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Granite-Related Li-Sn-W Deposits—New Achievements, Ongoing Issue
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Granite-Related Li-Sn-W Deposits—New Achievements, Ongoing Issue

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 7551

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Karel Breiter

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-165 00 Praha, Czech Republic
Interests: granite petrology; rock-forming minerals; granite-related mineral deposits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Zhenhua Zhou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MNR key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China
Interests: rare-metal deposit; in situ geochemistry; chronology; non-traditional isotope
Dr. Hilton Túlio Costi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Museo Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66077-830, PA, Brazil
Interests: A-type granites petrology; Brazilian Amazon craton geology; granite-related rare-metal deposits

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lithium, tin and tungsten have a wide variety of uses in modern technologies and are becoming increasingly important to the global economy. The increasing price of commodities is creating renewed interest in reassessment of the known but low-grade deposit, and exploration of new deposits. A major part of the known Sn, W, Li, but also Nb, Ta and Rb resources is associated with fractionated granitoids of different geochemical types and geotectonic position.

In case of granite-related deposits, the relation between the “ore” and its “source” is more obvious than in many other types of deposits. Thus, genetic interpretations and metallogenic models, namely of Sn-W deposits, may be traced back to the very beginning of modern economic geology. Nevertheless, several issues such as the story of albitization, the significance of melt/melt or melt/fluid immiscibility, or involvement of mantle-related fluid rare-metal granite evolution continue to be revisited time and time again.

We present this Special Issue as a platform for discussion of all aspects of rare metals (in the broadest sense of this word including Sn, W, Nb, Ta, U, Th, REE, Sc, Li, Rb, Cs, etc.) enrichment in granitic lithologies and following concentration up to mineral deposits in an economic sense.

We invite all colleagues from academic institutions as well as exploration and mining companies to share their experience and fresh results. Contributions to the following topics are especially welcome:

  • Sources of rare metals: preliminary source enrichment vs. strong fractionation of the melt?
  • Albite-rich granites: a natural consequence of fractionation or large-scale fluid transfer?
  • Primary or secondary crystallization of ore minerals: crystallized ore minerals dominantly directly from the melt (disseminated cassiterite or columbite) eventually from orthomagmatic fluid (wolframite), or were temporarily hosted in rock-forming minerals, typically micas, and only then released again to fluid and transported to hosting structures?
  • Complex recovery of mineralized rocks: the benefits of complex usage traditional Sn-W ores that also contain Li, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta, Sc and other minor components.
  • Case-studies of rare-metal deposits: geology, mineralogy, genetic models.
  • Resources of non-metallic raw materials (feldspar, kaolinite, fluorite, cryolite, etc.) genetically linked to rare-metal deposits as economic benefits for mining.

Dr. Karel Breiter
Prof. Dr. Zhenhua Zhou
Dr. Hilton Túlio Costi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Li-Sn-W-Nb-Ta-Rb mineral deposit
  • rare-metal granites
  • sources and transport of metals
  • magmatic vs. metasomatic processes
  • magmatic-hydrothermal transition

