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Petrology and Ores of Igneous Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites, Volume...
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Petrology and Ores of Igneous Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites, Volume II

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 3786

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Anna G. Doroshkevich

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Guest Editor
Leading Scientist, Head of the Laboratory of Ore-bearing Alkaline Magmatism Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: alkaline rock; carbonatite; igneous petrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ilya Prokopyev

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Guest Editor
1. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: alkaline rock; carbonatite; fluid regime
Dr. Anastasia Starikova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: alkaline rock; carbonatite; fluid regime

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are announcing a second volume of the Special Issue “Petrology and Ores of Igneous Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites”, which achieved great success last year. Detailed information about the first volume can be found at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals/special_issues/POIARC.

Although alkaline rocks and carbonatites are volumetrically insignificant, they attract considerable scientific interest in efforts to understand the extreme partial deep mantle melting, as well as their strategic importance in relation to the genesis of deposits of rare (Nb, Ta, Zr etc.), rare earth, radioactive and noble (Au, Ag and Pt) metals as well as other industrial components (P, F, Cu and Fe). Great scientific and economic interest in alkaline rocks and carbonatites has led to the accumulation of detailed information about the geology, mineralogy and composition of the rocks, their sources and their primary melts. This Special Issue aims to contribute to the understanding of the petrology and sources of unique fluid-saturated alkaline-silicate-carbonate melts that characterize the deep mantle composition, as well as the mechanisms of ore-bearing processes in alkaline rocks and carbonatites.

This Special Issue of Minerals invites authors to publish their state-of-the-art research dealing with the sources, generation and evolution of alkaline melts, their interaction with the crust, and ore-forming processes in alkaline and carbonatite complexes, including associated supergene deposits. We invite our colleagues to present their achievements in the petrology of a wide range of ore-bearing alkaline rocks, carbonatites, alkaline-ultramafic complexes and kimberlites in the context of the relation of the origin, formation and ore-formation processes of specific and related melts within different geodynamic settings of the Earth.

Dr. Anna G. Doroshkevich
Dr. Ilya Prokopyev
Dr. Anastasia Starikova
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • alkaline rocks
  • carbonatites
  • strategic metals
  • ores
  • deep mantle melting
  • petrology

