Electromagnetic Preparation of Metallic Materials

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Failure Analysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 10034

Special Issue Editors

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
Interests: magnetic field; solidification; heat treatment; superalloys; steels
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, XI’an 710072, China
Interests: solidification; magnetic field; nucleation and growth; high-entropy alloy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The electromagnetic field as a contactless physical field can act on substances at different scales and the diversity of electromagnetic effects leads to the emergence of many new physical and chemical phenomena. So far, the application of the electromagnetic field has received much attention in various fields such as materials, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Regarding metallic materials, many novel phenomena, such as the thermoelectric magnetic effect, magnetic field-induced-diffusion, and magnetic orientation, have been discovered and insight into the physical mechanisms of those phenomena has been offered. The application of the electromagnetic field has become one of the important methods to regulate the microstructure and mechanical properties of metallic materials. In recent years, new progress has been made in terms of the electromagnetic preparation of metallic materials. Therefore, the journal Metals plans to organize a Special Issue to present state-of-the-art research work on this topic. In this Special Issue, articles including but not limited to the following topics are welcome:

  • Fundamentals of electromagnetic preparation;
  • Solidification processing;
  • Heat treatment;
  • Flow simulation and modeling;
  • Particle removal/addition, stirring, braking, and vibration;
  • Electromagnetic shaping, mixing, and separation or levitation;
  • Recycling of metallic materials by the electromagnetic process; and
  • New theories and techniques related to electromagnetic

Prof. Dr. Chuanjun Li
Prof. Dr. Jun Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • electromagnetic preparation
  • solidification
  • heat treatment
  • microstructure characteration
  • metallic materials
  • magnetodynamics

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 150 KiB  
Editorial
Electromagnetic Preparation of Materials: From Fundamentals to Applications
by Chuanjun Li and Sheng Yu
Metals 2023, 13(6), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061073 - 05 Jun 2023
Viewed by 689
Abstract
Magnetic phenomena are amazing and mysterious topics [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Preparation of Metallic Materials)

