Hemorheology and Metabolism

A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology and Clinical Metabolic Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 November 2021) | Viewed by 32965

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Special Issue Editor

Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
Interests: hemorheology; microcirculation; surgical research; microsurgery; ischemia-reperfusion; sepsis
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a pleasure to invite you to submit a review or a research article for publication in the Special Issue ‘Hemorheology and Metabolism’ for the journal Metabolites (MDPI).

Hemorheology deals with macro- and micro-dimensions of blood flow properties, its cellular and plasmatic factors, and the vessel wall with which the flowing blood comes into direct contact. In this sense, hemorheology plays an important role in determining the characteristics of blood flow, the tissue perfusion, microcirculation and the shear-stress-related endothelial functions in health and disease. In the past decades clinical and experimental studies revealed that micro-rheological parameters, such as red blood cell deformability and aggregation, are influenced by numerous factors, including metabolic ones. However, several questions remained unanswered related to the magnitude and dynamics of changes, border of reversibility/irreversibility, pathophysiology, as well as preventive and therapeutic issues. Thanking to the modern investigative methods a new insight have been provided into the relation of blood rheology and metabolites. This relation has a significance in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, in inflammatory processes, including sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion, in intensive therapy, sports medicine, as well as in exercise and comparative physiology.

This Special Issue is dedicated to the novel findings and recent advances in this field. Clinical or clinically oriented experimental research, or review articles in the context of metabolites/metabolic alterations and blood macro- and micro-rheology will be welcome.

Prof. Dr. Norbert Nemeth
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hemorheology
  • microcirculation
  • metabolites
  • metabolic disorders
  • in vitro and in vivo effects

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 14210 KiB  
Article
The Proteomic Signature of Intestinal Acute Rejection in the Mouse
by Mihai Oltean, Jasmine Bagge, George Dindelegan, Diarmuid Kenny, Antonio Molinaro, Mats Hellström, Ola Nilsson, Carina Sihlbom, Anna Casselbrant, Marcela Davila and Michael Olausson
Metabolites 2022, 12(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010023 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2233
Abstract
Intestinal acute rejection (AR) lacks a reliable non-invasive biomarker and AR surveillance is conducted through frequent endoscopic biopsies. Although citrulline and calprotectin have been suggested as AR biomarkers, these have limited clinical value. Using a mouse model of intestinal transplantation (ITx), we performed [...] Read more.
Intestinal acute rejection (AR) lacks a reliable non-invasive biomarker and AR surveillance is conducted through frequent endoscopic biopsies. Although citrulline and calprotectin have been suggested as AR biomarkers, these have limited clinical value. Using a mouse model of intestinal transplantation (ITx), we performed a proteome-wide analysis and investigated rejection-related proteome changes that may eventually be used as biomarkers. ITx was performed in allogenic (Balb/C to C57Bl) and syngeneic (C57Bl) combinations. Graft samples were obtained three and six days after transplantation (n = 4/time point) and quantitative proteomic analysis with iTRAQ-labeling and mass spectrometry of whole tissue homogenates was performed. Histology showed moderate AR in all allografts post-transplantation at day six. Nine hundred and thirty-eight proteins with at least three unique peptides were identified in the intestinal grafts. Eighty-six proteins varying by >20% between time points and/or groups had an alteration pattern unique to the rejecting allografts: thirty-seven proteins and enzymes (including S100-A8 and IDO-1) were significantly upregulated whereas forty-nine (among other chromogranin, ornithine aminotransferase, and arginase) were downregulated. Numerous proteins showed altered expression during intestinal AR, several of which were previously identified to be involved in acute rejection, although our results also identified previously unreported proteome changes. The metabolites and downstream metabolic pathways of some of these proteins and enzymes may become potential biomarkers for intestinal AR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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11 pages, 2244 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Glucose and Poloxamer 188 on Red-Blood-Cell Aggregation
by Alicja Szołna-Chodór and Bronisław Grzegorzewski
Metabolites 2021, 11(12), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120886 - 18 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1903
Abstract
Glucose metabolism disorders contribute to the development of various diseases. Numerous studies show that these disorders not only change the normal values of biochemical parameters but also affect the mechanical properties of blood. To show the influence of glucose and poloxamer 188 (P188) [...] Read more.
