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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges
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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 11913

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Antonella Curulli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), 00161 Rome, Italy
Interests: organic electrochemistry and electrosynthesis; sensors and biosensors fabrication; built heritage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors that convert biological information such as analyte concentration, which is a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor), into current or voltage.

The topic of this Special Issue is devoted to the recent advances in electrochemical biosensors. Among the different typologies of biosensors, electrochemical ones combine the sensitivity of electrochemical transducers, as indicated by low detection limits, with the high specificity of biorecognition processes. These devices contain a biological recognition element, similar to other biosensors (enzymes, proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, cells, and tissues), or molecularly imprinted polymer-based receptors, reacting specifically with the target analyte and producing an electrical signal related to the concentration of the analyte. Recently, as an innovative new method, electrochemical biosensors were developed using peptides or bacteriophages as bioreceptors.

In addition, the development of nanomaterials has proven fundamental for the promotion of smart electrochemical biosensors to be used in different application fields, such as biomedicine, the environment, and food analysis. Finally, electrochemical biosensors are suitable to be incorporated or adapted in portable devices that can be miniaturized because chemical changes are directly expressed as electrical signals without an additional converter. This approach is currently regarded as the most accessible method to meet the increasing demand for POC instrumentations for personal use.

The next generation of biosensors will require improvements in their sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy to address the future challenges in different application fields. The focus of this SI is to present and survey all the different kinds of electrochemical sensing, used materials, and target molecules to be determined.

In order to provide an update on the recent progress in the electrochemical biosensing area in terms of devices, materials, and target molecules, you are invited to submit original research articles, short communications, as well as review-type articles (e.g., comprehensive and critical literature reviews or review studies based on your recent research experience).