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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30 pages, 14891 KiB  
Article
Genesis and Fluid Evolution of the Hongqiling Sn-W Polymetallic Deposit in Hunan, South China: Constraints from Geology, Fluid Inclusion, and Stable Isotopes
by Wenqi Ren, Lei Wang, Shenjin Guan, Jiajin Xu, Hao He and Enyi Zhu
Minerals 2023, 13(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13030395 - 12 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1590
Abstract
The Hongqiling is a vein-type Sn-W polymetallic deposit in southern Hunan (South China). It is geologically located on the northern margin of the Nanling metallogenic belt. Based on the mineral assemblage and vein crosscutting relationship, three mineralization stages were identified: Sn-W mineralization (S1: [...] Read more.
The Hongqiling is a vein-type Sn-W polymetallic deposit in southern Hunan (South China). It is geologically located on the northern margin of the Nanling metallogenic belt. Based on the mineral assemblage and vein crosscutting relationship, three mineralization stages were identified: Sn-W mineralization (S1: cassiterite, wolframite, scheelite, arsenopyrite, molybdenite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and quartz), Pb-Zn mineralization (S2: chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz, and fluorite), and late mineralization (S3: quartz, fluorite, calcite, galena, sphalerite, and pyrite). According to laser Raman probe analysis, H2O dominates the fluid inclusions in the S1 and S2 stage quartz, with CO2 and trace N2 following close behind. The ore fluid has low salinity, low density, and a wide temperature range, as per our microthermometric data: the S1 stage has homogenization temperatures (Th) of 236–377.6 °C (average 305.3 °C) and salinity of 3.5–10.7 wt.% NaCleqv; the S2 stage has Th of 206.5–332 °C (average 280.7 °C) and salinity of 1.6–5.1 wt.% NaCleqv; and the S3 stage has Th of 170.9–328.7 °C (average 246 °C) and salinity of 0.2–5.9 wt.% NaCleqv. Based on the results of the aforementioned investigation, the fluid inclusions in quartz, fluorite, and calcite are mainly H2O-NaCl vapor-liquid two-phase. Additionally, examinations of inclusions in S1 wolframite and coexisting quartz using infrared and microthermometry show that the mineralizing fluid likewise belongs to the NaCl-H2O system. The Th of inclusions in wolframite is ~40 °C higher than that of coexisting quartz. Moreover, the fluid experienced a decrease in temperature accompanied by nearly constant salinity, which indicates that wolframite precipitation is due to fluid mixing and simple cooling, and the precipitation is earlier than quartz. In situ S and H-O isotope data show that the samples have δ34S = −2.58‰ to 1.84‰, and the ore fluids have δD = −76.6 to −51.5‰ (S1 and S2), and δ18Ofluid = −6.6 to −0.9‰ (S1) and −12.9 to −10.2‰ (S2). All these indicate that the mineralizing fluid was derived from the granitic magma at Qianlishan, with substantial meteoric water incursion during the ore stage. Such fluid mixing and subsequent cooling are most likely the primary controls for ore deposition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Li-Sn-W Deposits—New Achievements, Ongoing Issue)
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35 pages, 12397 KiB  
Article
Granite Pluton at the Panasqueira Tungsten Deposit, Portugal: Genetic Implications as Revealed from New Geochemical Data
by Karel Breiter, Jana Ďurišová, Zuzana Korbelová, Michaela Vašinová Galiová and Michaela Hložková
Minerals 2023, 13(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020163 - 22 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2135
Abstract
Core samples recovered from exploration boreholes and granite/greisen outcrops at the Panasqueira world-class tungsten deposit in central Portugal were subjected to chemical analyses and petrographic studies. We present a geochemical dataset and the trace element compositions of quartz and micas from a large [...] Read more.
Core samples recovered from exploration boreholes and granite/greisen outcrops at the Panasqueira world-class tungsten deposit in central Portugal were subjected to chemical analyses and petrographic studies. We present a geochemical dataset and the trace element compositions of quartz and micas from a large part of the unexposed Panasqueira granitic pluton. Our data suggest that the hidden granite body is more complicated than previously believed. It consists of a flat cupola of porphyritic granite with only traces of mineralization at Rio and a steep stock of greisenized leucogranite surrounded by a swarm of flat quartz–muscovite veins rich in wolframite between Barroca Grande and Panasqueira. The contents of W (Sn, Nb, Ta) in muscovite markedly drop at a transition from the unmineralized greisen body to quartz veins. The W deposit was formed in three principal stages: (1) intrusion of porphyritic two-mica granite accompanied with local near-contact greisenization and uncommon quartz–wolframite veinlets; (2) intrusion of a more strongly fractionated leucogranite and formation of the cupola and apophyses; (3) circulation of hydrothermal fluids from deeper parts of the granite body into the cupola, greisenization, hydraulic fracturing and opening of flat structures in and outside the cupola and formation of ore veins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Li-Sn-W Deposits—New Achievements, Ongoing Issue)
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Review

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18 pages, 4601 KiB  
Review
A Review of the G4 “Tin Granites” and Associated Mineral Occurrences in the Kivu Belt (Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Their Relationships with the Last Kibaran Tectono-Thermal Events
by Michel Villeneuve, Nandefo Wazi, Christian Kalikone and Andreas Gärtner
Minerals 2022, 12(6), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12060737 - 08 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2877
Abstract
The Mesoproterozoic Kibaran belts host large amounts of mineral resources such as cassiterite, wolframite, gold, and columbite-group minerals (“coltan”), all of them in high demand for new technologies and related industries. Most of these mineral occurrences are linked to the latest Mesoproterozoic to [...] Read more.
The Mesoproterozoic Kibaran belts host large amounts of mineral resources such as cassiterite, wolframite, gold, and columbite-group minerals (“coltan”), all of them in high demand for new technologies and related industries. Most of these mineral occurrences are linked to the latest Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic G4 granitoid intrusions, also termed “tin(-bearing) granites”. Three main parts constitute the Kibaran belts: the Kibaride Belt (KIB) in the south, the Karagwe-Ankole Belt (KAB) in the east, and the Kivu Belt (KVB) in the west. Geological detail concerning the metallogeny of the KVB, which hosts large parts of these mineral resources, is very sparse. Previously, there was an assumed time gap of about 200 Ma between the formation of the last Kibaran terranes (1250 to 1200 Ma) and the emplacement of the G4 granites (ca. 1050 to 970 Ma), which generated the main mineralizations. Recent studies dated the last Kibaran tectono-thermal events younger than 1120 to 1110 Ma, which gave evidence for a drastic reduction in this time gap. Thus, the two newly recognized tectono-thermal events have likely contributed to the remobilization of older mineralized granites. These new data allow us to link the G4 granitoids and the associated mineralizations with the terminal Kibaran orogeny. However, the G4 emplacement and its relationships with older granites, with their host rocks and associated mineralizations, are not yet understood. Here, the main occurrences of the KVB are reviewed, and comparisons with similar mineralizations in the adjacent KAB are undertaken to improve our understanding on these complex relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Li-Sn-W Deposits—New Achievements, Ongoing Issue)
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