Research

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19 pages, 3547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni: A Natural Antiglycating Agent and Non-Toxic Support for HDF Cell Health

by Rinkey Shahu, Dinesh Kumar, Ahmad Ali, Kanchanlata Tungare, Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi, Mohammad Abul Farah, Renitta Jobby and Pamela Jha

Molecules 2023, 28(19), 6797; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196797 - 25 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1163

Abstract

Sugar carbonyl groups interact with protein amino groups, forming toxic components referred to as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The glycation system (BSA, a model protein, and fructose) was incubated for five weeks at 37 °C in the presence and absence of Stevia [...] Read more.

Sugar carbonyl groups interact with protein amino groups, forming toxic components referred to as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The glycation system (BSA, a model protein, and fructose) was incubated for five weeks at 37 °C in the presence and absence of Stevia leaf extract. The results indicated that the leaf extract (0.5 mg/mL) decreased the incidence of browning (70.84 ± 0.08%), fructosamine (67.27 ± 0.08%), and carbonyl content (64.04 ± 0.09%). Moreover, we observed an 81 ± 8.49% reduction in total AGEs. The inhibition of individual AGE (argpyrimidine, vesper lysine, and pentosidine) was ~80%. The decrease in the protein aggregation was observed with Congo red (46.88 ± 0.078%) and the Thioflavin T (31.25 ± 1.18%) methods in the presence of Stevia leaf extract. The repercussion of Stevia leaf extract on DNA glycation was examined using agarose gel electrophoresis, wherein the DNA damage was reversed in the presence of 1 mg/mL of leaf extract. When the HDF cell line was treated with 0.5 mg/mL of extract, the viability of cells decreased by only ~20% along with the same cytokine IL-10 production, and glucose uptake decreased by 28 ± 1.90% compared to the control. In conclusion, Stevia extract emerges as a promising natural agent for mitigating glycation-associated challenges, holding potential for novel therapeutic interventions and enhanced management of its related conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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21 pages, 6015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response Surface Methodology in Optimising the Extraction of Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Flower Buds of Magnolia × soulangeana Soul.-Bod. var. ‘Lennei’ and Their Detailed Qualitative and Quantitative Profiling

by Grażyna Zgórka, Aldona Adamska-Szewczyk and Tomasz Baj

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6335; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176335 - 30 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1418

Abstract

A response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) was developed to predict and apply the best ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions, including the extraction time, the composition of aqueous-ethanolic extractants, and the solvent-to-plant-material ratio, for obtaining the highest yields of different [...] Read more.

A response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) was developed to predict and apply the best ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions, including the extraction time, the composition of aqueous-ethanolic extractants, and the solvent-to-plant-material ratio, for obtaining the highest yields of different types of polyphenolic components from the dried flower buds of Magnolia × soulangeana Soul.-Bod. var. ‘Lennei’ (MSL). The novel approach in the RSM procedure resulted from the simultaneous optimisation of UAE conditions to obtain extracts with the highest antioxidant and antiradical potential (examined as dependent variables), using appropriate spectrophotometric assays, with Folin–Ciocâlteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl reagents, respectively. The use of 66.8% (V/V) ethanol as the extraction solvent during the 55.2 min extraction protocol and the ratio of extractant volume to herbal substance of 46.8 mL/g gave the highest total yield of bioactive antioxidant phenolics in the extract obtained. For this herbal preparation, a qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed using combined chromatographic (LC), spectroscopic (PDA), and tandem mass spectrometric (ESI-QToF–MS/MS) techniques. A detailed phytochemical profiling, conducted for the first time, documented substantial amounts of various polyphenolic antioxidants, especially phenylethanoids and flavonoids, in the MSL flower buds. Their average total content exceeded 30.3 and 36.5 mg/g dry weight, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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15 pages, 2581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Propolis-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for α-Mangostin Delivery: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Evaluation

by Cecep Suhandi, Gofarana Wilar, Ronny Lesmana, Felix Zulhendri, Ine Suharyani, Nurhasni Hasan and Nasrul Wathoni

Molecules 2023, 28(16), 6057; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166057 - 15 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1213

Abstract

α-Mangostin (a xanthone derivative found in the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.) and propolis extract (which is rich in flavonoids and phenols) are known for their antioxidant properties, making them potential supplements for the treatment of oxidative stress-related conditions. However, these two potential [...] Read more.