Prof. Dr. Antonella Curulli
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrochemical biosensors
  • nanomaterials
  • chemosensors
  • immunosensors
  • aptasensors
  • genosensors
  • cell-based sensors
  • phage-based sensors
  • portable devices
  • amperometric biosensors
  • impedimetric biosensors
  • voltammetric biosensors
  • molecularly imprinted polymers
  • origami paper-based biosensors
  • flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4315 KiB  
Article
Nature-Inspired Biomolecular Corona Based on Poly(caffeic acid) as a Low Potential and Time-Stable Glucose Biosensor
by Maria Kuznowicz, Artur Jędrzak and Teofil Jesionowski
Molecules 2023, 28(21), 7281; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217281 - 26 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1040
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel biosensor based on nature-inspired poly(caffeic acid) (PCA) grafted to magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger via adsorption technique. The biomolecular corona was applied to the fabrication of a biosensor system [...] Read more.
Herein, we present a novel biosensor based on nature-inspired poly(caffeic acid) (PCA) grafted to magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger via adsorption technique. The biomolecular corona was applied to the fabrication of a biosensor system with a screen-printed electrode (SPE). The obtained results indicated the operation of the system at a low potential (0.1 V). Then, amperometric measurements were performed to optimize conditions like various pH and temperatures. The SPE/Fe3O4@PCA-GOx biosensor presented a linear range from 0.05 mM to 25.0 mM, with a sensitivity of 1198.0 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection of 5.23 μM, which was compared to other biosensors presented in the literature. The proposed system was selective towards various interferents (maltose, saccharose, fructose, L-cysteine, uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid) and shows high recovery in relation to tests on real samples, up to 10 months of work stability. Moreover, the Fe3O4@PCA-GOx biomolecular corona has been characterized using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Bradford assay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges)
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13 pages, 2500 KiB  
Article
ALP-Based Biosensors Employing Electrodes Modified with Carbon Nanomaterials for Pesticides Detection
by Stefano Gianvittorio, Isacco Gualandi and Domenica Tonelli
Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041532 - 05 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1677
Abstract
Due to the growing presence of pesticides in the environment and in food, the concern of their impact on human health is increasing. Therefore, the development of fast and reliable detection methods is needed. Enzymatic inhibition-based biosensors represent a good alternative for replacing [...] Read more.
Due to the growing presence of pesticides in the environment and in food, the concern of their impact on human health is increasing. Therefore, the development of fast and reliable detection methods is needed. Enzymatic inhibition-based biosensors represent a good alternative for replacing the more complicated and time-consuming traditional methods (chromatography, spectrophotometry, etc.). This paper describes the development of an electrochemical biosensor exploiting alkaline phosphatase as the biological recognition element and a chemically modified glassy carbon electrode as the transducer. The biosensor was prepared modifying the GCE surface by a mixture of Multi-Walled-Carbon-Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Electrochemically-Reduced-Graphene-Oxide (ERGO) followed by the immobilization of the enzyme by cross-linking with bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde. The inhibition of the biosensor response caused by pesticides was established using 2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid as the enzymatic substrate, whose dephosphorylation reaction produces ascorbic acid (AA). The MWCNTs/ERGO mixture shows a synergic effect in terms of increased sensitivity and decreased overpotential for AA oxidation. The response of the biosensor to the herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy-acetic-acid was evaluated and resulted in the concentration range 0.04–24 nM, with a limit of the detection of 16 pM. The determination of other pesticides was also achieved. The re-usability of the electrode was demonstrated by performing a washing procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges)
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14 pages, 3257 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Application of Electrochemical Horseradish Peroxidase Sensor Based on a Black Phosphorene and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite
by Xiaoqing Li, Lisi Wang, Baoli Wang, Siyue Zhang, Meng Jiang, Wanting Fu and Wei Sun
Molecules 2022, 27(22), 8064; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228064 - 20 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1467
Abstract
To design a new electrochemical horseradish peroxidase (HRP) biosensor with excellent analytical performance, black phosphorene (BP) nanosheets and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) nanocomposites were used as the modifier, with a carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) as the substrate electrode. The SWCNTs-BP nanocomposite was [...] Read more.
To design a new electrochemical horseradish peroxidase (HRP) biosensor with excellent analytical performance, black phosphorene (BP) nanosheets and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) nanocomposites were used as the modifier, with a carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) as the substrate electrode. The SWCNTs-BP nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple in situ mixing procedure and modified on the CILE surface by the direct casting method. Then HRP was immobilized on the modified electrode with Nafion film. The electrocatalysis of this electrochemical HRP biosensor to various targets was further explored. Experimental results indicated that the direct electrochemistry of HRP was realized with a pair of symmetric and quasi-reversible redox peaks appeared, which was due to the presence of SWCNTs-BP on the surface of CILE, exhibiting synergistic effects with high electrical conductivity and good biocompatibility. Excellent electrocatalytic activity to trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were realized, with a wide linear range and a low detection limit. Different real samples, such as a medical facial peel solution, the soak water of pickled vegetables, and a 3% H2O2 disinfectant, were further analyzed, with satisfactory results, further proving the potential practical applications for the electrochemical biosensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges)
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12 pages, 2563 KiB  
Article
Antibody–Ferrocene Conjugates as a Platform for Electro-Chemical Detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein
by Daria Rudewicz-Kowalczyk and Iwona Grabowska
Molecules 2022, 27(17), 5492; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175492 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1792
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a cardiac biomarker identified in the pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Typically, the level of LDL is calculated using the Friedewald relationship based on measured values of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides. Unfortunately, this approach leads to [...] Read more.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a cardiac biomarker identified in the pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Typically, the level of LDL is calculated using the Friedewald relationship based on measured values of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides. Unfortunately, this approach leads to some errors in calculation. Therefore, direct methods that can be used for fast and accurate detection of LDL are needed. The purpose of this study was to develop an electrochemical platform for the detection of LDL based on an antibody–ferrocene conjugate. An anti-apolipoprotein B-100 antibody labeled with ferrocene was covalently immobilized on the layer of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) on the surface of gold electrodes. Upon interaction between LDL and the antibody–ferrocene conjugate, a decrease in the ferrocene redox signal registered by square wave voltammetry was observed, which depends linearly on the concentration from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.0 ng/mL. The obtained limit of detection was equal to 0.53 ng/mL. Moreover, the satisfied selectivity toward human serum albumin (HSA), HDL, and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) was observed. In addition, the acceptable recovery rates of LDL in human serum samples indicate the possible application of immunosensors presented in clinical diagnostics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges)
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10 pages, 2085 KiB  
Article
New PEPTIR-2.0 Peptide Designed for Use as Recognition Element in Electrochemical Biosensors with Improved Specificity towards E. coli O157:H7
by Jose Luis Ropero-Vega, Joshua Felipe Redondo-Ortega, Juliana Paola Rodríguez-Caicedo, Paola Rondón-Villarreal and Johanna Marcela Flórez-Castillo
Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2704; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092704 - 22 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2266
Abstract
The detection of pathogens through alternative methodologies based on electrochemical biosensors is being studied. These devices exhibit remarkable properties, such as simplicity, specificity, and high sensitivity in monitoring pathogens. However, it is necessary to continue conducting studies that adequately improve these characteristics, especially [...] Read more.
The detection of pathogens through alternative methodologies based on electrochemical biosensors is being studied. These devices exhibit remarkable properties, such as simplicity, specificity, and high sensitivity in monitoring pathogens. However, it is necessary to continue conducting studies that adequately improve these characteristics, especially the recognition molecule. This work aims to design and evaluate a new peptide, named PEPTIR-2.0, as a recognition molecule in electrochemical biosensors to detect E. coli O157:H7 in water. PEPTIR-2.0 was obtained from modifications of the PEPTIR-1.0 peptide sequence, which was previously reported and exhibited excellent properties for detecting and quantifying this pathogenic microorganism. PEPTIR-1.0 is a peptide analogous to the TIR (Translocated Intimin Receptor) protein capable of interacting with the Intimin outer membrane. The basis of this study was to obtain, by using bioinformatics tools, a molecule analogous to PEPTIR-1.0 that maintains its three-dimensional structure but increases the hydrophobic interactions between it and Intimin, since these intermolecular forces are the predominant ones. The designed PEPTIR-2.0 peptide was immobilized on screen-printed electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles. The detection capacity of E. coli O157:H7 in water was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the presence of other microorganisms, such as P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and non-pathogenic E. coli. The results showed that PEPTIR-2.0 confers remarkable specificity to the biosensor towards detecting E. coli, even higher than PEPTIR-1.0. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges)
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Review