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 10180 KiB  
Article
Major and Trace-Element Composition of Minerals in the Paleoproterozoic Tiksheozero Ultramafic–Alkaline–Carbonatite Complex, Russia: Insight into Magma Evolution
by Maria Bogina, Alexey Chistyakov, Evgenii Sharkov, Elena Kovalchuk and Tatiana Golovanova
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101318 - 11 Oct 2023
Viewed by 912
Abstract
The Middle Paleoproterozoic (1.99 Ga) Tiksheozero ultramafic‒alkaline‒carbonatite complex in Northern Karelia is one of the Earth’s oldest alkaline complexes. The major and trace-element compositions of minerals were used to decipher the genetic relations between ultramafic cumulates, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites. Based on detailed [...] Read more.
The Middle Paleoproterozoic (1.99 Ga) Tiksheozero ultramafic‒alkaline‒carbonatite complex in Northern Karelia is one of the Earth’s oldest alkaline complexes. The major and trace-element compositions of minerals were used to decipher the genetic relations between ultramafic cumulates, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites. Based on detailed analysis of clinopyroxenes from ultramafic cumulates, it was assumed that they were derived from an alkaline melt. It was estimated that ultramafic cumulates and alkaline rocks were formed at close moderate pressure, which in combination with the above facts, is consistent with their cogenetic origin. The REE patterns of clinopyroxenes are characterized by the high LREE/HREE fractionation, with slightly convex-upward LREE patterns (La/Nd < 1), which are typical of deep-seated cumulates formed in an equilibrium with an alkaline basaltic melt. Two types of REE zoning were distinguished in apatite using cathodoluminescence imaging. The first type with an outward LREE decrease was found in apatite from silicate rocks of the complex and was likely produced by the closed-system overgrowth of apatite from a residual melt at the late magmatic stage. In contrast, apatite from carbonatite is characterized by a slight outward LREE increase, which is likely related to the re-equilibration of apatite with fresh batches of REE-enriched carbonatite magma. Precipitation of monazite along fractures and margins of apatite in complex with essential HREE and Y enrichment observed in syenite is indicative of the metasomatic interaction of this rock with fluid. Apatites from alkaline rocks and carbonatites define a common trend in the Y–Ho diagram, with a decrease in the Y/Ho ratio from foidolites to carbonatites. This fact together with the absence of signs of liquid immiscibility, and compositional variations in apatite in silicate rocks and carbonatites, are consistent with their origin through fractional crystallization rather than liquid immiscibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrology and Ores of Igneous Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites, Volume II)
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17 pages, 3085 KiB  
Article
Brine–Melts and Fluids of the Fe-F-P-(Ba)-(Sr)-REE Central Asian Carbonatite Province (Southern Siberia and Mongolia): The Petrogenetic Aspects
by Ilya Prokopyev, Anna Doroshkevich and Anna Redina
Minerals 2023, 13(4), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040573 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1113
Abstract
The carbonatite complexes of the Central Asian carbonatite province comprise the Siberian carbonatites of the Western Transbaikalia and the Central Tuva regions, as well as those from the Mushugai-Khudag complex in Southern Mongolia. They are confined to Late Mesozoic rift structures and have [...] Read more.
The carbonatite complexes of the Central Asian carbonatite province comprise the Siberian carbonatites of the Western Transbaikalia and the Central Tuva regions, as well as those from the Mushugai-Khudag complex in Southern Mongolia. They are confined to Late Mesozoic rift structures and have endured considerable tectono-magmatic processes caused by intense plume activity, which also accompanied their formation. A systematic study of melt and fluid inclusions revealed that these carbonatites formed as a result of immiscibility processes in silicate–carbonate (salt) melts, as well as fractional crystallization. Alkaline–carbonatite rocks crystallized in the presence of brine–melts with different compositions, i.e., alkaline–fluorine, carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, and chloride. These melts are responsible for mineralization during the orthomagmatic stage and the primary phase of Fe-F-P-(Ba)-(Sr)-REE ore formation at temperature ranges of 850–830 °C, 650–610 °C, and 560–440 °C and pressures between 290 and 350 MPa. At a later stage, the brine–melts evolved into saline hydrothermal fluids, which are considered to be the source of the second stage of F-(Ba)-(Sr)-REE ore mineralization. The saline crystal–fluid inclusions consist mainly of fluorine–sulfate–carbonate–chloride and bicarbonate–chloride compositions, with temperatures of approximately 480–250 °C and pressures below 250 MPa. The shift from melt to fluid in carbonatite complexes could occur more frequently in nature than previously believed and could also apply to other F-REE carbonatite complexes that are linked to rifting and plume activity in mountain-building zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrology and Ores of Igneous Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites, Volume II)
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21 pages, 9472 KiB  
Article
Geochemical Constraints on Petrogenesis and Tectonics of the Middle Devonian Granitic and Coeval Mafic Magmatism from the Tannuola Terrane (Northern Central Asian Orogenic Belt)
by Evgeny V. Vetrov, Evgeny A. Pikhutin and Natalia I. Vetrova
Minerals 2022, 12(10), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12101282 - 12 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1169
Abstract
The Tannuola terrane, located in the northern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, comprises magmatic rocks, attributed to island-arc and collisional settings during the Early Cambrian to the Late Ordovician. However, zircon U-Pb age, geochemical, and Sr-Nd isotopic constraints demonstrate that there was a short [...] Read more.
The Tannuola terrane, located in the northern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, comprises magmatic rocks, attributed to island-arc and collisional settings during the Early Cambrian to the Late Ordovician. However, zircon U-Pb age, geochemical, and Sr-Nd isotopic constraints demonstrate that there was a short episode of peralkaline A-type granite magmatism in the northeast border area of the Tannuola terrane. The obtained zircon U-Pb age of 387.7 ± 3.3 Ma indicates emplacement of the peralkaline A-type granitic rocks in the Middle Devonian (Eifelian–Givetian period boundary). Petrologically, these rocks are mainly composed of riebeckite granites and aplites, which are approximately synchronous with augite-rich dolerites. The granitic rocks are ferroan and calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic in composition. They are characterized by a high content of SiO2, total alkali, Zr, and total REE. Significant depletion of Ba, Sr, P, Ti, and Eu indicates fractionation of plagioclase and/or K-feldspar. The values of εNd(t) in riebeckite granites range from +5.61 to +6.55, and the calculated two-stage model age ranges between 610 and 520 Ma. Coeval dolerites on the chondrite-normalized REE pattern, (Th/Yb)pm–(Nb/Yb)pm, and Th/Yb–Nb/Yb diagrams show compositional affinity between E-MORB and OIB. They are rich in incompatible elements with high HFSE/LREE ratios (Nb/La > 1), indicating that the primary magma originated from the lithospheric mantle metasomatized by asthenosphere-derived melt. Based on these geochemical characteristics, it can be reasonably inferred that the peralkaline A-type granitic rocks, and the coeval mafic rocks, are anorogenic and were emplaced in an extensional tectonic environment despite slightly higher Y/Nb values, which might be caused by a crustal contamination effect. The geochemistry of mafic rocks suggests that the magma originated from the enriched mantle sources. The results of a zircon-saturation thermometer show high initial magma temperatures between 923 and 1184 °C, with an average of 1030 °C, indicating this rock association might be related to a mantle plume beneath the northern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Petrology and Ores of Igneous Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites, Volume II)
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