α-Mangostin (a xanthone derivative found in the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.) and propolis extract (which is rich in flavonoids and phenols) are known for their antioxidant properties, making them potential supplements for the treatment of oxidative stress-related conditions. However, these two potential substances have the same primary drawback, which is low solubility in water. The low water solubility of α-mangostin and propolis can be overcome by utilizing nanotechnology approaches. In this study, a propolis-based nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) system was formulated to enhance the delivery of α-mangostin. The aim of this study was to characterize the formulation and investigate its influence on the antioxidant activity of α-mangostin. The results showed that both unloaded propolis-based NLC (NLC-P) and α-mangostin-loaded propolis-based NLC (NLC-P-α-M) had nanoscale particle sizes (72.7 ± 1.082 nm and 80.3 ± 1.015 nm, respectively), neutral surface zeta potential (ranging between +10 mV and −10 mV), and good particle size distribution (indicated by a polydispersity index of <0.3). The NLC-P-α-M exhibited good entrapment efficiency of 87.972 ± 0.246%. Dissolution testing indicated a ~13-fold increase in the solubility of α-mangostin compared to α-mangostin powder alone. The incorporation into the propolis-based NLC system correlated well with the enhanced antioxidant activity of α-mangostin (p < 0.01) compared to NLC-P and α-mangostin alone. Therefore, the modification of the delivery system by incorporating α-mangostin into the propolis-based NLC overcomes the physicochemical challenges of α-mangostin while enhancing its antioxidant effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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21 pages, 5801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Extraction and Analysis of Seven Major Saikosaponins from Bupleuri Radix and the Exploration of Antioxidant Activity and Its Mechanism

by Ning Wang and Qian Li

Molecules 2023, 28(15), 5872; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155872 - 04 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1419

Abstract

Saikosaponins (SS) are the main active components of Bupleuri Radix. In this study, the yields of SS a, b₁, b₂, c, d, e, and f were simultaneously determined using the HPLC-DAD dual wavelength method, and the ultrasound-assisted extraction process [...] Read more.

Saikosaponins (SS) are the main active components of Bupleuri Radix. In this study, the yields of SS a, b₁, b₂, c, d, e, and f were simultaneously determined using the HPLC-DAD dual wavelength method, and the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of saikosaponins was optimized using the response surface methodology. The antioxidant effect of saikosaponins was investigated using the scavenging rate of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-diazo-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and hydroxyl (-OH) groups, and the mechanism was clarified via network pharmacological analysis. The results showed that the optimal extraction process of SS was a 5% ammonia–methanol solution as an extraction solvent, a material–liquid ratio of 1:40, a temperature of 46.66 °C, an extraction time of 65.07 min, and an ultrasonic power of 345.56 W. The total content of the seven saikosaponins under this condition was up to 6.32%, which was close to the model’s predicted value of 6.56%, where the yields of the seven saikosaponins a, b₁, b₂, c, d, e, and f were 1.18%, 0.11%, 0.26%, 1.02%, 3.02%, 0.38%, and 0.44%, respectively. The saikosaponins have an obvious scavenging ability for DPPH, ABTS, and -OH radicals. The interactions of seven saikosaponins with antioxidant targets were studied, and a database was used to collate the core of saikosaponins and antioxidants through network pharmacology. The mechanisms of the antioxidant effects of the saikosaponins were derived via GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis. Finally, the binding energy of the saikosaponins to the antioxidant targets was found to be less than −5.0 kcal·mol⁻¹ via molecular docking, indicating that the antioxidant capacity of the saikosaponins are good. Therefore, this study developed a rapid and efficient method for the extraction of saikosaponins, which provides a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the rational utilization of saikosaponins and the development of their medicinal value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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24 pages, 1465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellular Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiproliferative Activities from the Flowers, Leaves and Fruits of Gallesia integrifolia Spreng Harms

by Gabriela Catuzo Canônico Silva, Mariane de Almeida Machado, Karina Sakumoto, Rodrigo Sadao Inumaro, José Eduardo Gonçalves, Filipa Mandim, Josiana Vaz, Juliana Silveira do Valle, Maria Graciela Iecher Faria, Suelen Pereira Ruiz, Ranulfo Piau Junior, Daniela Dib Gonçalves and Zilda Cristiani Gazim

