Editorial

2 pages, 164 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue on Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nanosystems

by Ruijin Wang and Junfeng Zhang

Micromachines 2022, 13(7), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13071151 - 21 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1252

The miniaturization of components in mechanical and electronic equipment has been the driving force for the fast development of micro/nanosystems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

Research

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11 pages, 4602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Pin-Fins in Wavy and Straight Configurations

by Mohamad Ziad Saghir and Mohammad Mansur Rahman

Micromachines 2022, 13(6), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13060954 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

Pin-fins configurations have been investigated recently for different engineering applications and, in particular, for a cooling turbine. In the present study, we investigated the performance of three different pin-fins configurations: pin-fins forming a wavy mini-channel, pin-fins forming a straight mini-channel, and a mini-channel [...] Read more.

Pin-fins configurations have been investigated recently for different engineering applications and, in particular, for a cooling turbine. In the present study, we investigated the performance of three different pin-fins configurations: pin-fins forming a wavy mini-channel, pin-fins forming a straight mini-channel, and a mini-channel without pin-fins considering water as the working fluid. The full Navier–Stokes equations and the energy equation are solved numerically using the finite element technique. Different flow rates are studied, represented by the Reynolds number in the laminar flow regime. The thermo-hydraulic performance of the three configurations is determined by examining the Nusselt number, the pressure drop, and the performance evaluation criterion. Results revealed that pin-fins forming a wavy mini-channel exhibited the highest Nusselt number, the lowest pressure drop, and the highest performance evaluation criterion. This finding is valid for any Reynolds number under investigation. Full article

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14 pages, 2497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microfluidics Temperature Compensating and Monitoring Based on Liquid Metal Heat Transfer

by Jiyu Meng, Chengzhuang Yu, Shanshan Li, Chunyang Wei, Shijie Dai, Hui Li and Junwei Li

Micromachines 2022, 13(5), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13050792 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2237

Abstract

Microfluidic devices offer excellent heat transfer, enabling the biochemical reactions to be more efficient. However, the precision of temperature sensing and control of microfluids is limited by the size effect. Here in this work, the relationship between the microfluids and the glass substrate [...] Read more.

Microfluidic devices offer excellent heat transfer, enabling the biochemical reactions to be more efficient. However, the precision of temperature sensing and control of microfluids is limited by the size effect. Here in this work, the relationship between the microfluids and the glass substrate of a typical microfluidic device is investigated. With an intelligent structure design and liquid metal, we demonstrated that a millimeter-scale industrial temperature sensor could be utilized for temperature sensing of micro-scale fluids. We proposed a heat transfer model based on this design, where the local correlations between the macro-scale temperature sensor and the micro-scale fluids were investigated. As a demonstration, a set of temperature-sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests were taken to show the precision of temperature control for micro-scale reagents. Comparations of theoretical and experimental data further verify the effectiveness of our heat transfer model. With the presented compensation approach, the slight fluorescent intensity changes caused by isothermal amplification polymerase chain reaction (PCR) temperature could be distinguished. For instance, the probability distribution plots of fluorescent intensity are significant from each other, even if the amplification temperature has a difference of 1 °C. Thus, this method may serve as a universal approach for micro–macro interface sensing and is helpful beyond microfluidic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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14 pages, 4264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A One-Dollar, Disposable, Paper-Based Microfluidic Chip for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Rate

by Hongcheng Wang, Kai Xu, Haihao Xu, Along Huang, Zecong Fang, Yifan Zhang, Ze’en Wang, Kai Lu, Fei Wan, Zihao Bai, Qiao Wang, Linan Zhang and Liqun Wu

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030414 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2750

Abstract

Collecting sweat and monitoring its rate is important for determining body condition and further sweat analyses, as this provides vital information about physiologic status and fitness level and could become an alternative to invasive blood tests in the future. Presented here is a [...] Read more.

