 Nov 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2035

Abstract

The widespread presence of plasticizers Bisphenol B (BPB) and Bisphenol A (BPA) in food contact materials, medical equipment, and common household products is a toxicological risk factor for health due to internal exposure after environmental dietary exposure. This work describes the use of [...] Read more.

The widespread presence of plasticizers Bisphenol B (BPB) and Bisphenol A (BPA) in food contact materials, medical equipment, and common household products is a toxicological risk factor for health due to internal exposure after environmental dietary exposure. This work describes the use of an amperometric cytosensor (i.e., a whole cell-based amperometric biosensoristic device) for studying mitochondrial interferences of BPA and BPB (5–100 µg/mL) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model following long-term (24 h) exposure (acute toxicity). Percentage interference (%ρ) on yeast aerobic mitochondrial catabolism was calculated after comparison of aerobic respiration of exposed and control S. cerevisiae cell suspensions. Results suggested the hypothesis of a dose-dependent co-action of two mechanisms, namely uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. These mechanisms respectively matched with opposite effects of hyperstimulation and inhibition of cellular respiration. While uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress have been previously described as separate effects from in vitro BPA exposure using other biochemical endpoints and biological systems, effects of BPB on cellular aerobic respiration are here reported for the first time. Results highlighted a similar hyperstimulation effect after exposure to 5 µg/mL BPA and BPB. About a 2-fold higher cellular respiration inhibition potency was observed after exposures to 15, 30, and 100 µg/mL BPB compared to BPA. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) was used as model uncoupling agent. A time-dependent mechanism of mitochondrial interference was also highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Pharmaceutical Analysis and for Detection of Molecules of Biological and Clinical Interest)

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Review

Jump to: Research

62 pages, 5066 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical Biosensors in Food Safety: Challenges and Perspectives

by Antonella Curulli

Molecules 2021, 26(10), 2940; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102940 - 15 May 2021

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 6396

Abstract

Safety and quality are key issues for the food industry. Consequently, there is growing demand to preserve the food chain and products against substances toxic, harmful to human health, such as contaminants, allergens, toxins, or pathogens. For this reason, it is mandatory to [...] Read more.

Safety and quality are key issues for the food industry. Consequently, there is growing demand to preserve the food chain and products against substances toxic, harmful to human health, such as contaminants, allergens, toxins, or pathogens. For this reason, it is mandatory to develop highly sensitive, reliable, rapid, and cost-effective sensing systems/devices, such as electrochemical sensors/biosensors. Generally, conventional techniques are limited by long analyses, expensive and complex procedures, and skilled personnel. Therefore, developing performant electrochemical biosensors can significantly support the screening of food chains and products. Here, we report some of the recent developments in this area and analyze the contributions produced by electrochemical biosensors in food screening and their challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Pharmaceutical Analysis and for Detection of Molecules of Biological and Clinical Interest)

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