Molecules 2023, 28(14), 5406; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145406 - 14 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1016

Abstract

Gallesia integrifolia, a notable species in the Atlantic Forest, has been traditionally employed in folk medicine for treating rheumatism, asthma, and worms. This study investigated the cellular antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils (EOs) and crude extracts (CEs) from G. [...] Read more.

Gallesia integrifolia, a notable species in the Atlantic Forest, has been traditionally employed in folk medicine for treating rheumatism, asthma, and worms. This study investigated the cellular antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils (EOs) and crude extracts (CEs) from G. integrifolia flowers, fruits, and leaves. The chemical identification of EOs was performed by GC–MS and CEs by UHPLC–MS. Cellular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed through mouse macrophage cell culture. In addition, the antiproliferative potential was evaluated in gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung tumor cell lines and non-tumor VERO cells. EOs predominantly contained organosulfur compounds in flowers (96.29%), fruits (94.94%), and leaves (90.72%). We found the main compound is 2,2′-Disulfanediyldiethanethiol in the EOs of flowers (47.00%), leaves (41.82%), and fruits (44.39%). Phenolic compounds were identified in CEs. The EOs and CEs demonstrated potential against the tumor cell lines tested (GI₅₀ between 51 and 230 µg/mL). The selectivity index values were greater than 1.0 (1.01 to 3.37), suggesting a relative safety profile. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity IC₅₀ ranged from 36.00 to 268 µg/mL, and the cellular oxidation inhibition ranged from 69% to 82%. The results suggest that oils and extracts derived from G. integrifolia have potential for use in various industrial sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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19 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Influence of Yeast Extract and Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles on the Synthesis of Bioactive Antioxidants and Metabolites in Swertia chirata In Vitro Callus Cultures

by Tauqeer Sardar, Mehwish Maqbool, Muhammad Ishtiaq, Muhammad Waqas Mazhar, Mohamed A. El-Sheikh, Ryan Casini, Eman A. Mahmoud and Hosam O. Elansary

Molecules 2023, 28(12), 4607; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124607 - 07 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

The challenges in the production of metabolites of medicinal potential from wild plants include low yields, slow growth rates, seasonal variations, genetic variability and regulatory as well as ethical constraints. Overcoming these challenges is of paramount significance and interdisciplinary approaches and innovative strategies [...] Read more.

The challenges in the production of metabolites of medicinal potential from wild plants include low yields, slow growth rates, seasonal variations, genetic variability and regulatory as well as ethical constraints. Overcoming these challenges is of paramount significance and interdisciplinary approaches and innovative strategies are prevalently applied to optimize phytoconstituents’ production, enhance yield, biomass, ensure sustainable consistency and scalability. In this study, we investigated the effects of elicitation with yeast extract and calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) on in vitro cultures of Swertia chirata (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten. Specifically, we examined the effects of different concentrations of CaONPs in combination with different concentrations of yeast extract on various parameters related to callus growth, antioxidant activity, biomass and phytochemical contents. Our results showed that elicitation with yeast extract and CaONPs had significant effects on the growth and characteristics of callus cultures of S. chirata. The treatments involving yeast extract and CaONPs were found to be the most effective in increasing the contents of total flavonoid contents (TFC), total phenolic contents (TPC), amarogentin and mangiferin. These treatments also led to an improvement in the contents of total anthocyanin and alpha tocopherols. Additionally, the DPPH scavenging activity was significantly increased in the treated samples. Furthermore, the treatments involving elicitation with yeast extract and CaONPs also led to significant improvements in callus growth and characteristics. These treatments promoted callus response from an average to an excellent level and improved the color and nature of the callus from yellow to yellow-brown and greenish and from fragile to compact, respectively. The best response was observed in treatments involving 0.20 g/L yeast extract and 90 ug/L CaONPs. Overall, our findings suggest that elicitation with yeast extract and CaONPs can be a useful strategy for promoting the growth, biomass, phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of callus cultures of S. chirata in comparison to wild plant herbal drug samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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31 pages, 5004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outlook on Chronic Venous Disease Treatment: Phytochemical Screening, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Studies for Three Vegetal Extracts

