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Metals
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Developments on Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Methods
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Developments on Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Methods

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Extractive Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 June 2023) | Viewed by 7604

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chen Tian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: chemistry of metal pollution control; environmental nanomaterials; interface regulation chemistry
Dr. Xu Yan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: zinc hydrometallurgy; fe-bearing waste treatment; metal recovery
Prof. Dr. Zhang Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: heavy metal recycling from hazardous waste via crystal growth regulation; nanotechnology for extracting low-concentration rare metals from waste water; transformation of heavy metals by geological microorganisms via biomineralization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrometallurgical methods have been developed for metal smelting and recycling valuable metals from solid waste. This Special Issue focuses on advances in such hydrometallurgical methods in all processing steps with final property analysis. Since their inception, hydrometallurgical techniques have exhibited excellent performance in selectively recovering target metals. Nowadays, the higher recovering rate of metals with more green and sustainable methods demands more advanced hydrometallurgical techniques. We welcome articles that focus on innovative and sustainable hydrometallurgical methods for recovering metals and other valuable elements. Fully controllable fast and low-cost processes are of particular interest, especially those with a higher recovering rate in complicated industrial process.

Dr. Chen Tian
Dr. Xu Yan
Prof. Dr. Zhang Lin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrometallurgical technique
  • metal recovery
  • waste valorization
  • leaching
  • sustainability