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53 pages, 8077 KiB  
Review
Functional Nanomaterials Enhancing Electrochemical Biosensors as Smart Tools for Detecting Infectious Viral Diseases
by Antonella Curulli
Molecules 2023, 28(9), 3777; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093777 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1711
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors are known as analytical tools, guaranteeing rapid and on-site results in medical diagnostics, food safety, environmental protection, and life sciences research. Current research focuses on developing sensors for specific targets and addresses challenges to be solved before their commercialization. These challenges [...] Read more.
Electrochemical biosensors are known as analytical tools, guaranteeing rapid and on-site results in medical diagnostics, food safety, environmental protection, and life sciences research. Current research focuses on developing sensors for specific targets and addresses challenges to be solved before their commercialization. These challenges typically include the lowering of the limit of detection, the widening of the linear concentration range, the analysis of real samples in a real environment and the comparison with a standard validation method. Nowadays, functional nanomaterials are designed and applied in electrochemical biosensing to support all these challenges. This review will address the integration of functional nanomaterials in the development of electrochemical biosensors for the rapid diagnosis of viral infections, such as COVID-19, middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), influenza, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and dengue, among others. The role and relevance of the nanomaterial, the type of biosensor, and the electrochemical technique adopted will be discussed. Finally, the critical issues in applying laboratory research to the analysis of real samples, future perspectives, and commercialization aspects of electrochemical biosensors for virus detection will be analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges)
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22 pages, 2659 KiB  
Review
Activity-Dependent Fluctuations in Interstitial [K+]: Investigations Using Ion-Sensitive Microelectrodes
by Hana Beswick-Jones, Amy J. Hopper and Angus M. Brown
Molecules 2023, 28(2), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020523 - 05 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1107
Abstract
In the course of action potential firing, all axons and neurons release K+ from the intra- cellular compartment into the interstitial space to counteract the depolarizing effect of Na+ influx, which restores the resting membrane potential. This efflux of K+ [...] Read more.
In the course of action potential firing, all axons and neurons release K+ from the intra- cellular compartment into the interstitial space to counteract the depolarizing effect of Na+ influx, which restores the resting membrane potential. This efflux of K+ from axons results in K+ accumulation in the interstitial space, causing depolarization of the K+ reversal potential (EK), which can prevent subsequent action potentials. To ensure optimal neuronal function, the K+ is buffered by astrocytes, an energy-dependent process, which acts as a sink for interstitial K+, absorbing it at regions of high concentration and distributing it through the syncytium for release in distant regions. Pathological processes in which energy production is compromised, such as anoxia, ischemia, epilepsy and spreading depression, can lead to excessive interstitial K+ accumulation, disrupting sensitive trans-membrane ion gradients and attenuating neuronal activity. The changes that occur in interstitial [K+] resulting from both physiological and pathological processes can be monitored accurately in real time using K+-sensitive microelectrodes, an invaluable tool in electrophysiological studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Trends and Challenges)
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