Glucose metabolism disorders contribute to the development of various diseases. Numerous studies show that these disorders not only change the normal values of biochemical parameters but also affect the mechanical properties of blood. To show the influence of glucose and poloxamer 188 (P188) on the mechanical properties of a red-blood-cell (RBC) suspension, we studied the aggregation of the cells. To show the mechanisms of the mechanical properties of blood, we studied the effects of glucose and poloxamer 188 (P188) on red-blood-cell aggregation. We used a model in which cells were suspended in a dextran 70 solution at a concentration of 2 g/dL with glucose and P188 at concentrations of 0–3 g/dL and 0–3 mg/mL, respectively. RBC aggregation was determined using an aggregometer, and measurements were performed every 4 min for 1 h. Such a procedure enabled the incubation of RBCs in solution. The aggregation index determined from the obtained syllectograms was used as a measure of aggregation. Both the presence of glucose and that of P188 increased the aggregation index with the incubation time until saturation was reached. The time needed for the saturation of the aggregation index increased with increasing glucose and P188 concentrations. As the concentrations of these components increased, the joint effect of glucose and P188 increased the weakening of RBC aggregation. The mechanisms of the observed changes in RBC aggregation in glucose and P188 solutions are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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13 pages, 1158 KiB  
Article
Alterations of Selected Hemorheological and Metabolic Parameters Induced by Physical Activity in Untrained Men and Sportsmen
by Sandor Szanto, Tobias Mody, Zsuzsanna Gyurcsik, Laszlo Balint Babjak, Viktoria Somogyi, Barbara Barath, Adam Varga, Adam Attila Matrai and Norbert Nemeth
Metabolites 2021, 11(12), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120870 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2011
Abstract
Optimal tissue oxygen supply is essential for proper athletic performance and endurance. It also depends on perfusion, so on hemorheological properties and microcirculation. Regular exercise is beneficial to the rheological status, depending on its type, intensity, and duration. We aimed to investigate macro [...] Read more.
Optimal tissue oxygen supply is essential for proper athletic performance and endurance. It also depends on perfusion, so on hemorheological properties and microcirculation. Regular exercise is beneficial to the rheological status, depending on its type, intensity, and duration. We aimed to investigate macro and microrheological changes due to short, high-intensity exercise in professional athletes (soccer and ice hockey players) and untrained individuals. The exercise was performed on a treadmill ergometer during a spiroergometry examination. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to analyze lactate concentration, hematological parameters, blood and plasma viscosity, and red blood cell (RBC) deformability and aggregation. Leukocyte, RBC and platelet counts, and blood viscosity increased with exercise, by the largest magnitude in the untrained group. RBC deformability slightly impaired after exercise, but showed better values in ice hockey versus soccer players. RBC aggregation increased with exercise, dominantly in ice hockey players. Lactate increased mostly in soccer players, and the respiratory exchange rate was the lowest in ice hockey players. Overall, short, high-intensity exercise altered macro and microrheological parameters, mostly in the untrained group. Significant differences were found between the two sports. The data can be useful in training status monitoring, selection, and in revealing the causes of physical loading symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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13 pages, 2691 KiB  
Article
Plasma Fibrinogen Independently Predicts Hypofibrinolysis in Severe COVID-19
by Diana Schrick, Margit Tőkés-Füzesi, Barbara Réger and Tihamér Molnár
Metabolites 2021, 11(12), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120826 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1736
Abstract
High rates of thrombosis are present in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Deeper insight into the prothrombotic state is essential to provide the best thromboprophylaxis care. Here, we aimed to explore associations among platelet indices, conventional hemostasis parameters, and [...] Read more.