by Andreea Roxana Ungureanu, Carmen Lidia Chițescu, Emanuela Alice Luță, Alina Moroșan, Dan Eduard Mihaiescu, Dragoș Paul Mihai, Liliana Costea, Emma Adriana Ozon, Ancuța Cătălina Fița, Teodora Dalila Balaci, Rica Boscencu and Cerasela Elena Gîrd

Molecules 2023, 28(9), 3668; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093668 - 23 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1791

Abstract

Chronic venous disease is one of the most common vascular diseases; the signs and symptoms are varied and are often neglected in the early stages. Vascular damage is based on proinflammatory, prothrombotic, prooxidant activity and increased expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The [...] Read more.

Chronic venous disease is one of the most common vascular diseases; the signs and symptoms are varied and are often neglected in the early stages. Vascular damage is based on proinflammatory, prothrombotic, prooxidant activity and increased expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The aim of this research is preparation and preliminary characterization of three vegetal extracts (Sophorae flos-SE, Ginkgo bilobae folium-GE and Calendulae flos-CE). The obtained dry extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening (FT-ICR-MS, UHPLC-HRMS/MS) and quantitative analysis (UHPLC-HRMS/MS, spectrophotometric methods). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using three methods: FRAP, DPPH and ABTS. More than 30 compounds were found in each extract. The amount of flavones follows the succession: SE > GE > CE; the amount of phenolcarboxylic acids follows: SE > CE > GE; and the amount of polyphenols follows: SE > GE > CE. Results for FRAP method varied as follows: SE > CE > GE; results for the DPPH method followed: SE > GE > CE; and results for ABTS followed: SE > GE > CE. Strong and very strong correlations (appreciated by Pearson coefficient) have been observed between antioxidant activity and the chemical content of extracts. Molecular docking studies revealed the potential of several identified phytochemicals to inhibit the activity of four MMP isoforms. In conclusion, these three extracts have potential in the treatment of chronic venous disease, based on their phytochemical composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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11 pages, 1317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Hypoglycemic and Antilipidemic Activity of Polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis (Granadilla)

by Jaime Angel-Isaza, Juan Carlos Carmona-Hernandez, Clara Helena González-Correa and William Vicente Narváez-Solarte

Molecules 2023, 28(8), 3551; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083551 - 18 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1106

Abstract

The consumption of fruits or by-products from plants of the Passifloraceae family has been associated with multiple health and nutritional benefits, due to their phenolic compound content. Likewise, the effects of polyphenols from Camellia sinensis (green tea) have been explored and are considered [...] Read more.

The consumption of fruits or by-products from plants of the Passifloraceae family has been associated with multiple health and nutritional benefits, due to their phenolic compound content. Likewise, the effects of polyphenols from Camellia sinensis (green tea) have been explored and are considered a reference for different biological actions of these bioactive substances. This study compared the hypoglycemic and antilipemic activity of polyphenol-rich extracts of Passiflora ligularis Juss (passion fruit) and Camellia sinensis (green tea) given to a group of Wistar rats induced to be overweight. The individuals were subjected to three doses of supplementation of both sources of polyphenols in the drinking water. An additional group without polyphenol supplementation served as a control group. Water consumption, weight gain, glycemia, cholesterol, serum triglycerides and percentage of fecal ethereal extracts were analyzed. Although Passiflora ligularis Juss had five times less polyphenol content than Camellia sinensis, rats fed doses of 2.5 and 3.0 g/L Passiflora ligularis Juss showed reduced glycemia by 16%, suggesting an antiglycemic activity similar to that of Camellia sinensis. On the other hand, higher doses of polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis Juss and Camellia sinensis significantly reduced triglyceride levels (p = 0.05) by more than 17% compared to the unsupplemented control group. The polyphenol-rich extracts produced effective inhibitory activity of lipemic metabolites with a reduction in the percentage of fecal lipids (p < 0.05), with no side effects on liver tissue. The 3.0 g/L dose produced the best result on signs of metabolic syndrome associated with excess weight. Polyphenols extracted from fresh Colombian passion fruit showed the potential to decrease metabolic syndrome risk factors in a murine model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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20 pages, 8070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Castanopsis sieboldii Extract against UVB-Induced Photodamage in Keratinocytes