Collecting sweat and monitoring its rate is important for determining body condition and further sweat analyses, as this provides vital information about physiologic status and fitness level and could become an alternative to invasive blood tests in the future. Presented here is a one-dollar, disposable, paper-based microfluidic chip for real-time monitoring of sweat rate. The chip, pasted on any part of the skin surface, consists of a skin adhesive layer, sweat-proof layer, sweat-sensing layer, and scale layer with a disk-shape from bottom to top. The sweat-sensing layer has an impressed wax micro-channel containing pre-added chromogenic agent to show displacement by sweat, and the sweat volume can be read directly by scale lines without any electronic elements. The diameter and thickness of the complete chip are 25 mm and 0.3 mm, respectively, permitting good flexibility and compactness with the skin surface. Tests of sweat flow rate monitoring on the left forearm, forehead, and nape of the neck of volunteers doing running exercise were conducted. Average sweat rate on left forearm (1156 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹) was much lower than that on the forehead (1710 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹) and greater than that on the nape of the neck (998 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹), in good agreement with rates measured using existing common commercial sweat collectors. The chip, as a very low-cost and convenient wearable device, has wide application prospects in real-time monitoring of sweat loss by body builders, athletes, firefighters, etc., or for further sweat analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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20 pages, 1116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significance of Rosseland’s Radiative Process on Reactive Maxwell Nanofluid Flows over an Isothermally Heated Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Darcy–Forchheimer and Lorentz Forces: Towards a New Perspective on Buongiorno’s Model

by Ghulam Rasool, Anum Shafiq, Sajjad Hussain, Mostafa Zaydan, Abderrahim Wakif, Ali J. Chamkha and Muhammad Shoaib Bhutta

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030368 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 2059

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the consequences of the Darcy–Forchheimer medium and thermal radiation in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell nanofluid flow subject to a stretching surface. The involvement of the Maxwell model provided more relaxation time to the momentum boundary layer formulation. The [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the consequences of the Darcy–Forchheimer medium and thermal radiation in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell nanofluid flow subject to a stretching surface. The involvement of the Maxwell model provided more relaxation time to the momentum boundary layer formulation. The thermal radiation appearing from the famous Rosseland approximation was involved in the energy equation. The significant features arising from Buongiorno’s model, i.e., thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion, were retained. Governing equations, the two-dimensional partial differential equations based on symmetric components of non-Newtonian fluids in the Navier–Stokes model, were converted into one-dimensional ordinary differential equations using transformations. For fixed values of physical parameters, the solutions of the governing ODEs were obtained using the homotopy analysis method. The appearance of non-dimensional coefficients in velocity, temperature, and concentration were physical parameters. The critical parameters included thermal radiation, chemical reaction, the porosity factor, the Forchheimer number, the Deborah number, the Prandtl number, thermophoresis, and Brownian diffusion. Results were plotted in graphical form. The variation in boundary layers and corresponding profiles was discussed, followed by the concluding remarks. A comparison of the Nusselt number (heat flux rate) was also framed in graphical form for convective and non-convective/simple boundary conditions at the surface. The outcomes indicated that the thermal radiation increased the temperature profile, whereas the chemical reaction showed a reduction in the concentration profile. The drag force (skin friction) showed sufficient enhancement for the augmented values of the porosity factor. The rates of heat and mass flux also fluctuated for various values of the physical parameters. The results can help model oil reservoirs, geothermal engineering, groundwater management systems, and many others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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16 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Microscopic Properties on Macroscopic Thermal Conductivity for Convective Heat Transfer in Porous Materials

by Mayssaa Jbeili and Junfeng Zhang

Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12111369 - 07 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

Porous materials are widely used in many heat transfer applications. Modeling porous materials at the microscopic level can accurately incorporate the detailed structure and substance parameters and thus provides valuable information for the complex heat transfer processes in such media. In this study, [...] Read more.

Porous materials are widely used in many heat transfer applications. Modeling porous materials at the microscopic level can accurately incorporate the detailed structure and substance parameters and thus provides valuable information for the complex heat transfer processes in such media. In this study, we use the generalized periodic boundary condition for pore-scale simulations of thermal flows in porous materials. A two-dimensional porous model consisting of circular solid domains is considered, and comprehensive simulations are performed to study the influences on macroscopic thermal conductivity from several microscopic system parameters, including the porosity, Reynolds number, and periodic unit aspect ratio and the thermal conductance at the solid–fluid interface. Our results show that, even at the same porosity and Reynolds number, the aspect ratio of the periodic unit and the interfacial thermal conductance can significantly affect the macroscopic thermal behaviors of porous materials. Qualitative analysis is also provided to relate the apparent thermal conductivity to the complex flow and temperature distributions in the microscopic porous structure. The method, findings and discussions presented in this paper could be useful for fundamental studies, material development, and engineering applications of porous thermal flow systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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16 pages, 5465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visualization Experimental Study on Silicon-Based Ultra-Thin Loop Heat Pipe Using Deionized Water as Working Fluid

by Wenzhe Song, Yanfeng Xu, Lihong Xue, Huajie Li and Chunsheng Guo

Micromachines 2021, 12(9), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12091080 - 07 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