High rates of thrombosis are present in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Deeper insight into the prothrombotic state is essential to provide the best thromboprophylaxis care. Here, we aimed to explore associations among platelet indices, conventional hemostasis parameters, and viscoelastometry data. This pilot study included patients with severe COVID-19 (n = 21) and age-matched controls (n = 21). Each patient received 100 mg aspirin therapy at the time of blood sampling. Total platelet count, high immature platelet fraction (H-IPF), fibrinogen, D-dimer, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity, plasminogen, and alpha2-antiplasmin were measured. To monitor the aspirin therapy, a platelet function test from hirudin anticoagulated whole blood was performed using the ASPI test by Multiplate analyser. High on-aspirin platelet reactivity (n = 8) was defined with an AUC > 40 cut-off value by ASPI tests. In addition, in vitro viscoelastometric tests were carried out using a ClotPro analyser in COVID-associated thromboembolic events (n = 8) (p = 0.071) nor the survival rate (p = 0.854) showed associations with high on-aspirin platelet reactivity status. The platelet count (p = 0.03), all subjects. COVID-19 patients presented with higher levels of inflammatory markers, compared with the controls, along with evidence of hypercoagulability by ClotPro. H-IPF (%) was significantly higher among non-survivors (n = 18) compared to survivors (p = 0.011), and a negative correlation (p = 0.002) was found between H-IPF and plasminogen level in the total population. The platelet count was significantly higher among patients with high on-aspirin platelet reactivity (p = 0.03). Neither the ECA-A10 (p = 0.008), and ECA-MCF (p = 0.016) were significantly higher, while the tPA-CFT (p < 0.001) was significantly lower among patients with high on-aspirin platelet reactivity. However, only fibrinogen proved to be an independent predictor of hypofibrinolysis in severe COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, a faster developing, more solid clot formation was observed in aspirin ‘non-responder’ COVID-19 patients. Therefore, an individually tailored thromboprophylaxis is needed to prevent thrombotic complications, particularly in the hypofibrinolytic cluster. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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9 pages, 421 KiB  
Article
Hemorheological Parameters in Diabetic Patients: Role of Glucose Lowering Therapies
by Katalin Biro, Gergely Feher, Judit Vekasi, Peter Kenyeres, Kalman Toth and Katalin Koltai
Metabolites 2021, 11(12), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120806 - 27 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1468
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus influences several important hemorheological parameters including blood viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation and deformability. In the present study, 159 type-2 diabetic patients and 25 healthy controls were involved. Patient’s age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits, physical activity, history of cardiovascular [...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus influences several important hemorheological parameters including blood viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation and deformability. In the present study, 159 type-2 diabetic patients and 25 healthy controls were involved. Patient’s age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits, physical activity, history of cardiovascular diseases, current antidiabetic therapy and concomitant medication were recorded. Patients were grouped according to their antidiabetic treatment with insulin, or with one or more of the following antidiabetic drugs: metformin, sulfonylureas, acarbose, or no antidiabetic therapy. Hemorheological measurements (hematocrit, erythrocyte aggregation, plasma fibrinogen, whole blood and plasma viscosity), von Willebrand factor activity, and platelet aggregation measurements were performed. Platelet aggregation was investigated with the method of Born. Plasma viscosity and red blood cell aggregation were significatly higher in diabetes. No significant difference was found in hemorheological parameters between different antidiabetic regimens. Whole blood and plasma viscosity and red blood cell aggregation correlated with glucose levels but not with HbA1C levels. In conclusion, plasma and whole blood viscosity, as well as red blood cell aggregation appear to be associated with concurrent hyperglycemia, but not with the quality of glycemic control or the applied antidiabetic treatment. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP or epinephrine does not seem to be associated with diabetes even at subthreshold doses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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11 pages, 1030 KiB  
Article
Central and Peripheral Oxygen Distribution in Two Different Modes of Interval Training
by Korbinian Sebastian Hermann Ksoll, Alexander Mühlberger and Fabian Stöcker
Metabolites 2021, 11(11), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110790 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
In high-intensity interval training the interval duration can be adjusted to optimize training results in oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and local oxygen supply. This study aimed to compare these variables in two interval trainings (long intervals HIIT3m: 3 min work, 3 min active [...] Read more.
