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Minerals
Special Issues
Mineralogical and Thermal Properties of Clays and Clay-Based Materials
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Mineralogical and Thermal Properties of Clays and Clay-Based Materials

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Clays and Engineered Mineral Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 July 2023) | Viewed by 7021

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Maite Garcia-Valles

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Applied Geology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: industrial minerals; ceramics and glass-ceramic; bioceramics; glass; geopolymers; wastes recycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pura Alfonso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departament Enginyeria Minera, Industrial i TIC, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08242 Manresa, Spain
Interests: ore deposits; stable isotopes; geochemistry; quantitative mineralogy; geometallurgy; environmental pollution
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The term clay is generally used to refer to sedimentary rocks with a grain size of less than 2µm. It includes, in different proportions, the so-called clay minerals and other phyllosilicates, quartz, feldspars, carbonates, iron and titanium oxides, soluble salts and organic matter. From an economic point of view, it is an industrial mineral with a different value according to its properties and applicability. The minealogical composition of a clay will determine its use, as each type of clay will confer a specific characteristic; for example, kaolinite will provide refractoriness, smetite and illite will provide plasticity, illite and chlorite will act as fluxes, etc.

Clay as a raw material is linked to the history and economic evolution of society. When a clay is fired, it undergoes a sintering process, in which an evolution of the mineral phases takes place. The final sintered product must have an adequate porosity, which depends on the firing temperature. Sintering leads to densification, with an effective reduction in porosity and specific surface area, and an increase in shrinkage. Volumetric diffusion also occurs due to grain growth generating intergranular porosity.

Clay is used to formulate and produce ceramic pastes. It is necessary to control the chemical and mineralogical composition of the clays, and to establish the mixture with other raw materials, the type of shaping to be used, and the temperature and/or optimum firing interval, in order to obtain a final product with certain characteristics. From an industrial perspective, this last point is highly important as optimizing the energetic and economic costs of production is essential.

Prof. Dr. Maite Garcia-Valles
Prof. Dr. Pura Alfonso
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • clays
  • thermal properties
  • mineralogy
  • applications
  • ceramic materials
  • technological behavior

