Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "C:Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 8356

Special Issue Editors

Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
Interests: electrochemistry; electroanalysis; nanotechnology; nanomaterials; food colorants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Interests: electrochemical sensors; nanomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In this Special issue, we would like to collect high-quality papers on the topic of “Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection”. Carbon-based electrodes (CBE) have attracted considerable interest in the development of analytical methods to detect anything from small molecules to biological macromolecules. The versatility of these electrodes, based on glassy carbon, graphite, or carbon nanomaterials, undoubtedly represents a possibility for analytical development that is still expanding. CBEs can be easily functionalized and are compatible with biomolecules or other materials, such as carbon-based and inorganic materials. All these qualities allow increasing analytical responses and thus detecting biomarkers of diseases or environmental contaminants, among other analytes.

For this reason, we invite researchers to present research papers and/or short communications on their recent developments in this area, as well as to present reviews that show us the applications already reported in the detection of molecules using electroanalytical methods with these amazing electrodes.

Dr. Paulina Sierra-Rosales
Prof. Dr. Soledad Bollo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carbon-based electrodes
  • carbon nanomaterials
  • electroanalytical detection
  • screen-printed electrodes

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3971 KiB  
Article
Voltammetric Investigation of Ferulic Acid at Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode
by Iulia Gabriela David, Dana Elena Popa, Mihaela Buleandra, Silvia Nicoleta Codreanu, Lorelei Croitoru, Laura Andreea Iordache and Hassan Noor
Micromachines 2023, 14(10), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14101951 - 19 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1155
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA), a monohydroxycinnamic acid, is an antioxidant with multiple beneficial effects on human health, presenting also importance in the food and cosmetics industry. Its electrochemical behavior was investigated at the disposable and cost-effective pencil graphite electrode (PGE). Cyclic voltammetry emphasized its [...] Read more.
Ferulic acid (FA), a monohydroxycinnamic acid, is an antioxidant with multiple beneficial effects on human health, presenting also importance in the food and cosmetics industry. Its electrochemical behavior was investigated at the disposable and cost-effective pencil graphite electrode (PGE). Cyclic voltammetry emphasized its pH-dependent, diffusion-controlled oxidation. Using the optimized conditions (HB type PGE, Britton Robinson buffer pH 4.56) differential pulse and square-wave voltammetric techniques were applied for its quantitative determination in the range 4.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−3 mol/L FA. The developed methods were employed for the rapid and simple assessment of the FA content from a commercially available powder designed for cosmetic use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection)
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11 pages, 18423 KiB  
Article
In situ or Ex situ Synthesis for Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide—An Evaluation of Co2SnO4/RGO Nanohybrids
by Constanza J. Venegas, Fabiana A. Gutierrez, Nik Reeves-McLaren, Gustavo A. Rivas, Domingo Ruiz-León and Soledad Bollo
Micromachines 2023, 14(5), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14051059 - 17 May 2023
Viewed by 1123
Abstract
Nowadays, there is no doubt about the high electrocatalytic efficiency that is obtained when using hybrid materials between carbonaceous nanomaterials and transition metal oxides. However, the method to prepare them may involve differences in the observed analytical responses, making it necessary to evaluate [...] Read more.
Nowadays, there is no doubt about the high electrocatalytic efficiency that is obtained when using hybrid materials between carbonaceous nanomaterials and transition metal oxides. However, the method to prepare them may involve differences in the observed analytical responses, making it necessary to evaluate them for each new material. The goal of this work was to obtain for the first time Co2SnO4 (CSO)/RGO nanohybrids via in situ and ex situ methods and to evaluate their performance in the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. The electroanalytical response was evaluated in NaOH pH 12 solution using detection potentials of −0.400 V or 0.300 V for the reduction or oxidation of H2O2. The results show that for CSO there were no differences between the nanohybrids either by oxidation or by reduction, unlike what we previously observed with cobalt titanate hybrids, in which the in situ nanohybrid clearly had the best performance. On the other hand, no influence in the study of interferents and more stable signals were obtained when the reduction mode was used. In conclusion, for detecting hydrogen peroxide, any of the nanohybrids studied, i.e., in situ or ex situ, are suitable to be used, and more efficiency is obtained using the reduction mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection)
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15 pages, 4708 KiB  
Article
Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Platform for the Immobilization of Amino-Cyclodextrins
by Elias Villalobos, José F. Marco and Claudia Yáñez
Micromachines 2023, 14(4), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14040746 - 28 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1190
Abstract
In the present work, we reported on a method to combine amino β-cyclodextrins (CD1) with reduced graphene oxide (obtained by the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide, erGO) to produce a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with both CD1 and erGO (CD1-erGO/GCE). This procedure [...] Read more.
In the present work, we reported on a method to combine amino β-cyclodextrins (CD1) with reduced graphene oxide (obtained by the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide, erGO) to produce a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with both CD1 and erGO (CD1-erGO/GCE). This procedure avoids the use of organic solvents such as hydrazine or long reaction times and high temperatures. The material combining both CD1 and erGO (CD1-erGO/GCE) was characterized by SEM, ATR-FTIR, Raman, XPS, and electrochemical techniques. As proof-of-concept, the determination of the pesticide carbendazim was carried out. The spectroscopic measurements, especially XPS, proved that CD1 was covalently attached to the surface of the erGO/GCE electrode. The attachment of cyclodextrin at the reduced graphene oxide produced an increase in the electrochemical behavior of the electrode. The cyclodextrin-functionalized reduced graphene oxide, CD1-erGO/GCE, showed a larger sensitivity (1.01 μA/μM) and a lower limit of detection for carbendazim (LOD = 0.50 μM) compared with the non-functionalized material, erGO/GCE, (sensitivity = 0.63 μA/μM and LOD = 4.32 μM, respectively). Overall, the results of the present work show that this simple method is suitable to attach cyclodextrins to graphene oxide, maintaining their inclusion abilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection)
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13 pages, 1178 KiB  
Article
Genosensing Applications of Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Non-Covalently Functionalized with Polyarginine
by Pablo Gallay, Michael López Mujica, Soledad Bollo and Gustavo Rivas
Micromachines 2022, 13(11), 1978; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13111978 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1015
Abstract
We report the advantages of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) non-covalently functionalized with polyarginine (PolyArg) for the adsorption and electrooxidation of different DNAs and the analytical applications of the resulting platform. The presence of the carbon nanostructures, and [...] Read more.
We report the advantages of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) non-covalently functionalized with polyarginine (PolyArg) for the adsorption and electrooxidation of different DNAs and the analytical applications of the resulting platform. The presence of the carbon nanostructures, and mainly the charge of the PolyArg that supports them, facilitates the adsorption of calf-thymus and salmon sperm double-stranded DNAs and produces an important decrease in the overvoltages for the oxidation of guanine and adenine residues and a significant enhancement in the associated currents. As a proof-of-concept of possible GCE/MWCNTs-PolyArg biosensing applications, we develop an impedimetric genosensor for the quantification of microRNA-21 at femtomolar levels, using GCE/MWCNTs-PolyArg as a platform for immobilizing the DNA probe, with a detection limit of 3fM, a sensitivity of 1.544 × 103 Ω M−1, and a successful application in enriched biological fluids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection)
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Review

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22 pages, 6112 KiB  
Review
Carbon-Based Electrochemical (Bio)sensors for the Detection of Carbendazim: A Review
by Constanza J. Venegas, Soledad Bollo and Paulina Sierra-Rosales
Micromachines 2023, 14(9), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14091752 - 07 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 915
Abstract
Carbendazim, a fungicide widely used in agriculture, has been classified as a hazardous chemical by the World Health Organization due to its environmental persistence. It is prohibited in several countries; therefore, detecting it in food and environmental samples is highly necessary. A reliable, [...] Read more.
Carbendazim, a fungicide widely used in agriculture, has been classified as a hazardous chemical by the World Health Organization due to its environmental persistence. It is prohibited in several countries; therefore, detecting it in food and environmental samples is highly necessary. A reliable, rapid, and low-cost method uses electrochemical sensors and biosensors, especially those modified with carbon-based materials with good analytical performance. In this review, we summarize the use of carbon-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting carbendazim in environmental and food matrixes, with a particular interest in the role of carbon materials. Focus on publications between 2018 and 2023 that have been describing the use of carbon nanotubes, carbon nitride, graphene, and its derivatives, and carbon-based materials as modifiers, emphasizing the analytical performance obtained, such as linear range, detection limit, selectivity, and the matrix where the detection was applied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection)
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18 pages, 3027 KiB  
Review
Carbon-Based Enzyme Mimetics for Electrochemical Biosensing
by Esther Sánchez-Tirado, Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño and José Manuel Pingarrón
Micromachines 2023, 14(9), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14091746 - 07 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 956
Abstract
Natural enzymes are used as special reagents for the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors due to their ability to catalyze processes, improving the selectivity of detection. However, some drawbacks, such as denaturation in harsh experimental conditions and their rapid de- gradation, as well as [...] Read more.
Natural enzymes are used as special reagents for the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors due to their ability to catalyze processes, improving the selectivity of detection. However, some drawbacks, such as denaturation in harsh experimental conditions and their rapid de- gradation, as well as the high cost and difficulties in recycling them, restrict their practical applications. Nowadays, the use of artificial enzymes, mostly based on nanomaterials, mimicking the functions of natural products, has been growing. These so-called nanozymes present several advantages over natural enzymes, such as enhanced stability, low cost, easy production, and rapid activity. These outstanding features are responsible for their widespread use in areas such as catalysis, energy, imaging, sensing, or biomedicine. These materials can be divided into two main groups: metal and carbon-based nanozymes. The latter provides additional advantages compared to metal nanozymes, i.e., stable and tuneable activity and good biocompatibility, mimicking enzyme activities such as those of peroxidase, catalase, oxidase, superoxide dismutase, nuclease, or phosphatase. In this review article, we have focused on the use of carbon-based nanozymes for the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors. The main features of the most recent applications have been revised and illustrated with examples selected from the literature over the last four years (since 2020). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection)
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26 pages, 8626 KiB  
Review
Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing: A Review
by Christian Onfray and Abdoulaye Thiam
Micromachines 2023, 14(9), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14091688 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1506
Abstract
The diverse composition of biomass waste, with its varied chemical compounds of origin, holds substantial potential in developing low-cost carbon-based materials for electrochemical sensing applications across a wide range of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and heavy metals. This review highlights the latest developments [...] Read more.
The diverse composition of biomass waste, with its varied chemical compounds of origin, holds substantial potential in developing low-cost carbon-based materials for electrochemical sensing applications across a wide range of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and heavy metals. This review highlights the latest developments and explores the potential of these sustainable electrodes in electrochemical sensing. Using biomass sources, these electrodes offer a renewable and cost-effective route to fabricate carbon-based sensors. The carbonization process yields highly porous materials with large surface areas, providing a wide variety of functional groups and abundant active sites for analyte adsorption, thereby enhancing sensor sensitivity. The review classifies, summarizes, and analyses different treatments and synthesis of biomass-derived carbon materials from different sources, such as herbaceous, wood, animal and human wastes, and aquatic and industrial waste, used for the construction of electrochemical sensors over the last five years. Moreover, this review highlights various aspects including the source, synthesis parameters, strategies for improving their sensing activity, morphology, structure, and functional group contributions. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the immense potential of biomass-derived carbon-based electrodes, encouraging further research to optimize their properties and advance their integration into practical electrochemical sensing devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis and Detection)
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