In high-intensity interval training the interval duration can be adjusted to optimize training results in oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and local oxygen supply. This study aimed to compare these variables in two interval trainings (long intervals HIIT3m: 3 min work, 3 min active rest vs. short intervals HIIT30s: 30 s work, 30 s active rest) at the same overall work rate and training duration. 24 participants accomplished both protocols, (work: 80% power output at VO2peak, relief: 85% power output at gas exchange threshold) in randomized order. Spirometry, impedance cardiography, and near-infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the physiological stress of the cardiopulmonary system and muscle tissue. Although times above gas exchange threshold were shorter in HIIT3m (HIIT3m 1669.9 ± 310.9 s vs. HIIT30s 1769.5 ± 189.0 s, p = 0.034), both protocols evoked similar average fractional utilization of VO2peak (HIIT3m 65.23 ± 4.68% VO2peak vs. HIIT30s 64.39 ± 6.78% VO2peak, p = 0.261). However, HIIT3m resulted in higher cardiovascular responses during the loaded phases (VO2p < 0.001, cardiac output p < 0.001). Local hemodynamics were not different between both protocols. Average physiological responses were not different in both protocols owning to incomplete rests in HIIT30s and large response amplitudes in HIIT3m. Despite lower acute cardiovascular stress in HIIT30s, short submaximal intervals may also trigger microvascular and metabolic adaptions similar to HIIT3m. Therefore, the adaption of interval duration is an important tool to adjust the goals of interval training to the needs of the athlete or patient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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13 pages, 1156 KiB  
Article
Hematological, Micro-Rheological, and Metabolic Changes Modulated by Local Ischemic Pre- and Post-Conditioning in Rat Limb Ischemia-Reperfusion
by Csaba Korei, Balazs Szabo, Adam Varga, Barbara Barath, Adam Deak, Erzsebet Vanyolos, Zoltan Hargitai, Ilona Kovacs, Norbert Nemeth and Katalin Peto
Metabolites 2021, 11(11), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110776 - 13 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1714
Abstract
In trauma and orthopedic surgery, limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) remains a great challenge. The effect of preventive protocols, including surgical conditioning approaches, is still controversial. We aimed to examine the effects of local ischemic pre-conditioning (PreC) and post-conditioning (PostC) on limb I/R. Anesthetized rats [...] Read more.
In trauma and orthopedic surgery, limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) remains a great challenge. The effect of preventive protocols, including surgical conditioning approaches, is still controversial. We aimed to examine the effects of local ischemic pre-conditioning (PreC) and post-conditioning (PostC) on limb I/R. Anesthetized rats were randomized into sham-operated (control), I/R (120-min limb ischemia with tourniquet), PreC, or PostC groups (3 × 10-min tourniquet ischemia, 10-min reperfusion intervals). Blood samples were taken before and just after the ischemia, and on the first postoperative week for testing hematological, micro-rheological (erythrocyte deformability and aggregation), and metabolic parameters. Histological samples were also taken. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values decreased, while after a temporary decrease, platelet count increased in I/R groups. Erythrocyte deformability impairment and aggregation enhancement were seen after ischemia, more obviously in the PreC group, and less in PostC. Blood pH decreased in all I/R groups. The elevation of creatinine and lactate concentration was the largest in PostC group. Histology did not reveal important differences. In conclusion, limb I/R caused micro-rheological impairment with hematological and metabolic changes. Ischemic pre- and post-conditioning had additive changes in various manners. Post-conditioning showed better micro-rheological effects. However, by these parameters it cannot be decided which protocol is better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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16 pages, 2130 KiB  
Article
Characterizing Autophagy in the Cold Ischemic Injury of Small Bowel Grafts: Evidence from Rat Jejunum
by Ibitamuno Caleb, Luca Erlitz, Vivien Telek, Mónika Vecsernyés, György Sétáló, Jr., Péter Hardi, Ildikó Takács, Gábor Jancsó and Tibor Nagy
Metabolites 2021, 11(6), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060396 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2144
Abstract
Cold ischemic injury to the intestine during preservation remains an unresolved issue in transplantation medicine. Autophagy, a cytoplasmic protein degradation pathway, is essential for metabolic adaptation to starvation, hypoxia, and ischemia. It has been implicated in the cold ischemia (CI) of other transplantable [...] Read more.