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2596 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Recovery of Zn from Carbonate-Type Mixed Oxidized Ore (CMO) by Combining Organic Acid Leaching with Mechanical Activation
by Hao Deng, Xuelin Pan, Fanyun Chen, Qingshan Gao, Chen Tian and Zhang Lin
Metals 2023, 13(6), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061021 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1283
Abstract
With excessive consumption of sulfide ores, using low-grade Pb-Zn mixed ores to obtain Zn has attracted more attention. Acid leaching is an effective method for Zn recovery; however, a high concentration of inorganic acid brings severe environmental issues, including acidic wastewater, contaminated soil, [...] Read more.
With excessive consumption of sulfide ores, using low-grade Pb-Zn mixed ores to obtain Zn has attracted more attention. Acid leaching is an effective method for Zn recovery; however, a high concentration of inorganic acid brings severe environmental issues, including acidic wastewater, contaminated soil, etc. Compared with inorganic acid, organic acid showed lower acidity and toxicity. Herein, we applied an effective method for Zn recovery from carbonate-type Pb-Zn mixed ore (CMO), by combining organic acid leaching with mechanical activation. Among the organic acids applied (lactic, malonic, citric, amber, acetic, and tartaric one), lactic acid was selected for its high leaching efficiency. The optimum condition was identified via response surface methodology, with a lactic acid concentration of 1.15 mol/L, L/S ratio of 20, leaching time of 75 min, and temperature of 75 °C. The effect of mechanical activation on Zn leaching was further investigated. The leaching efficiency increased to 90.1% after mechanical activation, which was the highest leaching efficiency for organic acid leaching. Mineralogical characterization showed that the bulk minerals were milled into small particles while the proportion of amorphization increased. Such activation effects improved the acid-solubility of Zn speciation. This work provided a potential green method for metal recovery from low-grade sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments on Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Methods)
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14 pages, 3461 KiB  
Article
Treatment of Acidic Solutions Containing As(III) and As(V) by Sulfide Precipitation: Comparison of Precipitates and Sulfurization Process
by Hui Xu, Yunyan Wang, Liwei Yao, Yong Ke, Yongjian Luo, Limin Zhang, Jiali Du, Lin Yu, Junjie Cao and Xiaobo Min
Metals 2023, 13(4), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13040794 - 18 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1008
Abstract
Sulfide precipitation has been widely applied to remove arsenic from acidic wastewater containing As(III) and As(V), due to its simple process and high efficiency. However, the characteristics and composition of the precipitates are also of importance for its further treatment and disposal. To [...] Read more.
Sulfide precipitation has been widely applied to remove arsenic from acidic wastewater containing As(III) and As(V), due to its simple process and high efficiency. However, the characteristics and composition of the precipitates are also of importance for its further treatment and disposal. To explore the characteristics of elemental S formed by reduction and the combined form of the generated S and As2S3, the characteristics of precipitates sulfurized from As(III) and As(V) and the effects of temperature, the S(-II) to As ratio (S/As), Cl− concentration (cCl−), and the volume fraction of H2SO4 (φH2SO4(v)) on the sulfurization of As(III) and As(V) were investigated in detail. The results showed that the contents of As and S were 60.37% and 39.73% in precipitate-As(III), while they accounted for 47.46% and 52.64% in precipitate-As(V); both precipitate-As(III) and precipitate-As(V) were mainly composed of amorphous As2S3, while the latter contained elemental S. Temperature and S(-II)/As(III) slightly affected the sulfurization process of As(III), while for As(V), as the temperature increased, the content of As2S3 in precipitate-As(V) increased significantly. Additionally, with the S(-II)/As(V) increasing, the content of A2S3 increased continuously. This study provides a further clarification of the specific composition and structure of the complex precipitates of arsenic sulfide, which will benefit the efficient stabilization of the arsenic sulfide sludge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments on Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Methods)
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13 pages, 3927 KiB  
Article
Electrolyte Solvation Structure Manipulation and Synthetic Optimization for Enhanced Potassium Storage of Tin Phosphide/Carbon Alloy-Based Electrode
by Zhen Feng, Ruoxuan Chen, Rui Huang, Fangli Zhang, Weizhen Liu and Sailin Liu
Metals 2023, 13(4), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13040658 - 26 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1088
Abstract
Phosphorus-based materials are considered to be reliable anode materials for potassium ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity but suffer from inferior cycling stability and an unstable Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) layer. Herein, optimized ball-milled parameters and concentrated electrolytes are introduced [...] Read more.
Phosphorus-based materials are considered to be reliable anode materials for potassium ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity but suffer from inferior cycling stability and an unstable Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) layer. Herein, optimized ball-milled parameters and concentrated electrolytes are introduced to enhance the electrochemical performance of Sn4P3/C anodes. Consequently, the electrodes synthesized under optimized ball milling parameters could deliver a reversible capacity of 307.8 mA h g−1 in diluted Potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) electrolyte. Moreover, compared with diluted bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) electrolyte, a robust inorganic KF-rich SEI layer can be formed on the electrode’s surface by employing concentrated KFSI electrolyte and provides more rapid K ion conduction rates. Meanwhile, a large proportion of the FSI− anions participated in the K+ solvation shell when the KFSI concentration increased. As a result, high specific capacities (225.1 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 200 cycles) and excellent Coulombic efficiency (97.24% at 500 mA g−1 after 200 cycles) can be achieved. This work may deepen our understanding of synthetic optimization in electrode material design and the role of concentrated electrolyte in tunning the solvation structure, and also offer an insightful clue to the design of high-capacity phosphorus-based anodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments on Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Methods)
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17 pages, 4024 KiB  
Article
Parameter Study on the Recycling of LFP Cathode Material Using Hydrometallurgical Methods
by Eva Gerold, Reinhard Lerchbammer and Helmut Antrekowitsch
Metals 2022, 12(10), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101706 - 12 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2097
Abstract
The need to recover critical elements from lithium-ion batteries is undisputed. The further development of cathode materials and the move towards cheaper alternatives make it necessary to adapt the corresponding hydrometallurgical recycling processes. In the best case, however, a process is so flexibly [...] Read more.
The need to recover critical elements from lithium-ion batteries is undisputed. The further development of cathode materials and the move towards cheaper alternatives make it necessary to adapt the corresponding hydrometallurgical recycling processes. In the best case, however, a process is so flexibly structured and designed that it can be used for a variety of cathode materials with different compositions. The leaching of nickel manganese cobalt oxide with sulfuric acid and a reducing agent has already been demonstrated and optimized in previous research work. Based on these data, an evaluation of the process as well as a parameter study for lithium iron phosphate cathode material, which has recently been used with increasing frequency but has a significantly lower valuable metal content, was carried out within the scope of this publication. By using the synergy effects that occur, an optimized parameter combination for the leaching of the critical element lithium could be found and further critical factors identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments on Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Methods)
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11 pages, 1481 KiB  
Article
Development of a Model to Estimate the Thermodynamic Stability of Organic Substances in Leaching Processes
by Carlos Ocampo-López, Álvaro Ospina-Sanjuan, Margarita Ramírez-Carmona and Leidy Rendón-Castrillón
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091424 - 28 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1646
Abstract
The leaching processes for metals using organic substances represent a sustainable approach to recover precious minerals from solid matrices. However, the generation of organometallic species and the lack of thermodynamic diagrams make it difficult to advance the understanding of their behavior and optimize [...] Read more.
The leaching processes for metals using organic substances represent a sustainable approach to recover precious minerals from solid matrices. However, the generation of organometallic species and the lack of thermodynamic diagrams make it difficult to advance the understanding of their behavior and optimize the process. In this work, a thermodynamically and stoichiometrically consistent mathematical model was developed to estimate the thermodynamic stability of organic substances during the leaching process, and iron leaching with oxalic acid was used as a case study. The Pourbaix and the global thermodynamic stability diagrams for the system were developed in this study. Using a Gaussian®, it was estimated that the Gibbs free energy formation for Fe(C2O4)22−, Fe(C2O4)21−, and Fe(C2O4)33− was −1407.51, −2308.38, and −3068.89 kcal/mol. A set of eleven independent reactions was formulated for the sixteen species involved in the leaching process, and its stability functions in terms of Eh and pH were calculated to generate a 3D global thermodynamic stability diagram. According to the Eh-pH diagrams for the leaching process, ferrioxalate was identified as the most stable and predominant species in the leaching process at pH above 6.6 under reductive conditions. The mathematical model developed in this work resulted in a thermodynamic tool for predicting leaching processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments on Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Methods)
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