Research

15 pages, 7376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Heat Treatment and Building Direction on Tensile Properties and Fracture Mechanism of Inconel 718 Produced by SLM Process

by Seokha Heo, Yujin Lim, Nawon Kwak, Chami Jeon, Moonhee Choi and Ilguk Jo

Metals 2024, 14(4), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040440 - 10 Apr 2024

Viewed by 269

Abstract

In the selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing process of Inconel 718, the emergence of Laves and δ precipitate phases in the γ matrix during or after heat treatment is a critical consideration. This study comprehensively assesses the microstructures and mechanical properties of [...] Read more.

In the selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing process of Inconel 718, the emergence of Laves and δ precipitate phases in the γ matrix during or after heat treatment is a critical consideration. This study comprehensively assesses the microstructures and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 alloy produced through SLM under varied conditions: as-built (AB), homogenization + solution + aging (HSA), homogenization + aging (HA), and solution + aging (SA). Additionally, the impact of building orientation, whether horizontal (H) or vertical (V), is investigated. The AB specimens oriented horizontally display a columnar melt pool structure, with dimensions roughly between 300 and 400 μm. In contrast, the AB specimens aligned vertically show an elongated river-like structure of melt pools, with their sizes approximately at 250 μm. From the detailed microstructural analysis, the findings reveal that the as-built specimens lack γ′ and γ″ precipitates in their microstructure. Conversely, in heat-treated specimens, both the γ′ and γ″ phases are evident. Notably, Inconel 718 alloy specimens subjected to SLM fabrication and SA heat treatment demonstrate optimal mechanical performance. Notably, SA exhibits an average hardness of 476 HV for the horizontal specimen, which is 51.1% higher than that of AB specimens. The morphology and distribution of the δ phase in the γ matrix emerge as decisive factors influencing high-temperature performance. In SA specimens, the dissolution of brittle Laves phases occurs, and the presence of the δ phase at the grain boundary imparts superior properties during high-temperature tensile testing, including excellent yield and ultimate tensile strength. The presence of the granular-δ phase in the SA specimens resulted in a tensile strength of 1422 MPa and a yield strength of 1236 MPa, which are the highest values among all the specimens. SA has a tensile strength of 1120 MPa and a yield strength of 974 MPa at 650 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Tensile Properties of Inconel 625 Using Small Punch Test

by Changjian Li, Shuaichen Shi, Jianwen Zhang, Sisheng Yang and Qingsheng Li

Metals 2024, 14(4), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040411 - 29 Mar 2024

Viewed by 493

Abstract

As a commonly used material in the petrochemical, nuclear and aerospace fields, Inconel 625 has excellent strength and corrosion resistance. The accurate evaluation of material properties with small specimen volume is of great significance to ensure in-service equipment safety. To realize reasonable estimations [...] Read more.

As a commonly used material in the petrochemical, nuclear and aerospace fields, Inconel 625 has excellent strength and corrosion resistance. The accurate evaluation of material properties with small specimen volume is of great significance to ensure in-service equipment safety. To realize reasonable estimations of tensile strength based on the small punch test, load–displacement and slope–displacement curves of Inconel 625 were discussed in this study. The results prove that the first inflexion point can be used in the yield strength analysis based on the empirical correlation method and plate bend theory. Meanwhile, the lowest point of the elastic and plastic deformation stages in the slope–displacement curves were compared. A new deformation energy method was established to realize yield strength estimations. To analyze the ultimate tensile strength, a small punch deformation feature was discussed based on the geometric deformation model and microstructure analysis. The relationship between stress and displacement was obtained. F_m/d_mt₀ was proven to be a more appropriate parameter in ultimate tensile strength estimations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 33716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biaxial Testing of Thin Metal Sheets under Non-Proportional Loading Conditions

by Steffen Gerke, Fabuer R. Valencia and Michael Brünig

Metals 2024, 14(4), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040397 - 28 Mar 2024

Viewed by 422

Abstract

During the manufacturing and service of thin metal sheets, different stress states occur, often caused by non-proportional loading conditions. They can lead to localization of inelastic deformations as well as to damage and failure processes. In the present paper, a series of experiments [...] Read more.

