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A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Biobased and Biodegradable Metals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 18234

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Changjiang Pan

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Guest Editor

Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials and Advanced Medical Devices, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
Interests: biomaterials; nanomaterials; medical devices; tissue engineering; drug delivery

Prof. Dr. Jingan Li

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
Interests: biofabrication; biomodification; micropatterning; tissue regeneration; biodegradable metal
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metallic implants play an important role in promoting human health and disease treatment. Tissue and organ defects or functional damage caused by trauma and disease pose a great demand and challenge for metallic implants. The stability of metallic implants plays an important role in the clinical performance of medical implants, and have attracted more and more attention from researchers in the last few decades. Significant advances in this field have a close relationship with medicine, biomaterials, numerical simulation, biomaterials preparation and characterization, surface biofunctionalization of the metallic implants, etc.

The aim of this Special Issue, “Advance in Stability of Metallic Implants”, is to publish research articles in full length, short communications, and review articles covering the latest studies, progress, and challenges on the design, preparation, characterization, and evaluation of metallic implant and their biomaterials for their future application in clinical settings.

Topics addressed in this Special Issue may include, but are not limited to:

Computational modelling and numerical simulation of metallic implants;
Biofunctionalization of biomaterials to enhance the stability of metallic implants;
Metallic design and characterization for medical devices;
Surface modification of biomaterials and metallic implants;
The interactions between metallic implants and tissue;
New fabrication techniques and characterization of the metallic implants;
Investigation methods/modeling for metallic implants development;
Design, preparation, and characterization of new metallic implants.

Prof. Dr. Changjiang Pan
Prof. Dr. Jingan Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

metal
biomaterials
implants
surface modification
biofunctionalization
biocompatibility
materials characterization
biomedical devices

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants

by Changjiang Pan and Jingan Li

Metals 2023, 13(10), 1718; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101718 - 09 Oct 2023

Viewed by 481

Abstract

Metallic implants have attracted extensive attention because of their importance in enhancing the quality of human lives and treating human diseases [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

Research

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15 pages, 5771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Manufacturing Process on the Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Esophageal Stents

by Dino Alferi, Jaroslav Fojt, Eva Kristianova, Derek W. Edwards and Hans-Ulrich Laasch

Metals 2023, 13(9), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091542 - 01 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1076

Abstract

Esophageal nitinol stents are an established method for treating swallowing difficulties caused by obstructing cancer. This raesearch investigates the influence of different qualities of raw metal alloys in combination with production technology on corrosion resistance in standardized simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Four different international stent manufacturers produced samples of their standard stents from nitinol sourced from three different alloy manufacturers. The stents were subjected to a 6-week immersion in SGF. During the immersion, the surface was studied at specified intervals using microscopy. The surface of the samples was also studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and after immersion the released ions were analyzed. Results demonstrated that both raw material and certain steps in the manufacturing process negatively affect corrosion resistance. Analysis of the SGF showed that the amount of nickel released is proportional to the degree of corrosion attack. Finally, current accepted standard test methods are inadequate for assessing susceptibility to corrosion by gastric acid and should take the low pH of the implanted environment into account. Conversely, certain measures in the manufacturing process are able to reduce the impact of the base material on corrosion susceptibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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12 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomimetic Design of Fatigue-Testing Fixture for Artificial Cervical Disc Prostheses

by Xuejin Cheng, Jia Bai and Tao Wang

Metals 2023, 13(2), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020299 - 01 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 990

Abstract

To investigate the biomechanical performances of artificial cervical disc (ACD) prostheses, many studies have been conducted, either with cervical sections of cadavers under physiological loads or with block-like testing fixtures obeying the ASTM F2346 standard. Unfortunately, both methods are almost impossible to utilize for accurate results of lifetime anti-fatigue experiments for at least 10 million cycles due to the difficulties in cadaver preservation and great deviations of natural cervical bodies, respectively. Based on normal human cervical structural features, a novel specimen fixture was designed for testing the fatigue behavior of ACD prostheses under flexion, extension, and lateral bending conditions, with aspects of both structural and functional bionics. The equivalence between the biomimetic fatigue-testing fixture and the natural cervical sections was investigated by numerical simulations and mechanical experiments under various conditions. This study shows that this biomimetic fatigue-testing fixture could represent the biomechanical characteristics of the normal human cervical vertebrae conveniently and with acceptable accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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14 pages, 4087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of LPBF-Built Titanium Lattice Structures—A Comparative Study of As-Built and Hot Isostatic Pressed Structures for Medical Implants

by Benedikt Adelmann and Ralf Hellmann

Metals 2022, 12(12), 2072; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122072 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1421