by Hye Rim Lee, Ji Hye Yang, Ji Hyun Lee, Kyu Min Kim, Sam Seok Cho, Jin Sol Baek, Jae Min Kim, Moon-Hee Choi, Hyun-Jae Shin and Sung Hwan Ki

Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2842; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062842 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1599

Abstract

Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays disrupt the skin by causing photodamage via processes such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, DNA damage, and/or collagen degradation. Castanopsis sieboldii is an evergreen tree native to the southern Korean peninsula. Although it is [...] Read more.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays disrupt the skin by causing photodamage via processes such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, DNA damage, and/or collagen degradation. Castanopsis sieboldii is an evergreen tree native to the southern Korean peninsula. Although it is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, its protective effect against photodamage in keratinocytes has not been investigated. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effect of 70% ethanol extract of C. sieboldii leaf (CSL3) on UVB-mediated skin injuries and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. CSL3 treatment restored the cell viability decreased by UVB irradiation. Moreover, CSL3 significantly inhibited UVB- or tert-butyl hydroperoxide-mediated ROS generation in HaCaT cells. ER stress was inhibited, whereas autophagy was upregulated by CSL3 treatment against UVB irradiation. Additionally, CSL3 increased collagen accumulation and cell migration, which were decreased by UVB exposure. Notably, epigallocatechin gallate, the major component of CSL3, improved the cell viability decreased by UVB irradiation through regulation of ER stress and autophagy. Conclusively, CSL3 may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of UVB-induced skin damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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20 pages, 2704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporation of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract in Yoghurts to Mitigate Children’s Malnutrition in Developing Countries

by Sandra M. Gomes, Anabela Leitão, Arminda Alves and Lúcia Santos

Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2526; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062526 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2514

Abstract

Moringa oleifera, which is rich in bioactive compounds, has numerous biological activities and is a powerful source of antioxidants and nutrients. Therefore, M. oleifera can be incorporated into food to mitigate children’s malnutrition. In this work, the bioactive compounds were extracted from [...] Read more.

Moringa oleifera, which is rich in bioactive compounds, has numerous biological activities and is a powerful source of antioxidants and nutrients. Therefore, M. oleifera can be incorporated into food to mitigate children’s malnutrition. In this work, the bioactive compounds were extracted from M. oleifera leaf powder by ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and the phenolic composition of the extract were evaluated. The extract presented a total phenolic content of 54.5 ± 16.8 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and IC₅₀ values of 133.4 ± 12.3 mg/L for DPPH and 60.0 ± 9.9 mg/L for ABTS. Catechin, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin were the main phenolics identified by HPLC-DAD. The obtained extract and M. oleifera leaf powder were incorporated into yoghurts and their physicochemical and biological properties were studied. The incorporation of M. oleifera did not impair the yoghurts’ stability over eight weeks when compared to both negative and positive controls. The extract presented higher stability regarding syneresis but lower stability regarding TPC compared to the powder. Also, the fortified yoghurts presented higher antioxidant properties than the negative control. These findings highlight the potential use of M. oleifera powder and extract as natural additives to produce fortified foods that can be used in the mitigation of malnutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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Review

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21 pages, 872 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant Activity in Extracts from Zingiberaceae Family: Cardamom, Turmeric, and Ginger

by Pura Ballester, Begoña Cerdá, Raúl Arcusa, Ana María García-Muñoz, Javier Marhuenda and Pilar Zafrilla

Molecules 2023, 28(10), 4024; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104024 - 11 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3917

Abstract

An increase in life expectancy leads to a greater impact of chronic non-communicable diseases. This is even more remarkable in elder populations, to whom these become main determinants of health status, affecting mental and physical health, quality of life, and autonomy. Disease appearance [...] Read more.