During the manufacturing and service of thin metal sheets, different stress states occur, often caused by non-proportional loading conditions. They can lead to localization of inelastic deformations as well as to damage and failure processes. In the present paper, a series of experiments with newly designed biaxially loaded specimens is presented to analyze the damage and failure behavior of thin ductile metal sheets under non-proportional load paths. Bands of holes with different orientation have been milled in critical regions of the specimens to localize stresses and strains. In compression tests, a special downholder is used to avoid buckling. During the loading processes, strain fields in critical regions of the specimens are monitored by digital image correlation technique. After the experiments, fracture surfaces are investigated by scanning electron microscopy showing different damage and fracture modes depending on the loading history. The experiments clearly demonstrate the efficiency of the thin specimens and the experimental program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 9779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Carbides on Thermos-Plastic and Crack Initiation and Expansion of High-Carbon Chromium-Bearing Steel Castings

by Qian Feng, Yanan Zeng, Junguo Li, Yajun Wang, Guozhang Tang and Yitong Wang

Metals 2024, 14(3), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030335 - 14 Mar 2024

Viewed by 764

Abstract

The bearing steel’s high-temperature brittle zone (1250 °C–1100 °C), second brittle zone (1100 °C–950 °C), and low-temperature brittle zone (800 °C–600 °C) were determined by the reduction in area and true fracture toughness. The crack sensitivity was strongest at temperatures of 1200 °C, [...] Read more.

The bearing steel’s high-temperature brittle zone (1250 °C–1100 °C), second brittle zone (1100 °C–950 °C), and low-temperature brittle zone (800 °C–600 °C) were determined by the reduction in area and true fracture toughness. The crack sensitivity was strongest at temperatures of 1200 °C, 1000 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. Various experimental and computational methods were used to establish the phase type, microstructure, size, and mechanical properties of carbides in bearing steel. The critical conditions for crack initiation in the matrix (FCC-Fe, FCC-Fe, and BCC-Fe)/carbides (striped Fe_0.875Cr_0.125C, netted Fe_2.36Cr_0.64C, and spherical Fe_5.25Cr_1.75C₃) were also investigated. The values for the high-temperature brittle zone, the second brittle zone, and the low-temperature brittle zone were 13.85 MPa and 8.21 × 10⁻³, 4.64 MPa and 6.52 × 10⁻³, and 17.86 MPa and 1.86 × 10⁻², respectively. These were calculated using Eshelby’s theory and ABAQUS 2021 version software. The ability of the three carbides to cause crack propagation was measured quantitatively by energy diffusion: M₃C > MC > M₇C₃. This study analyzed the mechanism of carbide precipitation on the formation of high-temperature cracks in bearing steel casting. It also provided the critical conditions for carbide/matrix interface cracks in bearing steel continuous casting, thus providing effective support for improving the quality of bearing steel casting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Brittle Crack Arrest Temperature Estimation Method Utilizing a Small-Scale Test with a Thick Steel Plate for Shipbuilding

by Gyubaek An, Jeongung Park, Daehee Seong and Junseok Seo

Metals 2024, 14(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010039 - 29 Dec 2023

Viewed by 817

Abstract

As the shipbuilding industry has emerged from an extended recession, orders for high-value-added ships, such as LNG and ultra-large container ships, are increasing. For ultra-large container ships, high-strength, thick materials are applied. Because the possibility of brittle fracture increases owing to the application [...] Read more.

As the shipbuilding industry has emerged from an extended recession, orders for high-value-added ships, such as LNG and ultra-large container ships, are increasing. For ultra-large container ships, high-strength, thick materials are applied. Because the possibility of brittle fracture increases owing to the application of thick steel plates, the related regulations of the International Association of Classification Societies have been strengthened to prevent brittle fracture. To secure brittle fracture stability, it is necessary to secure crack arrest toughness (

K_{c a}

) through large ESSO experiments or to secure a crack arrest temperature (CAT) value. Because large-scale experiments require considerable costs and efforts, efforts have increased to examine brittle fracture stability through small-scale tests. In the present study, a technology was developed to predict CAT with small specimens. The CAT prediction formula developed with small specimens makes it possible to accurately predict CAT using data obtained through large-scale experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 13968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Mechanical Behavior and Energy Release Effect of a Novel Nb₁₇Zr₃₃Ti₁₇W₃₃ High-Entropy Alloy under Impact Load

by Wensu Ji, Qiang Zou, Xiaoyun Yin and Zhengwang Zhu

Metals 2023, 13(12), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13122013 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 854

Abstract

The present study successfully demonstrates the fabrication of a novel class of high-entropy alloy, namely Nb₁₇Zr₃₃Ti₁₇W₃₃, through suspension melting and casting technique. To investigate the dynamic mechanical behavior and energy release effects of the alloy [...] Read more.