Cold ischemic injury to the intestine during preservation remains an unresolved issue in transplantation medicine. Autophagy, a cytoplasmic protein degradation pathway, is essential for metabolic adaptation to starvation, hypoxia, and ischemia. It has been implicated in the cold ischemia (CI) of other transplantable organs. This study determines the changes in intestinal autophagy evoked by cold storage and explores the effects of autophagy on ischemic grafts. Cold preservation was simulated by placing the small intestines of Wistar rats in an IGL-1 (Institute George Lopez) solution at 4 °C for varying periods (3, 6, 9, and 12 h). The extent of graft preservation injury (mucosal and cellular injury) and changes in autophagy were measured after each CI time. Subsequently, we determined the differences in apoptosis and preservation injury after activating autophagy with rapamycin or inhibiting it with 3-methyladenine. The results revealed that ischemic injury and autophagy were induced by cold storage. Autophagy peaked at 3 h and subsequently declined. After 12 h of storage, autophagic expression was reduced significantly. Additionally, enhanced intestinal autophagy by rapamycin was associated with less tissue, cellular, and apoptotic damage during and after the 12-h long preservation. After reperfusion, grafts with enhanced autophagy still presented with less injury. Inhibiting autophagy exhibited the opposite trend. These findings demonstrate intestinal autophagy changes in cold preservation. Furthermore, enhanced autophagy was protective against cold ischemia–reperfusion damage of the small bowels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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12 pages, 1542 KiB  
Article
Changes of Hematological and Hemorheological Parameters in Rabbits with Hypercholesterolemia
by Bence Tanczos, Viktoria Somogyi, Mariann Bombicz, Bela Juhasz, Norbert Nemeth and Adam Deak
Metabolites 2021, 11(4), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11040249 - 17 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2192
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, leading to endothelial dysfunction, ischemic events, and increased mortality. Numerous studies suggest the pivotal role of rheological factors in the pathology of atherosclerosis. To get a more detailed hematological and hemorheological profile in [...] Read more.
Hypercholesterolemia plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, leading to endothelial dysfunction, ischemic events, and increased mortality. Numerous studies suggest the pivotal role of rheological factors in the pathology of atherosclerosis. To get a more detailed hematological and hemorheological profile in hypercholesterolemia, we carried out an experiment on rabbits. Animals were divided into two groups: the control group (Control) was kept on normal rabbit chow, the high-cholesterol diet group (HC) was fed with special increased cholesterol-containing food. Hematological parameters (Sysmex K-4500 automate), whole blood and plasma viscosity (Hevimet-40 capillary viscometer), red blood cell (RBC) aggregation (Myrenne MA-1 aggregometer), deformability and mechanical stability (LoRRca MaxSis Osmoscan ektacytometer) were tested. The white blood cell and platelet count, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were significantly higher in the HC group, while the RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values were lower than the Control data. Viscosity values corrected to 40% hematocrit were higher in the HC group. The RBC aggregation significantly increased in the HC vs. the Control. The HC group showed significantly worse results both in RBCs’ deformability and membrane stability. In conclusion, the atherogenic diet worsens the hematological and macro- and micro-rheological parameters, affecting blood flow properties and microcirculation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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Review

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30 pages, 2470 KiB  
Review
Metabolic Influences Modulating Erythrocyte Deformability and Eryptosis
by Jean-Frédéric Brun, Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie, Justine Myzia, Eric Raynaud de Mauverger and Etheresia Pretorius
Metabolites 2022, 12(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010004 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5207
Abstract
Many factors in the surrounding environment have been reported to influence erythrocyte deformability. It is likely that some influences represent reversible changes in erythrocyte rigidity that may be involved in physiological regulation, while others represent the early stages of eryptosis, i.e., the red [...] Read more.