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3456 KiB  
Article
Study of the Mining Waste in the Production of Calcined Aggregate for Use in Pavement
by Marcio Aurelio Friber, Antonio Carlos Rodrigues Guimarães, Camila Antunes Martins and Jefferson Santos Soares
Minerals 2023, 13(12), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121543 - 14 Dec 2023
Viewed by 802
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of using a calcined aggregate with mining residue in different pavement layers, including the base, subbase, and wearing course layers. For this purpose, physical characterizations of the residue and clay and [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of using a calcined aggregate with mining residue in different pavement layers, including the base, subbase, and wearing course layers. For this purpose, physical characterizations of the residue and clay and the production of calcined aggregates at temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1100 °C were performed. Additionally, the suitability levels of these aggregates in pavement layers were assessed, considering the present standards. The physical characterization results indicated that the studied clay was suitable for manufacturing calcined clay aggregates since the particle size distribution showed ceramic potential according to the Winkler diagram, and it presented a plasticity index (PI) higher than 15%. In the tests of boiling-induced mass loss and unit mass, the values obtained were within the limits established by the standards, being lower than 10% and 0.88 g/cm3, respectively. Regarding the abrasion loss test, the M1100 aggregate showed Los Angeles abrasion values lower than the limit established by the standard, demonstrating its potential as an artificial aggregate in pavement applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Thermal Properties of Clays and Clay-Based Materials)
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16 pages, 3626 KiB  
Article
A Tailored Approach in the Bentonite-like Raw Material Characterization Using Thermal and Water Sorption Techniques
by Jessica Gilabert, Eulalia Zumaquero, Eva Maria Díaz-Canales, Maria Jesús Ventura and Maria Pilar Gómez-Tena
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101313 - 11 Oct 2023
Viewed by 715
Abstract
Clayey raw materials present a wide variety of uses depending on their specific composition. Bentonite-like clays are considered suitable candidates to be used in some industrial applications, such as pharmaceutics, catalysis, antibacterial agents or food additives because of their highly desired adsorption properties, [...] Read more.
Clayey raw materials present a wide variety of uses depending on their specific composition. Bentonite-like clays are considered suitable candidates to be used in some industrial applications, such as pharmaceutics, catalysis, antibacterial agents or food additives because of their highly desired adsorption properties, concretely regarding water vapor behavior. In the present study, a specific methodology for the characterization of some clayey raw materials used in the ceramic industry and its correlation with water vapor sorption properties is presented. Six different clayey raw materials have been wholly characterized until their specific chemical formula are obtained, and their water vapor adsorption behavior was correlated to their specific composition. The whole protocol has been validated with certified standard reference materials. The obtained results show a relationship between montmorillonite content in clay with water vapor adsorption behavior and certain thermal events of clayey particles, which can help the industry to understand product behavior and characterization during ceramic manufacturing process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Thermal Properties of Clays and Clay-Based Materials)
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17 pages, 5109 KiB  
Article
Viability of Bauxite Deposits from Catalonia (Spain) for Ceramic Applications
by Arnau Martínez, Maite Garcia-Valles and Pura Alfonso
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101294 - 04 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1149
Abstract
This study provides a characterization of materials from wastes and outcrops of two inactive bauxite mines located close to Sant Joan de Mediona and Peramola, Spain. Mineralogy was determined via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal properties were [...] Read more.
This study provides a characterization of materials from wastes and outcrops of two inactive bauxite mines located close to Sant Joan de Mediona and Peramola, Spain. Mineralogy was determined via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal properties were measured via differential thermal analysis–thermogravimetry (DTA-TG) and gresification tests. The crystalline phases are medium-high crystalline kaolinite and variable amounts of illite, quartz, calcite, boehmite, hematite and rutile/anatase. DTA show two endothermic peaks produced by the dehydroxylation of minerals: the first peak, at 530–538 °C, belongs to boehmite; the second peak, at 535–568 °C, corresponds to kaolinite. An exothermic peak at 950–978 °C is associated with mullite crystallization. The optimal sintering temperatures obtained from the gresification curves (firing shrinkage and water absorption) were 970 °C for carbonate-poor, illite-rich clays; 1100 °C for illite- and carbonate-poor samples; and near 1190 °C for carbonate-rich materials. The carbonate-poor samples fired at 1300 °C contain sillimanite and mullite, and the carbonate-rich materials are rich in gehlenite, anorthite, and hedenbergite. The mineralogy of these materials is sufficient to obtain ceramic materials with suitable properties, but not their low plasticity. They could be used in the formulation of bricks or as part of mixtures to produce refractory ceramics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Thermal Properties of Clays and Clay-Based Materials)
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18 pages, 2570 KiB  
Article
Effect of Temperature and Water Salinity on Electrical Surface Conduction of Clay Particles
by Md Farhad Hasan and Hossam Abuel-Naga
Minerals 2023, 13(8), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081110 - 21 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1180
Abstract
In this study, the combined effect of temperature (T) and pore water salinity on electrical surface conduction parameters was investigated. Two new electrical surface conduction parameters, namely, electrical conductivity of effective solid (σs) and size of diffuse double layer (DDL) water [...] Read more.
In this study, the combined effect of temperature (T) and pore water salinity on electrical surface conduction parameters was investigated. Two new electrical surface conduction parameters, namely, electrical conductivity of effective solid (σs) and size of diffuse double layer (DDL) water per unit volume of soil (χ), were considered in this study. The tested samples included two commercially available clays and four natural clay soils with diverse physico-chemical properties. The two surface conduction parameters were also used to assess the influence of temperature (T) and pore water salinity, as well as the electrical conductivity of free water (σFW), on the evolution of the free swelling index (FSI) of clays/clay soils through experimental methods. The findings suggested that elevated temperature and σFW increased σs but reduced χ, as well as the FSI of clays/clay soils. Furthermore, the rate of reduction for both χ and FSI augmented under the influence of increased free water salinity, particularly for clays/clay soils with high swelling capacity. The combined reductions of χ and FSI provided substantial evidence that clay DDL thickness decreases as T and σFW increase concurrently. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Thermal Properties of Clays and Clay-Based Materials)
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15 pages, 4402 KiB  
Article
Effect of Replacing Feldspar by Philippine Black Cinder on the Development of Low-Porosity Red Stoneware
by Fel Jane A. Echavez, Liberty R. Lumasag, Beverly L. Bato, Alyssa May Rabadon Simplicio, Jade P. Cahigao, Elly U. Aligno, Jr., Roben Victor M. Dispo, Sherlyn Keh D. Dionio, Christian Julle C. Saladaga, Raymond V. Rivera Virtudazo and Ivyleen C. Bernardo-Arugay
Minerals 2023, 13(4), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040505 - 01 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2272
Abstract
Stoneware is a ceramic material with low porosity and high mechanical properties, such as the modulus of rupture. It is essentially made of clay, feldspar and quartz and is sintered to create a mixture of glass and crystalline phases. With the projected growth [...] Read more.
Stoneware is a ceramic material with low porosity and high mechanical properties, such as the modulus of rupture. It is essentially made of clay, feldspar and quartz and is sintered to create a mixture of glass and crystalline phases. With the projected growth rate of the global ceramics market size and the country’s development plan for 2023–2028, it is imperative that alternative raw materials for the manufacture of ceramic products be sourced so that the importation of these materials, such as feldspar, be minimized, if not eliminated. Cinder in the Philippines is mainly used as a filling material in pavements and residential areas. In this study, this resource is utilized as partial and full replacement of feldspar in a typical ternary diagram for stoneware production. Bars were formed from different formulations by the slip casting method and were sintered at 1200 °C. Physical and mechanical properties of the bars, such as shrinkage, loss on ignition, water absorption, apparent porosity and modulus of rupture were determined. Thermo-physical analyses were also carried out on the raw materials and on formulated powders. Meeting the requirements of the various quality standards for ceramics, the partial replacement of feldspar with black cinder (LF, LFBQ and LFBH) is feasible for wall and roof applications while full replacement of feldspar with black cinder (LB) is suitable for wider use as wall, floor, vitrified, industrial and roof tiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogical and Thermal Properties of Clays and Clay-Based Materials)
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