Research

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9 pages, 3756 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of Damping Capbility of MnCu Alloy by High Magnetic Field
by Diwei Wang, Hongkang Niu, Sibin Zhang, Weidong Xuan, Zhongming Ren and Qingchao Tian
Metals 2023, 13(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010006 - 20 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 981
Abstract
The directionally solidified MnCuNiFe alloy was prepared under high magnetic field. The microstructure, composition distribution, phase transformation behavior and damping capacity of the alloy were studied by means of metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal [...] Read more.
The directionally solidified MnCuNiFe alloy was prepared under high magnetic field. The microstructure, composition distribution, phase transformation behavior and damping capacity of the alloy were studied by means of metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal expansion analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis. It is revealed that magnetic field has definite effect on the refinement of dendrite microstructure as well as the enrichment of Ni element, and thus induces the occurrence of martensitic transformation at about 300 K. The preferred (111) orientation modulated by high magnetic field, especially the induced fct1 → fcc martensitic transformation, together with the twin boundary relaxation, ensure that the directionally solidified MnCuNiFe alloy prepared under high magnetic field owns high-damping capacity in a wide-temperature range from 200 K to 320 K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Preparation of Metallic Materials)
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12 pages, 4144 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of the Electromagnetic Dross Removal Technology Applied in Zinc Pot of Hot-Dip Galvanizing Line
by Yubao Xiao, Qingtao Guo, Tie Liu, Qiang Wang, Mingliang Chai, Kailun Zhang, Yuting Li and Dong Pan
Metals 2022, 12(10), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101714 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1514
Abstract
The forming of zinc dross floating on the surface of molten zinc in zinc pot is inevitable during hot-dip galvanizing production. The cleaning of zinc dross has always been a challenge and a difficult problem to solve. Based on the electromagnetic field theory [...] Read more.
The forming of zinc dross floating on the surface of molten zinc in zinc pot is inevitable during hot-dip galvanizing production. The cleaning of zinc dross has always been a challenge and a difficult problem to solve. Based on the electromagnetic field theory and its application, a new electromagnetic dross removal technology was proposed, and the zinc dross driven by flowing molten zinc was possible to remove in an electromagnetic field circumstance. Through the coupling simulation of electromagnetic field and flow field, the electromagnetic force acting on molten zinc and the flow situation of molten zinc were simulated. The results showed that electromagnetic field can effectively act on the top surface of molten zinc and affect the flow of molten zinc. Different load conditions of electromagnetic field and the distance between the bottom surface of the iron core and the top surface of molten zinc related to zinc dross removal effect were discussed. Finally, the optimal application parameters of the electromagnetic dross removal technology were put forward. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Preparation of Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 4700 KiB  
Article
Effect of High Magnetic Field in Combination with High-Temperature Tempering on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of GCr15 Bearing Steel
by Yongcheng Li, Siyu Chen, Fuhai Zhu, Chenglin Huang, Zhenqiang Zhang, Weidong Xuan, Jiang Wang and Zhongming Ren
Metals 2022, 12(8), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081293 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1543
Abstract
The microstructures and mechanical properties of GCr15 bearing steel after high-temperature tempering with and without a 5 T high magnetic field (HMF) were investigated. It was found that the application of the HMF at the stage of high-temperature tempering slowed down the growth [...] Read more.
The microstructures and mechanical properties of GCr15 bearing steel after high-temperature tempering with and without a 5 T high magnetic field (HMF) were investigated. It was found that the application of the HMF at the stage of high-temperature tempering slowed down the growth of the tempered sorbite (TS) structures, increased the density of the carbides, and reduced the carbide size and the volume fraction. XRD diffraction patterns showed that the HMF resulted in a higher dislocation density. Hardness testing indicated that the HMF led to an increase in the Vickers hardness in the tempered sample. It is inferred that the change in carbide size stems from the reduction in nucleation barrier in the HMF and the increase in dislocation density originates from the interaction between dislocations and carbides. Additionally, the decrease in diffusivity in the HMF also contributes to the reduction in the size of TS structures and the refinement of carbides. This work demonstrates that high-temperature tempering with an HMF can slow down the growth of TS microstructures in GCr15 bearing steel, control the carbide size, and improve Vickers hardness, which provides a new heat treatment method to regulate the microstructure and properties of GCr15 bearing steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Preparation of Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 7054 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Porosity Defects in Ingot Using Machine Learning Methods during Electro Slag Remelting Process
by Ganggang Zhang, Yingbin Hu, Dong Hou, Dongxuan Yang, Qingchuan Zhang, Yapeng Hu and Xinliang Liu
Metals 2022, 12(6), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060958 - 02 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1601
Abstract
The porosity defects in the ingot, which are caused by moisture absorption in slag during the electroslag remelting process, deserve the researcher’s attention in the summer wet season. The prediction of slag weight gain caused by moisture absorption is critical for developing slag [...] Read more.