The present study successfully demonstrates the fabrication of a novel class of high-entropy alloy, namely Nb₁₇Zr₃₃Ti₁₇W₃₃, through suspension melting and casting technique. To investigate the dynamic mechanical behavior and energy release effects of the alloy under high-speed impact loads, various techniques were employed, including split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high-speed photography. These methods were utilized to acquire crucial data, such as crystal structure analysis, stress–strain curves, and microstructural examination of failed specimens. The modified Johnson–Cook (J-C) model was employed to elucidate the dynamic flow behavior of the alloy, while investigating the failure mechanism and energy release phenomenon during the process of dynamic compression. The experimental results demonstrate that the alloy material exhibits a dual-phase (BCC1 + BCC2) structure, exhibiting ductile fracture behavior under dynamic compression conditions. On the fracture surface, typical dimple structures along with evidence of shear slip and melting traces were observed, indicating an energy-releasing failure process. The newly developed alloy exhibited exceptional strength, high density, remarkable plasticity, and outstanding energy release properties, rendering it highly promising for applications under extreme loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6032 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Eccentric Annular External Cracks in Notched Round Bars under Tensile Loading

by Jesús Toribio, Juan-Carlos Matos, Beatriz González and Iván González

Metals 2023, 13(8), 1453; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081453 - 12 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 670

Abstract

In this paper, stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions of eccentric annular external cracks in elliptical notched round bars under tension loading have been obtained from 3D finite element analysis, along with their relation to the energy release rate obtained with the J-integral [...] Read more.

In this paper, stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions of eccentric annular external cracks in elliptical notched round bars under tension loading have been obtained from 3D finite element analysis, along with their relation to the energy release rate obtained with the J-integral contour. The analysis variables have been the ligament diameter, its eccentricity, and the elliptical notch aspect ratio. The maximum SIF increases with the ligament eccentricity, the presence of the notch (compared to when the bar is smooth), and the elliptical notch axial semi-axis (for the same notch depth); it decreases with the ligament diameter. For external cracks, eccentricity induces bending of the bar subjected to tensile loading, which can produce partial and full contact of the crack surface, relevant phenomena in terms of the SIF value at the different points of the crack front. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 59436 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Mechanism of Microstructural Alterations of M50 Bearing Steel during Rolling Contact Fatigue under High Loads

by Jun Guo, Aimin Zhao and Maosheng Yang

Metals 2023, 13(4), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13040769 - 14 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1473

Abstract

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of vacuum induction melted–vacuum arc remelted (VIM-VAR) M50 bearing steel under high loads was carried out, using a three-ball-rod RCF tester. Dark etching regions (DER) and butterflies were found in the subsurface region below the raceway of the RCF-tested [...] Read more.

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of vacuum induction melted–vacuum arc remelted (VIM-VAR) M50 bearing steel under high loads was carried out, using a three-ball-rod RCF tester. Dark etching regions (DER) and butterflies were found in the subsurface region below the raceway of the RCF-tested sample. The DER appeared in the region of maximum shear stress located at a depth of 30 μm to 170 μm below the raceway. Carbon atoms migrated through high-density dislocations, and part of the martensite plates was transformed into cellular ferrites, due to the redistribution of dislocations during the deformation of martensite under the action of cyclic shear stress. Butterflies appeared in the region of maximum shear stress located at a depth of 20 μm to 314 μm below the raceway. Butterflies were initiated in the primary carbides, with length values ranging from 5 μm to 15 μm. The plate martensite in the butterfly wings was transformed into nanocrystalline ferrites, due to the increase in the dislocation density and rearrangement of dislocations during the extension of fatigue cracks from the primary carbides to the matrix under cyclic shear stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Multiaxial Low-Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction Model Based on Equivalent Strain Approach

by Peng-Nian Zhu, Jian-Xiong Gao, Yi-Ping Yuan, Zhi-Feng Wu and Rong-Xia Xu

Metals 2023, 13(3), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030629 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1394

Abstract

The fatigue life of the materials is significantly reduced under non-proportional loading. In this study, the factors affecting additional hardening are explored, and a hardening function is proposed. Firstly, the stress and strain states of the specimen under multiaxial loading are analyzed, and [...] Read more.