An increase in life expectancy leads to a greater impact of chronic non-communicable diseases. This is even more remarkable in elder populations, to whom these become main determinants of health status, affecting mental and physical health, quality of life, and autonomy. Disease appearance is closely related to the levels of cellular oxidation, pointing out the importance of including foods in one’s diet that can prevent oxidative stress. Previous studies and clinical data suggest that some plant-based products can slow and reduce the cellular degradation associated with aging and age-related diseases. Many plants from one family present several applications that range from the food to the pharmaceutical industry due to their characteristic flavor and scents. The Zingiberaceae family, which includes cardamom, turmeric, and ginger, has bioactive compounds with antioxidant activities. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiemetic activities and properties that help prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These products are abundant sources of chemical substances, such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and diarylheptanoids. The main bioactive compounds found in this family (cardamom, turmeric, and ginger) are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, β-turmerone, and α-zingiberene. The present review gathers evidence surrounding the effects of dietary intake of extracts of the Zingiberaceae family and their underlying mechanisms of action. These extracts could be an adjuvant treatment for oxidative-stress-related pathologies. However, the bioavailability of these compounds needs to be optimized, and further research is needed to determine appropriate concentrations and their antioxidant effects in the body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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17 pages, 2302 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioactive Molecules from Myrianthus arboreus, Acer rubrum, and Picea mariana Forest Resources

by Martha-Estrella García-Pérez, Pierre-Betu Kasangana and Tatjana Stevanovic

Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052045 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1808

Abstract

Forest trees are the world’s most important renewable natural resources in terms of their dominance among other biomasses and the diversity of molecules that they produce. Forest tree extractives include terpenes and polyphenols, widely recognized for their biological activity. These molecules are found [...] Read more.

Forest trees are the world’s most important renewable natural resources in terms of their dominance among other biomasses and the diversity of molecules that they produce. Forest tree extractives include terpenes and polyphenols, widely recognized for their biological activity. These molecules are found in forest by-products, such as bark, buds, leaves, and knots, commonly ignored in forestry decisions. The present literature review focuses on in vitro experimental bioactivity from the phytochemicals of Myrianthus arboreus, Acer rubrum, and Picea mariana forest resources and by-products with potential for further nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical development. Although these forest extracts function as antioxidants in vitro and may act on signaling pathways involved in diabetes, psoriasis, inflammation, and skin aging, much still remains to be investigated before using them as therapeutic candidates, cosmetics, or functional foods. Traditional forest management systems focused on wood must evolve towards a holistic approach, allowing the use of these extractives for developing new value-added products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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21 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytocannabinoids in the Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis

by Adam Wroński, Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz, Anna Stasiewicz and Elżbieta Skrzydlewska

Molecules 2023, 28(3), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031192 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3772

Abstract

Phytocannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds, the main source of which is Cannabis sativa L. Through direct action or interaction with G protein-coupled receptors, they affect ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and modify the effectiveness of transcription factor responsible for the biosynthesis of antioxidants [...] Read more.

Phytocannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds, the main source of which is Cannabis sativa L. Through direct action or interaction with G protein-coupled receptors, they affect ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and modify the effectiveness of transcription factor responsible for the biosynthesis of antioxidants which lead to oxidative stress and its consequences. Due to the modification of the redox balance and inflammation, phytocannabinoids are used in the treatment of various diseases, including autoimmune dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Psoriasis is one of the most common dermatoses, and one of unknown etiology. A disturbed redox balance with a shift towards the oxidation leads to oxidative stress, resulting in oxidative modifications, mainly of lipids and proteins, and prolonged activation of immune cells and increased generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in chronic inflammation. Given the biological activity of phytocannabinoids, they have become the focus of research as components of pharmacotherapy for psoriasis. Beneficial effects were shown by various representatives of phytocannabinoids, but the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on skin cells (in vitro and ex vivo) and on blood cells from patients with psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis has been most often evaluated in recent years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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24 pages, 2735 KiB