Many factors in the surrounding environment have been reported to influence erythrocyte deformability. It is likely that some influences represent reversible changes in erythrocyte rigidity that may be involved in physiological regulation, while others represent the early stages of eryptosis, i.e., the red cell self-programmed death. For example, erythrocyte rigidification during exercise is probably a reversible physiological mechanism, while the alterations of red blood cells (RBCs) observed in pathological conditions (inflammation, type 2 diabetes, and sickle-cell disease) are more likely to lead to eryptosis. The splenic clearance of rigid erythrocytes is the major regulator of RBC deformability. The physicochemical characteristics of the surrounding environment (thermal injury, pH, osmolality, oxidative stress, and plasma protein profile) also play a major role. However, there are many other factors that influence RBC deformability and eryptosis. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the various elements and circulating molecules that might influence RBCs and modify their deformability: purinergic signaling, gasotransmitters such as nitric oxide (NO), divalent cations (magnesium, zinc, and Fe2+), lactate, ketone bodies, blood lipids, and several circulating hormones. Meal composition (caloric and carbohydrate intake) also modifies RBC deformability. Therefore, RBC deformability appears to be under the influence of many factors. This suggests that several homeostatic regulatory loops adapt the red cell rigidity to the physiological conditions in order to cope with the need for oxygen or fuel delivery to tissues. Furthermore, many conditions appear to irreversibly damage red cells, resulting in their destruction and removal from the blood. These two categories of modifications to erythrocyte deformability should thus be differentiated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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12 pages, 1136 KiB  
Review
Effect of Exercise on Brain Health: The Potential Role of Lactate as a Myokine
by Takeshi Hashimoto, Hayato Tsukamoto, Soichi Ando and Shigehiko Ogoh
Metabolites 2021, 11(12), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120813 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7383
Abstract
It has been well established in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials that habitual exercise is beneficial for brain health, such as cognition and mental health. Generally, it may be reasonable to say that the physiological benefits of acute exercise can prevent brain [...] Read more.
It has been well established in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials that habitual exercise is beneficial for brain health, such as cognition and mental health. Generally, it may be reasonable to say that the physiological benefits of acute exercise can prevent brain disorders in late life if such exercise is habitually/chronically conducted. However, the mechanisms of improvement in brain function via chronic exercise remain incompletely understood because such mechanisms are assumed to be multifactorial, such as the adaptation of repeated acute exercise. This review postulates that cerebral metabolism may be an important physiological factor that determines brain function. Among metabolites, the provision of lactate to meet elevated neural activity and regulate the cerebrovascular system and redox states in response to exercise may be responsible for exercise-enhanced brain health. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the influence of exercise on brain health, particularly cognitive performance, with the underlying mechanisms by means of lactate. Regarding the influence of chronic exercise on brain function, the relevance of exercise intensity and modality, particularly high-intensity interval exercise, is acknowledged to induce “metabolic myokine” (i.e., lactate) for brain health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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14 pages, 1373 KiB  
Review
Translational Application of Fluorescent Molecular Probes for the Detection of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Associated with Intestinal Reperfusion Injury
by Gustavo Sampaio de Holanda, Samuel dos Santos Valença, Amabile Maran Carra, Renata Cristina Lopes Lichtenberger, Bianca de Castilho, Olavo Borges Franco, João Alfredo de Moraes and Alberto Schanaider
Metabolites 2021, 11(12), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120802 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
Acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by an abrupt interruption of blood flow in the mesenteric vessels, is associated with high mortality. When treated with surgical interventions or drugs to re-open the vascular lumen, the reperfusion process itself can inflict damage to the intestinal wall. [...] Read more.
Acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by an abrupt interruption of blood flow in the mesenteric vessels, is associated with high mortality. When treated with surgical interventions or drugs to re-open the vascular lumen, the reperfusion process itself can inflict damage to the intestinal wall. Ischemia and reperfusion injury comprise complex mechanisms involving disarrangement of the splanchnic microcirculatory flow and impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain due to initial hypoxemia and subsequent oxidative stress during the reperfusion phase. This pathophysiologic process results in the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, which damage deoxyribonucleic acid, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates by autophagy, mitoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis. Fluorescence-based systems using molecular probes have emerged as highly effective tools to monitor the concentrations and locations of these often short-lived ROS and RNS. The timely and accurate detection of both ROS and RNS by such an approach would help to identify early injury events associated with ischemia and reperfusion and increase overall clinical diagnostic sensitivity. This abstract describes the pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia and reperfusion and the early biological laboratory diagnosis using fluorescent molecular probes anticipating clinical decisions in the face of an extremely morbid disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemorheology and Metabolism)
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