Abstract

We compare different lattice structures with various elementary cell sizes built by laser powder bed fusion with and without hot isostatic pressing as post treatment. Cylindrical lattice structures are mechanically tested upon static and dynamic load in order to achieve high elasticity, high fracture strength and a high number of cycles to failure with respect to applications as medical implants. Evaluating the Young’s modulus, a high stiffness for the body diagonal structure and a low fracture stress for the G-structure are measured. Hot isostatic pressing results in a higher Young’s modulus and is ambiguous in terms of fractural stress. While samples without hot isostatic pressing reveal a shear fracture, the hot isostatic pressed samples have a high ductile area where the lattice layers are wrapped and pressed into the underlying layers without a fracture. Under dynamic load, the samples without hot isostatic pressing mostly are unable withstand 10⁶ cycles at typical loads of the human body. Hot isostatic pressing has no significant influence on the strength at high loads and low cycle numbers, but at low loads all samples survived 10⁶ cycles. As a consequence, dode-thick and rhombic dodecahedrons with 2 mm and 1.5 mm lattice size after hot isostatic pressing are recommended for medical implants because of the high elasticity, high fracture stress and high resistance against dynamic loads, which fulfill implant requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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10 pages, 3794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis and Validation of Segments C2-C7 of the Cervical Spine

by Xuejin Cheng, Tao Wang and Changjiang Pan

Metals 2022, 12(12), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122056 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1425

Abstract

As an important part of the human spine, the cervical spine has a complex structure and easily suffers from diseases. Analysis of the biomechanical mechanism of cervical spine structure using the finite element model is not only helpful for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cervical spine diseases but also has positive significance for the performance evaluation of cervical spine implants. In this paper, a method of establishing a cervical C2-C7 finite element model based on CT image data is studied. Through the preprocessing of cervical CT images, the C2-C7 three-dimensional finite element model of the cervical spine was established. The pure moment loads of 0.33 Nm, 0.5 Nm, 1 Nm, 1.5 Nm and 2 Nm were applied to simulate flexion/extension, and the moment of 1 Nm was used to simulate the left and right lateral bending and axial rotation of the cervical spine. The relative range of motion (ROM) between each vertebral body was calculated. At the same time, the stress on some segments under axial load was analyzed. The results were basically consistent with the experimental data of in vitro studies, which verified the validity of the model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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21 pages, 6268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Investigation of the Corrosion Behavior and Biocompatibility of the Different Chemical Conversion Coatings on the Magnesium Alloy Surfaces

by Lingjie Meng, Xuhui Liu, Li Liu, Qingxiang Hong, Yuxin Cheng, Fei Gao, Jie Chen, Qiuyang Zhang and Changjiang Pan

Metals 2022, 12(10), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101644 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1317

Abstract

Due to their good biodegradability and biocompatibility, magnesium alloys are widely favored as the potential candidate for the biodegradable cardiovascular stent. However, the rapid degradation and the limited biocompatibility in vivo remain the main bottlenecks that inhibit their clinical applications. The construction of the chemical conversion coating on the magnesium alloy surface represents one of the effective strategies to control the degradation rate and enhance the biocompatibility. In the present study, the different chemical conversion layers were prepared on the magnesium alloy surface by chemical conversion treatment, including sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrofluoric acid (HF), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) and phytic acid (C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆) treatment, and the corrosion behaviors and biocompatibility of the chemical conversion layers were comparatively investigated in detail. The results showed that the different chemical treatments can produce the different conversion layers on the magnesium alloy surfaces with a variety of physicochemical characteristics, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, and all treatments can enhance the corrosion resistance to varying degrees. The hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance of the sodium hydroxide-treated magnesium alloy were the best among all the materials. Although the hydrofluoric acid-treated magnesium alloy had produced a hydrophobic coating, the corrosion resistance still needed to be improved. Magnesium alloys treated by sodium hydroxide showed a selective promotion of albumin adsorption, while the other samples simultaneously promoted albumin and fibrinogen adsorption. For the blood compatibility, the hemolysis rates of all of the treated materials were reduced to below 5%. The samples treated by phytic acid had the smallest hemolysis rate, and the NaOH-treated magnesium alloy had the least amount of platelet adhesion and activation. An appropriate microenvironment for cell growth could be achieved by the chemical conversion treatment, according to the results of the endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation, and the NaOH-treated surface showed the best endothelial cell growth behaviors among all of the samples. In summary, the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the magnesium alloy were significantly improved by the sodium hydroxide treatment, and thus this treatment can be used as a pretreatment for the surface modification of the magnesium alloy in order to further enhance the biocompatibility when used as the cardiovascular implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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14 pages, 4291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composite Coating Prepared with Ferulic Acid to Improve the Corrosion Resistance and Blood Compatibility of Magnesium Alloy

by Zhijin Han, Haojie Guo, Yifan Zhou, Liguo Wang, Kun Zhang and Jing-an Li

Metals 2022, 12(4), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040545 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1714