Open AccessReview

Natural Bioactive Compounds Targeting NADPH Oxidase Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases

by Siti Sarah M. Sofiullah, Dharmani Devi Murugan, Suhaila Abd Muid, Wu Yuan Seng, Sharifah Zamiah Syed Abdul Kadir, Razif Abas, Nurul Raudzah Adib Ridzuan, Nor Hisam Zamakshshari and Choy Ker Woon

Molecules 2023, 28(3), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031047 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2697

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO report, the morbidity and mortality caused by CVD will continue to rise with the estimation of death going up to 22.2 million in [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO report, the morbidity and mortality caused by CVD will continue to rise with the estimation of death going up to 22.2 million in 2030. NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in sustained oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Seven distinct members of the family have been identified of which four (namely, NOX1, 2, 4 and 5) may have cardiovascular functions. Currently, the treatment and management plan for patients with CVDs mainly depends on the drugs. However, prolonged use of prescribed drugs may cause adverse drug reactions. Therefore, it is crucial to find alternative treatment options with lesser adverse effects. Natural products have been gaining interest as complementary therapy for CVDs over the past decade due to their wide range of medicinal properties, including antioxidants. These might be due to their potent active ingredients, such as flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Numerous natural compounds have been demonstrated to have advantageous effects on cardiovascular disease via NADPH cascade. This review highlights the potential of natural products targeting NOX-derived ROS generation in treating CVDs. Emphasis is put on the activation of the oxidases, including upstream or downstream signalling events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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26 pages, 1184 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Plants Belonging to the Lavandula Genus

by Natalia Dobros, Katarzyna Dorota Zawada and Katarzyna Paradowska

Molecules 2023, 28(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010256 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3804

Abstract

Lavender is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Currently 39 species are known, but only Lavandula angustifolia is a pharmacopoeial raw material. Lavender has a long history of medicinal use and mainly exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, sedative, antidepressant, spasmolytic, anticholinesterases, antifungal [...] Read more.

Lavender is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Currently 39 species are known, but only Lavandula angustifolia is a pharmacopoeial raw material. Lavender has a long history of medicinal use and mainly exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, sedative, antidepressant, spasmolytic, anticholinesterases, antifungal and antibacterial properties. Used internally, it relieves symptoms of mental stress and insomnia and supports digestion. Topical use of lavender in aromatherapy, neuralgia and antiseptics is also known. The constant interest in lavender, and in particular in Lavandula angustifolia, in the field of medicine and pharmacy is evidenced by the growing number of publications. In view of so many studies, it seems important to review traditional and modern extraction techniques that determine the chemical composition responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of various extracts from the species of the Lavandula genus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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30 pages, 7329 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential Therapeutic Approach of Melatonin against Omicron and Some Other Variants of SARS-CoV-2

by Rahima Begum, A. N. M. Mamun-Or-Rashid, Tanzima Tarannum Lucy, Md. Kamruzzaman Pramanik, Bijon Kumar Sil, Nobendu Mukerjee, Priti Tagde, Masayuki Yagi and Yoshikazu Yonei

Molecules 2022, 27(20), 6934; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206934 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3365

Abstract

The Omicron variant (B.529) of COVID-19 caused disease outbreaks worldwide because of its contagious and diverse mutations. To reduce these outbreaks, therapeutic drugs and adjuvant vaccines have been applied for the treatment of the disease. However, these drugs have not shown high efficacy [...] Read more.

The Omicron variant (B.529) of COVID-19 caused disease outbreaks worldwide because of its contagious and diverse mutations. To reduce these outbreaks, therapeutic drugs and adjuvant vaccines have been applied for the treatment of the disease. However, these drugs have not shown high efficacy in reducing COVID-19 severity, and even antiviral drugs have not shown to be effective. Researchers thus continue to search for an effective adjuvant therapy with a combination of drugs or vaccines to treat COVID-19 disease. We were motivated to consider melatonin as a defensive agent against SARS-CoV-2 because of its various unique properties. Over 200 scientific publications have shown the significant effects of melatonin in treating diseases, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Melatonin has a high safety profile, but it needs further clinical trials and experiments for use as a therapeutic agent against the Omicron variant of COVID-19. It might immediately be able to prevent the development of severe symptoms caused by the coronavirus and can reduce the severity of the infection by improving immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products)

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