The porosity defects in the ingot, which are caused by moisture absorption in slag during the electroslag remelting process, deserve the researcher’s attention in the summer wet season. The prediction of slag weight gain caused by moisture absorption is critical for developing slag baking and scheduling strategies and can assist workshop managers in making informed decisions during industrial production of electro slag remelting. The moisture absorption in slag under the conditions of different air humidity, experimental time, slag particle size, and CaO content in the slag are investigated by slag weight gain experiments. The purpose of this study is to predict the rate of weight gain in slag using observed weight gain data and machine learning (ML) models. The observation dataset includes features and rate of weight growth, which serve as independent and dependent variables, respectively, for ML models. Four machine learning models: linear regression, support vector regression, random forest regression, and multi-layer perceptron, were employed in this study. Additionally, parameters for machine learning models were selected using 5-fold cross-validation. Support vector regression outperformed the other three machine learning models in terms of root-mean-square errors, mean squared errors, and coefficients of determination. Thus, the ML-based model is a viable and significant method for forecasting the slag weight gain rate, whereas support vector regression can produce results that are competitive and satisfying. The results of slag weight gain data and ML models show that the slag weight gain increases with the increase of air humidity, experimental time, slag particle size, and CaO content in the slag. The porosity defect in the ingot during the ESR process often appears when the moisture in the slag exceeds 0.02%. Considering saving electric energy, the complexity of on-site scheduling, and 4 h of scheduling time, the slag T3 (CaF2:CaO:Al2O3:MgO = 37:28:30:5) is selected to produce H13 steel ESR ingot in the winter, and slag T2 (CaF2:CaO:Al2O3:MgO = 48:17:30:5) is selected to produce H13 steel ESR ingot in the summer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Preparation of Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 4547 KiB  
Article
Effect of Vertical High Magnetic Field on the Morphology of Solid-Liquid Interface during the Directional Solidification of Zn-2wt.%Bi Immiscible Alloy
by Bangfei Zhou, Xianghui Guo, Wenhao Lin, Ying Liu, Yifeng Guo, Tianxiang Zheng, Yunbo Zhong, Hui Wang and Qiuliang Wang
Metals 2022, 12(5), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050875 - 21 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1516
Abstract
The morphology of the solid-liquid (S-L) interface is crucial for the directionally solidified microstructures of various alloys. This paper investigates the effect of vertical high magnetic field (VHMF) on the morphology evolution of the S-L interface and the solidified microstructure during the directional [...] Read more.
The morphology of the solid-liquid (S-L) interface is crucial for the directionally solidified microstructures of various alloys. This paper investigates the effect of vertical high magnetic field (VHMF) on the morphology evolution of the S-L interface and the solidified microstructure during the directional solidification of Zn-2wt.%Bi immiscible alloy. The results indicate that the morphology of the S-L interface is highly dependent on the VHMF, resulting in various solidified microstructures. When the growth rate was 1 μm/s, the aligned droplets were formed directly at the disturbed S-L interface under a 1 T VHMF. However, the stability of the S-L interface was improved to form a stable Bi-rich fiber under a 5 T VHMF. When the growth rate was 5 μm/s, the S-L interface was changed from cellular to dendritic to cellular again with increasing magnetic flux density. A theory regarding constitutional supercooling and efficient solute diffusion has been proposed to explain the S-L interface transition under the VHMF. The difference in the effective diffusion capacity of the solute originates from the thermoelectric magnetic effect and the magneto-hydrodynamic damping effect. The present work may initiate a new method to transform the solidified microstructures of immiscible alloys via an applied magnetic field during directional solidification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Preparation of Metallic Materials)
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Review

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18 pages, 49652 KiB  
Review
Solidification Processing of Metallic Materials in Static Magnetic Field: A Review
by Yuan Hou, Zhanyong Gao and Chuanjun Li
Metals 2022, 12(11), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111778 - 22 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1420
Abstract
The application of a static magnetic field (SMF) to solidification processing has emerged as an advanced strategy for efficiently regulating the macro/micro structures and the mechanical performance of metallic materials. The SMF effects have been proved to be positive in various processes of [...] Read more.
The application of a static magnetic field (SMF) to solidification processing has emerged as an advanced strategy for efficiently regulating the macro/micro structures and the mechanical performance of metallic materials. The SMF effects have been proved to be positive in various processes of metal solidification. Firstly, this review briefly introduces two basic magnetic effects, i.e., magnetohydrodynamic effects and magnetization effects, which play crucial roles in regulating metal solidification. Further, the state of the art of solidification processing in the SMF, including undercooling and nucleation, interface energy, grain coarsening and refinement, segregation and porosity, are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the perspective future of taking advantage of the SMF for regulating metal solidification is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Preparation of Metallic Materials)
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