The fatigue life of the materials is significantly reduced under non-proportional loading. In this study, the factors affecting additional hardening are explored, and a hardening function is proposed. Firstly, the stress and strain states of the specimen under multiaxial loading are analyzed, and the deficiencies of the equivalent strain models are discussed. Secondly, the factors affecting the additional hardening are analyzed from both stress and strain perspectives, and the effect of phase differences on fatigue life is investigated. The stress on the critical plane is considered to reflect its effect on crack initiation and growth. An improved multiaxial low-cycle fatigue life prediction model is developed based on the equivalent strain approach. Finally, experimental data from five metals are used to verify the established model and are compared with existing classical models. The results show that the proposed model has good accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dwell Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of CP-Ti TA2 Welded Joint at 25 °C and 200 °C

by Le Chang, Lei Lu, Binbin Zhou and Changyu Zhou

Metals 2023, 13(3), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030553 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1199

Abstract

We report on studies of the dwell fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) TA2 weld joints at 25 °C and 200 °C. Taking into account the effects of load ratio and dwell temperature, the impact of dwell on FCG [...] Read more.

We report on studies of the dwell fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) TA2 weld joints at 25 °C and 200 °C. Taking into account the effects of load ratio and dwell temperature, the impact of dwell on FCG behavior and the associated fracture mechanism are clearly demonstrated. Meanwhile, in order to illustrate creep–fatigue interaction, finite element simulations are also performed to analyze the evolution of stress and strain field near the crack tip. The results show that with the increase in dwell temperature, the FCG rate is increased. Furthermore, the effect of dwell on FCG behavior is more pronounced at higher load ratios. Finite element simulation results indicate that dwell induces creep stress relaxation and leads to an increase in the equivalent plastic strain near the crack tip. With the increase of dwell temperature and load ratio, the more pronounced creep deformation may lead to a creep-dominated FCG behavior. As consistent with the above analysis, the examination of the fracture surface reveals that more cavities and secondary cracks may be observed because of the increased creep deformation at the higher dwell temperature and load ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 15838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Buckling Load of Cylindrical Shell with an Inclined through Crack under External Pressure and Its Solution

by Shou-Chao Li, Yu-Chen Zhang, Le Chang, Chang-Yu Zhou and Xiao-Hua He

Metals 2023, 13(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010174 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

In order to evaluate the reliability of cracked cylindrical shell effectively and reasonably, study the load capacity of cracked structures and understand the failure modes of cracked structures, in this paper the finite element method is adopted for cylindrical shells with mixed mode [...] Read more.

In order to evaluate the reliability of cracked cylindrical shell effectively and reasonably, study the load capacity of cracked structures and understand the failure modes of cracked structures, in this paper the finite element method is adopted for cylindrical shells with mixed mode crack. The finite element models of cylindrical shell with an inclined through crack under external pressure were established by finite element method, the elastic and elastic-plastic buckling loads were calculated. The influences of crack length (c), crack angle (θ), cylindrical shell length-radius ratio (L/R), radius-thickness ratio (R/T), boundary conditions on buckling load were explored. The analysis of cracked cylindrical shells with simple support on buckling load shows that the load bearing capacity of cracked cylindrical shells decreases with the increase of length- radius ratio, radius-thickness ratio and crack inclination angle. The increase of crack length can weaken the bearing capacity of cylindrical shell. The variation of elastic-plastic buckling load is consistent with that of elastic buckling load. Under the clamped support, the variation of buckling load is consistent with the buckling load of cracked cylindrical shell with simple support, and the buckling load of cracked cylindrical shell with clamped support is evidently higher than that of simple support. The post-buckling analysis further shows that the changes of crack inclination angle and crack length do not affect the variation modes of pre-buckling and post-buckling deformation of cracked cylindrical shells, but affect the load capacity. The relationship between buckling load of different boundary conditions (simply supported and clamp-supported) and geometrical parameters (length-radius ratio, radius-thickness ratio, crack length and crack Angle) was obtained by nonlinear regression. The results of solution can predict the buckling load of cylindrical shell with an inclined through crack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Pre-Strain on Crack Growth Behavior of Zr702/TA2/Q345R Composite Plate

by Binbin Zhou, Chao Zhou, Yawen Zhang, Le Chang, Changyu Zhou, Cheng Ye and Bojun Zhang

Metals 2022, 12(12), 2187; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122187 - 19 Dec 2022

Viewed by 982

Abstract

The influence of pre-strain on the fatigue crack growth behavior of Zr702/TA2/Q345R composite plate is studied by experiments and the finite element method. The crack perpendicular to the interface and the through-wall crack are considered at the same time. For the crack perpendicular [...] Read more.

