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Minerals
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Flotation Chemistry of Oxidized Ore
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Flotation Chemistry of Oxidized Ore

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 6059

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Longhua Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
Interests: efficient recovery of minerals resources; high-value materials derived from minerals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The preparation of metals and their compounds involves various daily products, aerospace, electronic communications and many other fields. Mineral flotation is one of the most efficient ways to extract available components from ores, which has considerable research significance.

The crystal structure of minerals will affect their dissociation direction and then affect the polarity of the surface of minerals after dissociation, the exposed position of metal ions, the properties of unsaturated bonds and the formation of microstructures. This leads to the difference in the surface electrical properties and wettability of minerals and then affects the selectivity of flotation reagents on minerals and the behavior of minerals in flotation.

As a new discipline, crystal chemistry mainly studies the internal structure, chemical composition and related physical and chemical properties of crystal materials. It includes the occurrence state and content of various elements in the crystal, the incompleteness of the crystal, the arrangement and distribution of various particles in the crystal, the internal structure of the crystal, the anisotropy of the crystal surface, etc. The basic principle of crystal chemistry of mineral flotation is a basic discipline based on the influence of mineral crystal structure and properties on mineral floatability.

However, with the massive exploitation of resources, the traditional high-grade concentrate has been gradually exhausted, so the efficient utilization of low-grade ores are an urgent problem to be solved.

This Special Issue is divided into the following four parts:

Section 1: Physical and chemical properties of ores. Among them, ore properties mainly include crystal structure properties, surface physical and chemical properties, microstructure properties, and distribution of different minerals.

Section 2: Development of efficient and green flotation reagents. This part mainly studies the binding relationship between the surface of minerals and flotation reagents, including hydrophobicity, selectivity, synergism, ionic action, etc.

Section 3: Flotation process of minerals. The main purpose of this part is to solve practical production problems, including the stage grinding and stage separation process, combined addition sequence of reagents, whole-flow closed-circuit flotation experiment, etc.

Section 4: Equipment development of flotation. This part mainly reports the research and development of mineral processing equipment, involving hydrodynamics, reaction kinetics, multiphase synergy, etc., and equipment including crushing equipment, magnetic separation equipment, mixing equipment, various types of flotation machines and flotation columns.

Prof. Dr. Longhua Xu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • physical and chemical properties of minerals
  • crystal chemistry
  • surface chemistry
  • low-grade ores
  • mineral flotation
  • mineral processing technology and equipment

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1464 KiB  
Article
The Flotation Separation Mechanism of Smithsonite from Calcite and Dolomite with Combined Collectors
by Xiangxiang Chen, Junzhi Bai, Zhaoyang Zhang, Wen Qiang, Shiyi Huang, Yunfei Ouyang, Tianhao Liu and Wanzhong Yin
Minerals 2023, 13(12), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121527 - 08 Dec 2023
Viewed by 769
Abstract
Smithsonite, dolomite, and calcite are carbonate minerals. The crystal structures and spatial distribution characteristics of their common surface metal sites are similar, leading to difficulty in the flotation separation of smithsonite from these carbonate gangues. In this paper, the floatability of smithsonite, dolomite, [...] Read more.
Smithsonite, dolomite, and calcite are carbonate minerals. The crystal structures and spatial distribution characteristics of their common surface metal sites are similar, leading to difficulty in the flotation separation of smithsonite from these carbonate gangues. In this paper, the floatability of smithsonite, dolomite, and calcite in sodium oleate, salicylhydroxamic acid, and their combined-collector system were systematically studied through single-mineral flotation tests, respectively. The results showed that it was difficult to obtain a noticeable recovery difference between smithsonite–calcite and smithsonite–dolomite in a single-collector system of sodium oleate and salicylhydroxamic acid, both at the same time. In the combined-collector system of salicylhydroxamic acid and sodium oleate with total dosage of 6 × 10−4 mol/L, molar ratio of 3:1, and pH of 8.0, the recovery difference of smithsonite–calcite and smithsonite–dolomite could reach the highest values of 38.46% and 37.98%, respectively, while obtaining the highest smithsonite recovery of 88.19%. The adsorption mechanism of the combined collectors was investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a collector adsorption test, and zeta potential measurements, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flotation Chemistry of Oxidized Ore)
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18 pages, 5445 KiB  
Article
A New Route of Roasting-Flotation-Leaching for the Beneficiation of Ti-Bearing Minerals from Altered Vanadium Titanomagnetite
by Yanbo Xu, Chao Chen, Yaohui Yang, Wei Deng and Feiyan Liu
Minerals 2023, 13(12), 1472; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121472 - 23 Nov 2023
Viewed by 655
Abstract
In this work, a complete beneficiation technical route combining physical and chemical methods, namely a roasting-flotation-leaching scheme, is proposed to produce a qualified grade Ti-concentrate from altered Vanadium titanomagnetite (VTM) ore. Based on the character of the ore sample, it is recommended to [...] Read more.
In this work, a complete beneficiation technical route combining physical and chemical methods, namely a roasting-flotation-leaching scheme, is proposed to produce a qualified grade Ti-concentrate from altered Vanadium titanomagnetite (VTM) ore. Based on the character of the ore sample, it is recommended to recover the Ti-bearing minerals, ilmenite and anatase, as composite mineral. Pretreatment experiments indicate that the oxidation roasting (800 °C) and acid washing methods increase the flotation indexes significantly. Flotation condition tests show that the optimal conditions are a grinding fineness of −0.045 mm 83%, sulfuric acid dosage of 2000 g/t, water glass dosage of 1500 g/t, oxalic acid dosage of 200 g/t, and EM328 dosage of 1500 g/t. An open flotation circuit test obtains a flotation concentrate with a TiO2 grade and recovery of 38.30% and 25.99%, respectively. A leaching exploration test shows that the TiO2 grade of the flotation concentrate can be improved to 53.90%. XRD analyses reveal that the ilmenite in the VTM ore is converted into anatase and rutile during the roasting process at 600–800 °C, but pseudobrookite begins to form at 900 °C. Compared to the flotation concentrate, it is confirmed that the content of Ti-bearing minerals is increased significantly in the leaching residue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flotation Chemistry of Oxidized Ore)
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10 pages, 3836 KiB  
Communication
Investigation into the Adsorption Mechanism of a Novel Collector Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride on the Surface of Hematite and Quartz
by Haoran Sun, Yulian Wang, Jin Yao, Wanzhong Yin, Shaobin Yang and Desheng Su
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101283 - 30 Sep 2023
Viewed by 709
Abstract
In this research, a novel collector cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) was used to separate hematite from quartz via reverse flotation for the first time. Micro-flotation tests showed that CTAC had a strong ability to selectively collect quartz and that a separation of [...] Read more.
In this research, a novel collector cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) was used to separate hematite from quartz via reverse flotation for the first time. Micro-flotation tests showed that CTAC had a strong ability to selectively collect quartz and that a separation of hematite from quartz could be accomplished with a concentration of 0.00263 mmol/L CTAC. Zeta-potential measurements indicated that the positive CTAC+ species could selectively increase the surface potential of quartz, but that it had rather a weak effect on the hematite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detection indicated that CTAC had a stronger binding affinity to oxygen sites on the surface of quartz than on hematite, resulting in a large amount of CTAC being predominantly adsorbed onto quartz. This was supported by the atomic concentration of C1s and N1s of quartz after CTAC treatments were 4.25 and 2.84 times higher than hematite, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flotation Chemistry of Oxidized Ore)
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15 pages, 7442 KiB  
Article
Effect of Acidified Sodium Silicate on the Flotation Separation of Microfine Apatite from Chlorite in Seawater
by Su Liao, Yanming Wu, Wenliang Xiong, Kaile Zhao, Guohua Gu and Yanhong Wang
Minerals 2023, 13(8), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081061 - 11 Aug 2023
Viewed by 805
Abstract
In this work, selective flotation separation of microfine apatite and chlorite was achieved by using sodium oleate (NaOL) as a collector with a low dosage of acidified sodium silicate (ASS) as a depressant. The optimum ratio of sodium silicate to sulfuric acid for [...] Read more.
In this work, selective flotation separation of microfine apatite and chlorite was achieved by using sodium oleate (NaOL) as a collector with a low dosage of acidified sodium silicate (ASS) as a depressant. The optimum ratio of sodium silicate to sulfuric acid for ASS was 5:3, and a good separation effect was also achieved in the mixed ore system. Compared to the deionized water system, the ions of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in seawater adsorbed on the surfaces of apatite and chlorite, which made the zeta potential of the two minerals shift positively. This presented a challenge to the selection of reagents for mineral separation. The addition of ASS changed the pH value of the pulp from weak alkalinity caused by seawater to weak acidity, which allowed the metal ions adsorbed on the mineral surface to desorb. Meanwhile, ASS can selectively adsorb on the desorbed chlorite surface in the form of Si(OH)4, which hindered the action of NaOL, leading to the depression of chlorite. NaOL adsorbed well on the desorbed surface of apatite and increased the apatite particle size from 27 μm to 229 μm, with a hydrophobic agglomeration effect, thus enhancing the flotation of microfine apatite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flotation Chemistry of Oxidized Ore)
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12 pages, 10449 KiB  
Article
Flotation Decarbonization and Desulfurization of a High-Sulfur Bauxite in China
by Zhongping Zhu, Xin Teng, Yang Yang, Hao Jiang and Jun Luo
Minerals 2023, 13(8), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081008 - 29 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 899
Abstract
A high sulfur content is one of the challenges in the processing of refractory bauxites in China. The high carbon content of bauxite makes it more difficult to deal with. Desulfurization and decarbonization are the critical issues in the efficient exploitation of high-sulfur [...] Read more.
A high sulfur content is one of the challenges in the processing of refractory bauxites in China. The high carbon content of bauxite makes it more difficult to deal with. Desulfurization and decarbonization are the critical issues in the efficient exploitation of high-sulfur bauxite resources. An experimental study on the removal of sulfur and carbon in high-sulfur bauxite is proposed. The sulfur and carbon phases in high-sulfur bauxite were studied via X-ray diffraction and chemistry quantitative analyses. The results show that the sulfur phases in the high-sulfur bauxite mainly exist in the form of sulfide sulfur (pyrite), and the carbon phases in the sample mainly exist in the form of elementary substance carbon. The morphological features of pyrite in the high-sulfur bauxite were analyzed using a microscopic analysis and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pyrite exists in minerals in the forms of euhedral, semi-euhedral and other crystalline structures, with a particle size varying from several hundred microns to only a few microns. The raw ore, with a sulfur content of 4.78%, a sulfide sulfur content of 4.20%, a carbon content of 3.10% and an elementary substance carbon content of 2.46% goes through the “one roughing, one cleaning, two scavenging” process after a pre-decarburization, obtaining the total desulfurization recovery of 96.20% with a desulfurization tailing sulfur content of 0.38%, a carbon content of 0.27% and an alumina content of 71.85%, respectively. This work provides technical support for the efficient utilization of high-sulfur and high-carbon bauxite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flotation Chemistry of Oxidized Ore)
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12 pages, 2960 KiB  
Article
Mechanism of Modified Ether Amine Agents in Petalite and Quartz Flotation Systems under Weak Alkaline Conditions
by Jianhang Zhou, Yong Chen, Wenjuan Li, Yongsheng Song, Weiguang Xu, Kaiguo Li and Yong Zhang
Minerals 2023, 13(6), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13060825 - 18 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1271
Abstract
To investigate the flotation separation behavior of petalite and quartz, various methods were employed in this study. These included micro-flotation experiments, a contact angle analysis, zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to explore the separation mechanism [...] Read more.
To investigate the flotation separation behavior of petalite and quartz, various methods were employed in this study. These included micro-flotation experiments, a contact angle analysis, zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to explore the separation mechanism of a modified ether amine reagent (L0-503) for petalite and quartz under weakly alkaline conditions. The micro-flotation test results indicated that the modified ether amine collector had a higher collecting ability for quartz than for petalite, with a maximum recovery rate of 93.2% for quartz and a recovery rate consistently below 14% for petalite in the presence of L0-503. This indicates that the modified ether amine reagent can be used as a reverse flotation agent for separating petalite and quartz. The separation mechanism results showed that the modified ether amine reagent had a significantly higher adsorption capacity for quartz than for petalite due to a strong reaction between the quartz and the secondary amine (-NH=) on the modified ether amine collector. Additionally, the electrostatic force and hydrogen bonding between the reagent and quartz further enhanced the adsorption, while no reaction occurred between the reagent and petalite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flotation Chemistry of Oxidized Ore)
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