As a type of micro flat loop heat pipe, s-UTLHP (silicon-based ultra-thin loop heat pipe) is of great significance in the field of micro-scale heat dissipation. To prove the feasibility of s-UTLHP with high heat flux in a narrow space, it is necessary [...] Read more.

As a type of micro flat loop heat pipe, s-UTLHP (silicon-based ultra-thin loop heat pipe) is of great significance in the field of micro-scale heat dissipation. To prove the feasibility of s-UTLHP with high heat flux in a narrow space, it is necessary to study its heat transfer mechanism visually. In this paper, a structural design of s-UTLHP was proposed, and then, to realize the working fluid charging and visual experiment, an experimental system including a holding module, heating module, cooling module, data acquisition module, and vacuum chamber was proposed. Deionized water was selected as a working fluid in the experiment. The overall and micro phenomena of s-UTLHP during startup, as well as the evaporation and condensation phenomena of s-UTLHP during stable operation, were observed and analyzed. Finally, the failure phenomenon of s-UTLHP was analyzed, and several solutions were proposed. The observed phenomena and experimental conclusions can provide references for further related experimental research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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14 pages, 5930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neutrally Buoyant Particle Migration in Poiseuille Flow Driven by Pulsatile Velocity

by Lizhong Huang, Jiayou Du and Zefei Zhu

Micromachines 2021, 12(9), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12091075 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2187

Abstract

A neutrally buoyant circular particle migration in two-dimensional (2D) Poiseuille channel flow driven by pulsatile velocity is numerical studied by using immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). The effects of Reynolds number (

25 \leq R e \leq 200

) and blockage ratio [...] Read more.

A neutrally buoyant circular particle migration in two-dimensional (2D) Poiseuille channel flow driven by pulsatile velocity is numerical studied by using immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). The effects of Reynolds number (

25 \leq R e \leq 200

) and blockage ratio

(0.15 \leq k \leq 0.40)

on particle migration driven by pulsatile and non-pulsatile velocity are all numerically investigated for comparison. The results show that, different from non-pulsatile cases, the particle will migrate back to channel centerline with underdamped oscillation during the time period with zero-velocity in pulsatile cases. The maximum lateral travel distance of the particle in one cycle of periodic motion will increase with increasing

R e

, while

k

has little impact. The quasi frequency of such oscillation has almost no business with

R e

and

k

. Moreover,

R e

plays an essential role in the damping ratio. Pulsatile flow field is ubiquitous in aorta and other arteries. This article is conducive to understanding nanoparticle migration in those arteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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12 pages, 3428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation and Elimination of Satellite Droplets during Monodisperse Droplet Generation by Using Piezoelectric Method

by Zejian Hu, Shengji Li, Fan Yang, Xunjie Lin, Sunqiang Pan, Xuefeng Huang and Jiangrong Xu

Micromachines 2021, 12(8), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12080921 - 31 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

One of the key questions in the generation of monodisperse droplets is how to eliminate satellite droplets. This paper investigates the formation and elimination of satellite droplets during the generation of monodisperse deionized water droplets based on a piezoelectric method. We estimated the [...] Read more.

One of the key questions in the generation of monodisperse droplets is how to eliminate satellite droplets. This paper investigates the formation and elimination of satellite droplets during the generation of monodisperse deionized water droplets based on a piezoelectric method. We estimated the effects of two crucial parameters—the pulse frequency for driving the piezoelectric transducer (PZT) tube and the volume flow rate of the pumping liquid—on the generation of monodisperse droplets of the expected size. It was found that by adjusting the pulse frequency to harmonize with the volume flow rate, the satellite droplets can be eliminated through their coalescence with the subsequent mother droplets. An increase in the tuning pulse frequency led to a decrease in the size of the monodisperse droplets generated. Among three optimum conditions (OCs) (OC1: 20 mL/h, 20 kHz; OC2: 30 mL/h, 30 kHz; and OC3: 40 mL/h, 40 kHz), the sizes of the generated monodisperse deionized water droplets followed a bimodal distribution in OC1 and OC2, whereas they followed a Gaussian distribution in OC3. The average diameters were 87.8 μm (OC1), 85.9 μm (OC2), and 84.8 μm (OC3), which were 8.46%, 6.14%, and 4.69% greater than the theoretical one (81.0 μm), respectively. This monodisperse droplet generation technology is a promising step in the production of monodisperse aerosols for engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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14 pages, 3368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on the Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Al₂O₃-Water Nanofluids in Microchannels of Different Aspect Ratio

by Huajie Wu and Shanwen Zhang

Micromachines 2021, 12(8), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12080868 - 24 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2046

Abstract

The study of the influence of the nanoparticle volume fraction and aspect ratio of microchannels on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in microchannels is important in the optimal design of heat dissipation systems with high heat flux. In this [...] Read more.

The study of the influence of the nanoparticle volume fraction and aspect ratio of microchannels on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in microchannels is important in the optimal design of heat dissipation systems with high heat flux. In this work, the computational fluid dynamics method was adopted to simulate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of two types of water-Al₂O₃ nanofluids with two different volume fractions and five types of microchannel heat sinks with different aspect ratios. Results showed that increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction reduced the average temperature of the heat transfer interface and thereby improved the heat transfer capacity of the nanofluids. Meanwhile, the increase of the nanoparticle volume fraction led to a considerable increase in the pumping power of the system. Increasing the aspect ratio of the microchannel effectively improved the heat transfer capacity of the heat sink. Moreover, increasing the aspect ratio effectively reduced the average temperature of the heating surface of the heat sink without significantly increasing the flow resistance loss. When the aspect ratio exceeded 30, the heat transfer coefficient did not increase with the increase of the aspect ratio. The results of this work may offer guiding significance for the optimal design of high heat flux microchannel heat sinks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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12 pages, 10967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Modeling and Flow Distribution of Complex Micron Scale Pipe Network

by Yao Zhao, Kai Zhang, Fengbei Guo and Mingyue Yang

Micromachines 2021, 12(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12070763 - 28 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1850

Abstract

A fluid simulation calculation method of the microfluidic network is proposed as a means to achieve the flow distribution of the microfluidic network. This paper quantitatively analyzes the influence of flow distribution in microfluidic devices impacted by pressure variation in the pressure source [...] Read more.

A fluid simulation calculation method of the microfluidic network is proposed as a means to achieve the flow distribution of the microfluidic network. This paper quantitatively analyzes the influence of flow distribution in microfluidic devices impacted by pressure variation in the pressure source and channel length. The flow distribution in microfluidic devices with three types of channel lengths under three different pressure conditions is studied and shows that the results obtained by the simulation calculation method on the basis of the fluid network are close to those given by the calculation method of the conventional electrical method. The simulation calculation method on the basis of the fluid network studied in this paper has computational reliability and can respond to the influence of microfluidic network length changes to the fluid system, which plays an active role in Lab-on-a-chip design and microchannel flow prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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13 pages, 2169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forced Convection in Wavy Microchannels Porous Media Using TiO₂ and Al₂O₃–Cu Nanoparticles in Water Base Fluids: Numerical Results

by Kholoud Maher Elsafy and Mohamad Ziad Saghir

Micromachines 2021, 12(6), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12060654 - 02 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1801

Abstract

In the present work, an attempt is made to investigate the performance of three fluids with forced convection in a wavy channel. The fluids are water, a nanofluid of 1% TiO₂ in a water solution and a hybrid fluid which consists of [...] Read more.

In the present work, an attempt is made to investigate the performance of three fluids with forced convection in a wavy channel. The fluids are water, a nanofluid of 1% TiO₂ in a water solution and a hybrid fluid which consists of 1% Al₂O₃–Cu nanoparticles in a water solution. The wavy channel has a porous insert with a permeability of 10 PPI, 20 PPI and 40 PPI, respectively. Since Reynolds number is less than 1000, the flow is assumed laminar, Newtonian and steady state. Results revealed that wavy channel provides a better heat enhancement than a straight channel of the same dimension. Porous material increases heat extraction at the expenses of the pressure drop. The nanofluid of 1% TiO₂ in water provided the highest performance evaluation criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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26 pages, 4582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermally Enhanced Darcy-Forchheimer Casson-Water/Glycerine Rotating Nanofluid Flow with Uniform Magnetic Field

by Anum Shafiq, Ghulam Rasool, Hammad Alotaibi, Hassan M. Aljohani, Abderrahim Wakif, Ilyas Khan and Shakeel Akram

Micromachines 2021, 12(6), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12060605 - 23 May 2021

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 2242

Abstract

This numerical study aims to interpret the impact of non-linear thermal radiation on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy-Forchheimer Casson-Water/Glycerine nanofluid flow due to a rotating disk. Both the single walled, as well as multi walled, Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are invoked. The nanomaterial, thus formulated, is [...] Read more.

This numerical study aims to interpret the impact of non-linear thermal radiation on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy-Forchheimer Casson-Water/Glycerine nanofluid flow due to a rotating disk. Both the single walled, as well as multi walled, Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are invoked. The nanomaterial, thus formulated, is assumed to be more conductive as compared to the simple fluid. The properties of effective carbon nanotubes are specified to tackle the onward governing equations. The boundary layer formulations are considered. The base fluid is assumed to be non-Newtonian. The numerical analysis is carried out by invoking the numerical Runge Kutta 45 (RK45) method based on the shooting technique. The outcomes have been plotted graphically for the three major profiles, namely, the radial velocity profile, the tangential velocity profile, and temperature profile. For skin friction and Nusselt number, the numerical data are plotted graphically. Major outcomes indicate that the enhanced Forchheimer number results in a decline in radial velocity. Higher the porosity parameter, the stronger the resistance offered by the medium to the fluid flow and consequent result is seen as a decline in velocity. The Forchheimer number, permeability parameter, and porosity parameter decrease the tangential velocity field. The convective boundary results in enhancement of temperature facing the disk surface as compared to the ambient part. Skin-friction for larger values of Forchheimer number is found to be increasing. Sufficient literature is provided in the introduction part of the manuscript to justify the novelty of the present work. The research greatly impacts in industrial applications of the nanofluids, especially in geophysical and geothermal systems, storage devices, aerospace engineering, and many others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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19 pages, 3224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Scrutinization of Darcy-Forchheimer Relation in Convective Magnetohydrodynamic Nanofluid Flow Bounded by Nonlinear Stretching Surface in the Perspective of Heat and Mass Transfer

by Ghulam Rasool, Anum Shafiq, Marei S. Alqarni, Abderrahim Wakif, Ilyas Khan and Muhammad Shoaib Bhutta

Micromachines 2021, 12(4), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12040374 - 01 Apr 2021

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 2543

Abstract

The aim of this research is mainly concerned with the numerical examination of Darcy-Forchheimer relation in convective magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow bounded by non-linear stretching sheet. A visco-elastic and strictly incompressible liquid saturates the designated porous medium under the direct influence of the Darcy-Forchheimer [...] Read more.

The aim of this research is mainly concerned with the numerical examination of Darcy-Forchheimer relation in convective magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow bounded by non-linear stretching sheet. A visco-elastic and strictly incompressible liquid saturates the designated porous medium under the direct influence of the Darcy-Forchheimer model and convective boundary. The magnetic effect is taken uniformly normal to the flow direction. However, the model is bounded to a tiny magnetic Reynolds number for practical applications. Boundary layer formulations are taken into consideration. The so-formulated leading problems are converted into highly nonlinear ordinary problems using effectively modified transformations. The numerical scheme is applied to solve the governing problems. The outcomes stipulate that thermal layer receives significant modification in the incremental direction for augmented values of thermal radiation parameter R_d. Elevation in thermal Biot number γ₁ apparently results a significant rise in thermal layer and associated boundary layer thickness. The solute Biot number is found to be an enhancing factor the concentration profile. Besides the three main profiles, the contour and density graphs are sketched for both the linear and non-linear cases. Furthermore, skin friction jumps for larger porosity and larger Forchheimer number. Both the heat and mass flux numbers receive a reduction for augmented values of the Forchheimer number. Heat flux enhances, while mass flux reduces, the strong effect of thermal Biot number. The considered problem could be helpful in any several industrial and engineering procedures, such as rolling, polymeric extrusion, continuously stretching done in plastic thin films, crystal growth, fiber production, and metallic extrusion, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro/Nano Systems)

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