The influence of pre-strain on the fatigue crack growth behavior of Zr702/TA2/Q345R composite plate is studied by experiments and the finite element method. The crack perpendicular to the interface and the through-wall crack are considered at the same time. For the crack perpendicular to the interface, the monotonic plastic zone and cyclic plastic zone at the crack tip are used to study the influence of pre-strain on the plastic zone. Furthermore, the influence of pre-strain on the evolution of the plastic damage at the crack tip is analyzed in detail by studying the variation in the initial plastic energy and equivalent plastic strain. For the through-wall crack, the effect of pre-strain on the propagation behavior of cracks on both sides and the whole crack is studied systematically. The results show that the strengthening of the cracks on the Zr702 side is significantly higher than that on the Q345R side, so the inhibitory effect of pre-strain on the whole crack of the through-wall specimen is mainly due to the increase in the resistance to crack growth on the Zr702 side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 8102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Creep Constitutive Model, Based on Deformation Mechanisms and Its Application to Creep Crack Growth

by Jingwei Zhang, Jie Li, Jingyi Zan, Zijian Guo and Kanglin Liu

Metals 2022, 12(12), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122179 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

In this paper, a constitutive model, based on the creep deformation mechanism in P91 steel, under a wide range of stress levels, was established and embedded into finite element software. The accuracy and reliability of the model was verified by comparing the simulation [...] Read more.

In this paper, a constitutive model, based on the creep deformation mechanism in P91 steel, under a wide range of stress levels, was established and embedded into finite element software. The accuracy and reliability of the model was verified by comparing the simulation of uniaxial creep tensile test results and the experimental data under different stress levels for P91 steel at 600 °C. The creep crack growth behavior of P91 steel, under a wide range of stress levels was simulated using a ductility-exhaustion-based damage model, combined with the stress-dependent creep ductility model, and the predicted creep crack growth (CCG) rates were compared with the experimental data. Finally, the established model was used to predict the CCG behavior for the pressurized pipes with axial surface cracks. The results show that the constitutive model, established on the basis of the creep deformation mechanism, agrees better with the experimental data than other constitutive models. The CCG rate varies at different direction angles θ for the axial surface cracks. The direction angle θ corresponding to the maximum creep crack length is about 33°, when the internal pressure exceeds 10 MPa. The initial crack shape (a₀/c₀) = 1, and it does not change with different initial crack depth ratios (a₀/t). The established constitutive model can be well used in CCG life analyses and designs of high-temperature structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Investigation on Cracking Behaviors of AerMet 100

by Hongbo Zhang, Dayong Hu and Kangpei Meng

Metals 2022, 12(10), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101650 - 30 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1168

Abstract

AerMet 100 exhibits excellent mechanical properties, proven in previous studies; however, defects may greatly influence the mechanical behavior during the service of the material, which serves as one of the major challenges in the wider application of the material. To quantify the crack [...] Read more.

AerMet 100 exhibits excellent mechanical properties, proven in previous studies; however, defects may greatly influence the mechanical behavior during the service of the material, which serves as one of the major challenges in the wider application of the material. To quantify the crack evolution process, the in-plane type I crack propagation behavior is comprehensively investigated based on the extended finite element method (XFEM). The crack growth is characterized in terms of the extracted crack propagation angle, stress intensity factor (SIF) in the crack tip, and stress field profiles during the crack propagation process. An extrapolation method is adopted to calculate the SIF, followed by a series of parametric studies on the influence of the governing factors, i.e., initial crack length, initial crack location, initial crack angle, and the crack number through numerical investigation. It is found that the crack propagation angle enlarges monotonously with the increase of the initial crack location, the initial crack length, and the crack number, increases slowly with the growth of initial crack angle, and rapidly enlarges in reverse at about 45°. The SIF in Mode I, K_Id, gradually decreases with the increase of the initial crack location and the crack number, and nearly keeps steady when the initial crack length and initial crack angle varies. Results provide further understanding of the failure and fracture behavior of AerMet 100 and guide the future application and design of the structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics of Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Fracture Mechanics of Metals

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (14 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI