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Special Issue "Advances in Titanium Alloys: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Ultrasonic Impact Treatment"

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A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2024 | Viewed by 4074

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Prof. Dr. Alexey Panin

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Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634055, Russia
Interests: additive manufacturing; titanium alloys; microstructure; phase transformation; ultrasonic impact treatment; surface hardening; deformation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the remarkable combination of high strength-to-weight ratio, strong resistance to creep, excellent corrosion resistance, and low heat conductivity, titanium and its alloys have been extensively used in a wide range of applications in aerospace, biomedical, chemical, marine, automotive, and many other industries. However, the poor wear resistance of titanium alloys is still the main shortcoming that restricts their applications, particularly in areas involving friction and wear.

Currently, ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) and its modifications (ultrasonic impact peening, ultrasonic nanostructural surface modification, etc.) are effective methods for surface hardening that significantly improves functional properties of structural materials, as well as their welded joints. Surface deformation by means of a metallic striker oscillating with ultrasonic frequency is accompanied by refinement of grains and subgrains in polycrystalline materials down to nano- and submicron-size ranges, development of compressive stresses in the surface layer of the specimens, a decrease in surface roughness, etc., that considerably increases the yield point and the tensile strength, the fatigue strength, the wear resistance, the corrosion resistance, and other characteristics of structural materials. Unlike shot peening, sandblasting, SMAT, and other techniques of work hardening of surface layers, the impact force and the strike density in UIT can be precisely controlled that allows more effective treatment of a specimen. Moreover, ultrasonic impact treatment is an inexpensive technique that does not require complex equipment and provides capability to treat hard-to-reach areas and complex parts.

Generally, the nature of morphological changes taking place in the materials during the UIT processing is determined not only by the temperature–rate parameters, but also by their microstructures, phase compositions, the presence of carbide-forming elements, possible polymorphic transformations under severe plastic strains, etc. There is no doubt that explicit identifying the mechanisms of structural and phase transformations during repeated penetrations of a striker into the treated specimen is made possible by computer simulations. In this Special Issue, we welcome articles that focus on the experimental observations, a molecular dynamics simulation and ab initio calculation mechanisms underlying the development of structural and phase transformations in loaded titanium alloys which made it possible to explain the UIT effect on their microstructure, mechanical properties, as well as deformation and fracture behavior under different external actions.

Prof. Dr. Alexey Panin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

titanium alloys
ultrasonic impact treatment
microstructure
phase transformation
surface hardening
deformation
mechanical properties

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 9434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adjustable Elasticity of Anatomically Shaped Lattice Bone Scaffold Built by Electron Beam Melting Ti6Al4V Powder

and

Metals 2023, 13(9), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091522 - 27 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 521

Abstract

This study investigates the elasticity of specific lattice structures made from titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), namely, anatomically shaped lattice scaffolds (ASLS) aimed for reinforcement of the bone tissue graft that substitute a missing piece of the previously injured bone during its recovery. ASLSs that were used for testing were fabricated using the Electron Beam Melting (EBM) method. The mechanical properties of the ASLS were examined through uniaxial compression tests. Compression testing revealed the complex non-linear behavior of the scaffold structure’s elasticity, with distinct compression stages and deformation dependencies. The ASLS structures exhibited quasi-elastic deformation followed by the rupture of individual struts. Results demonstrate that the ASLSs can be stiffened by applying appropriate compression load and accordingly achieve the target elasticity of the structure for the specific load range. The modulus of elasticity was determined for different compression stages of ASLS, allowing interpolation of the functional relation between the modulus of elasticity and compressive force that is used for stiffening the ASLS. This study enhances the understanding of the mechanical behavior of the specific lattice structures made of Ti6Al4V and provides insights for the development of mechanically optimized anatomically shaped lattice scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Titanium Alloys: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Ultrasonic Impact Treatment)

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12 pages, 5051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior and Fracture Characteristics of Low-Cost Ti-2Fe-0.1B Alloy

and

Metals 2023, 13(7), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071208 - 29 Jun 2023

Viewed by 505

Abstract

In recent decades, the effect of Fe element addition on titanium alloy has been investigated extensively due to the development of low-cost titanium alloys, as well as B microalloying, which could decrease the grain size of titanium alloys during the casting process. As a key structural material, the study of the fatigue behavior of titanium alloys is crucial and always attractive for scientists. Hence, in this paper, the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior and fracture characteristics of a low-cost Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy with a lamellar structure were investigated systematically, five different strain amplitudes (Δε_t/2) in the range from 0.6% to 1.4% were selected to control the LCF process. It was found that the Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy exhibits continuous cyclic softening behavior in the cycle as a whole at Δε_t/2 ≤ 1.2%, while at Δε_t/2 = 1.4%, it exhibits slight cyclic hardening at the initial stage of the cycle, then shows cyclic softening. Compared with pure titanium and other typical titanium alloys, the Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy indicated maximum fatigue life under the same strain amplitude, it can be attributed to the fine grain size result from the effect of Fe element and trace B, which could hinder the dislocation movement and crack propagation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Titanium Alloys: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Ultrasonic Impact Treatment)

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21 pages, 16417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformations of the Microstructure and Phase Compositions of Titanium Alloys during Ultrasonic Impact Treatment Part III: Combination with Electrospark Alloying Applied to Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy

Alexey Panin

Marina Kazachenok

Konstantin Krukovskii

and

Metals 2023, 13(5), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050932 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1100

Abstract

Scanning electron microscopy, 3D optical surface profilometry, as well as X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction analysis were implemented for studying the effects of both ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) and ultrasonic impact electrospark treatment (UIET) procedures on the microstructure, phase composition, as well as the mechanical and tribological properties of Ti-6Al-4V samples fabricated by wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing. It was shown that he UIET procedure with the WC-6%Co striker enabled to deposit the ~10 µm thick coating, which consists of fine grains of both tungsten and titanium-tungsten carbides, as well as titanium oxide. For the UIET process, the effect of shielding gas on the studied parameters was demonstrated. It was found that the UIET procedure in argon resulted in the formation of a dense, continuous and thick (~20 µm) coating. After the UIET procedures in air and argon, the microhardness levels were 26 and 16 GPa, respectively. After tribological tests, wear track surfaces were examined on the as-built sample, as well as the ones subjected to the UIT and UIET procedures. It was shown that the coating formed during UIET in air had twice the wear resistance compared to the coating formed in argon. The evidence showed that the multiple impact of a WC-Co striker with simultaneous electrical discharges was an effective way to improve wear resistance of the Ti-6Al-4V sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Titanium Alloys: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Ultrasonic Impact Treatment)

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33 pages, 93733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Resistance of the Welded Joints from the Ultrafine-Grained Near-α Titanium Alloys Ti-5Al-2V Obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering

Vladimir Chuvil’deev

Aleksey Nokhrin

Constantin Likhnitskii

and

Metals 2023, 13(4), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13040766 - 14 Apr 2023

Viewed by 763

Abstract

A solid-phase diffusion welding of coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained (UFG) specimens of titanium near-α alloy Ti-5Al-2V used in nuclear power engineering was made by Spark Plasma Sintering. The failure of the welded specimens in the conditions of hot salt corrosion and electrochemical corrosion was shown to have a preferentially intercrystalline character. In the case of the presence of macrodefects, crevice corrosion of the welded joints was observed. The resistance of the alloys against the intercrystalline corrosion was found to be determined by the concentration of vanadium at the titanium grain boundaries, by the size and volume fraction of the β-phase particles, and by the presence of micro- and macropores in the welded joints. The specimens of the welded joints of the UFG alloy are harder and have a higher resistance to hot salt corrosion and electrochemical corrosion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Titanium Alloys: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Ultrasonic Impact Treatment)

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Review

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16 pages, 4155 KiB

Open AccessReview

Laser Beam Machining of Titanium Alloy—A Review

Alokesh Pramanik

and

Animesh Kumar Basak

Metals 2023, 13(9), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091536 - 30 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 739

Abstract

This study investigates the laser beam machining mechanism, surface formation mechanisms, heat-affected zone, taper formation, and the dimensional deviation of the titanium alloy, based on the information available in literature. The heat induced by the laser beam melts and vaporises titanium alloy, which is removed by a high pressure-assisted gas. The machined titanium alloy surface is expected to have craters and resolidified materials which were contributed by the low thermal conductivity of the titanium alloy. Taper and circularity error can be minimised by optimising the laser parameter, but it cannot be avoided in the laser beam machining of titanium alloy. Laser beam machining induces a non-diffusion phase transformation, which slightly changes the surface mechanical properties of the titanium alloys. Laser beam machining is gaining popularity as a way to improve the surface finish quality and properties of titanium components manufactured by additive manufacturing processes. To enhance the machining efficacy of titanium alloys, several hybrid machining processes were proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Titanium Alloys: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Ultrasonic Impact Treatment)

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