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) alloy has been used for medical vascular stents because of its good biocompatibility and degradability, but its rapid degradation and poor blood compatibility limits its further application. In this study, ferulic acid (FA) was conjugated onto the polydopamine (PDA) deposited Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy to prepare a PDA/FA multi-functional coating with better corrosion resistance and blood compatibility. The results suggest that the PDA/FA coating possessed potential application for surface modification of a medical Mg alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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12 pages, 17921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy Surface with Schiff Base Coating via Electrostatic Spraying for Better Corrosion Resistance

by Yulong Sheng, Ruiqing Hou, Changsheng Liu, Zhonghua Xue, Kun Zhang, Jingan Li and Shaokang Guan

Metals 2022, 12(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030471 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1998

Abstract

In this study, three new Schiff bases were synthesized from paeonol and amino acids to prepare a compound Schiff base coating on the Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy (ZE21B alloy) surface by electrostatic spraying, and these three single Schiff base coatings were prepared on the ZE21B alloy as control. The results of SEM and XPS confirmed the successful preparation of the coating. Immersion tests and electrochemical tests showed that both the single coating and the compound coating significantly improved the corrosion resistance of ZE21B alloy, and the compound coating could play a synergistic corrosion inhibition effect, thus showing the best corrosion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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10 pages, 29014 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigation on Blood Compatibility of Cu/Ti Metal Coating Prepared via Various Bias Voltages and Copper Content

by Qiong Hu, Hengquan Liu, Fei Gao, Xi Yang, Junfeng Li, Ren Liu, Zexuan Liu and Dongfang Wang

Metals 2022, 12(3), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030435 - 01 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1893

Abstract

Surface modification of some metal coatings is usually used to improve the blood compatibility of biomaterials; however, some aspects of the bological properties of metal coatings cannot be adjusted via the content of each component. In this work, Cu/Ti metal coatings with various amounts of copper content were prepared by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, and the influence of deposition bias was further investigated. Phase structure, element composition and surface morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The hemolysis ratio, platelet adhesion and protein adsorption were applied to evaluate the blood compatibility. The results show that a Cu/Ti coating of uniform quality can be obtained; the dispersion of the deposition and copper content is regulated by the number of copper sheets, but the deposition bias does not obviously affect the copper content of the Cu/Ti coating. The hemolysis rate of the Cu/Ti coating is less than 0.4%, the degree of platelet adhesion is significantly reduced on Cu/Ti coatings compared to control samples, and the contact angle of all coatings is greater than that of pure titanium. The largest adsorption capacity of BSA was found on the coating with the deposition bias voltage of −40 V. The number of copper flakes is increased, and the adsorption of FIB on the Cu/Ti coating surface is reduced. Therefore, Cu/Ti coatings prepared via this deposition method have potential for applications to regulate blood compatibility and surface performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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Review

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16 pages, 3423 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Schiff Base and Its Coating on Metal Biomaterials—A Review

by Zhiqiang Zhang, Qingya Song, Yubin Jin, Yashan Feng, Jingan Li and Kun Zhang

Metals 2023, 13(2), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020386 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2696

Abstract

In recent years, metal biomaterials have emerged one after another, and have many excellent properties, playing a great role in medicine. However, these coatings cannot meet the medical needs in every aspect. Schiff base is an important organic synthetic reagent and liquid crystal material in organic chemistry. It mainly refers to a class of organic compounds containing imine or azomethine characteristic groups (-RC=N-). It has important anti-tumor, anti-virus, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Based on the excellent properties of Schiff base, the coatings made of Schiff base can improve the bioactivity of materials, which have a good development prospect in medicine. In this paper, the preparation methods and properties of Schiff base and many advantages of Schiff base coatings are reviewed. The research on the modification of coatings or functional membranes by Schiff base and Schiff base reaction, as well as the extensive application of special Schiff base coatings in many fields such as anti-corrosion, antibacterial, flame retardant, etc., are carried out. Suggestions for further research on Schiff base coatings on metal biomaterials are put forward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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19 pages, 6342 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioinspired Surface Design for Magnesium Alloys with Corrosion Resistance

by Feng Wu, Yixuan Liu, Jing Xu and Changjiang Pan

Metals 2022, 12(9), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091404 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1713

Abstract

Magnesium alloys are regarded as potential candidates in industrial and biomedical applications because of their excellent mechanical properties and biodegradability. However, the excessive degradation rate of magnesium alloys can cause a premature disintegration of mechanical integrity, which is the main bottleneck that limits applications. Inspired by nature, various novel surface designs provide a clever strategy to regulate the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys. This review extensively discusses bioinspired surface designs to reduce corrosion resistance and realize functionalization, so as to offer new ideas with great potential for biomedical applications. Future research on corrosion resistance is expected to benefit greatly from the bioinspired surface designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability of Metallic Implants)

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