Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III)

A special issue of Membranes (ISSN 2077-0375). This special issue belongs to the section "Membrane Processing and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 34456

Special Issue Editors

Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
Interests: ion exchange membranes (monopoler, bipoler) and processes (electrodialysis, dialisis, etc.); transport phenomena in systems with ion exchange membranes (IEMs); concentration polarization, limiting current, coupled phenomena of concentration polarization (water splitting, electroconvection, gravitation convection, etc.); chemical reactions coupled with ions transfer in ampholyte (phosphates, ammonium, aminoacids, proteins, etc.) contaning IEM systems; IEMs fouling; IEM modification; IEM characterization (specific electrical conductivity, diffusion permeability, perselectivity, transport numbers, structure–properties relationship, current–voltage characteristics, chronopotentiommetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, mass transfer characteristics, etc.); experimental techniques development for IEM and membrane system investigation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
Interests: ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and electrodialysis processes; transport phenomena in systems with IEMs; concentration polarization; limiting current; coupled phenomena of concentration polarization (water splitting, electroconvection, gravitation convection, etc.); hydrodynamics; mathematical modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Ion exchange membranes and processes related to their use are very attractive for the development of low reagent and environmentally friendly technologies for purification, separation, and concentration of various substances.

The aim of this Special Issue is to obtain a holistic picture of the latest advances in the synthesis of new ion exchange materials, the modification of known and experimental ion exchange membranes, the experimental and theoretical study of their characteristics, and the use of these membranes in various processes.

The scope of the Special Issue include but not limited to:

  • Commercial, experimental, and modified ion exchange membranes (monopolar, bipolar, mosaic, composite, multilayer; organic, inorganic; homogeneous, heterogeneous, etc.);
  • Their transport characteristics and structure–property relationships;
  • The concentration polarization and coupled phenomena (water splitting, electroconvection, gravitational convection, etc.) that occur when an electric field is applied;
  • The behavior of ion exchange membranes in various processes (dialysis, electrodialysis, electrolysis, capacitive deionization, fuel cells, microfluidic devices, bioreactors, potentiometric sensors, etc.);
  • Ion exchange membrane fouling, scaling and ways to counter these phenomena;
  • New methods of studying the properties of ion exchange membranes and membrane systems;
  • New areas for the application of ion exchange membranes.

Note: The Special Issue offers 500 CHF discounts (Original APC: 1800 CHF) for all participants of “Ion transport in organic and inorganic membranes, I.T.I.M. 2021, Sochi, Russia”.

Prof. Dr. Natalia Pismenskaya
Dr. Semyon Mareev
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6694 KiB  
Article
Sessile Drop Method: Critical Analysis and Optimization for Measuring the Contact Angle of an Ion-Exchange Membrane Surface
by Maria Ponomar, Ekaterina Krasnyuk, Dmitrii Butylskii, Victor Nikonenko, Yaoming Wang, Chenxiao Jiang, Tongwen Xu and Natalia Pismenskaya
Membranes 2022, 12(8), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080765 - 04 Aug 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7014
Abstract
The contact angle between a membrane surface and a waterdrop lying on its surface provides important information about the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the membrane. This method is well-developed for solid non-swelling materials. However, ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are gel-like solids that swell in liquids. When [...] Read more.
The contact angle between a membrane surface and a waterdrop lying on its surface provides important information about the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the membrane. This method is well-developed for solid non-swelling materials. However, ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are gel-like solids that swell in liquids. When an IEM is exposed to air, its degree of swelling changes rapidly, making it difficult to measure the contact angle. In this paper, we examine the known experience of measuring contact angles and suggest a simple equipment that allows the membrane to remain swollen during measurements. An optimized protocol makes it possible to obtain reliable and reproducible results. Measuring parameters such as drop size, water dosing speed and others are optimized. Contact angle measurements are shown for a large number of commercial membranes. These data are supplemented with values from other surface characteristics from optical and profilometric measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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17 pages, 4036 KiB  
Article
Desalination of Neutral Amino Acid Solutions in an Electromembrane System
by Tatiana Eliseeva and Anastasiia Kharina
Membranes 2022, 12(7), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12070665 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1593
Abstract
This article’s main focus is to highlight significant aspects of amino acid solution demineralization. The main part of the amino acid production method requires the provision of downstream treatment solutions for the process of desalination. Electrodialysis (ED) and electrodeionization (EDI) are prospective technologies [...] Read more.
This article’s main focus is to highlight significant aspects of amino acid solution demineralization. The main part of the amino acid production method requires the provision of downstream treatment solutions for the process of desalination. Electrodialysis (ED) and electrodeionization (EDI) are prospective technologies for such treatment. The article presents a brief review of the first studies and current research on electromembrane desalination of amino acid solutions as well as the analysis of some electrochemical features for the mineral salt–amino acid system (model solution) in an ED process based on the experimental results. The influence of various factors on the desalination of neutral amino acid-containing solutions and on target product losses in this process is estimated. The behavior of aliphatic (alanine) and aromatic (phenylalanine) amino acids in the electromembrane system is considered in mixed solutions with inorganic electrolytes. The influence of various mineral cations (Na+, K+ and NH4+) and anions (NO3, SO42−, Cl) on the features of the transport and current–voltage characteristics of ion-exchange membranes in the electrodialysis of phenylalanine- and alanine-containing solutions is considered. A comparative analysis of the desalination parameters of AA solutions in electrodialysis with the following pairs of heterogeneous MA-41/MK-40, MA-40/MK-40 and homogeneous AMT/CMT membranes is carried out. The minimum amount of amino acid loss along with rather high values of the degree of desalination are revealed in electrodialysis with polypropylene spacers in comparison with EDI, ED with a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene as spacer, as well as ED with a smooth deionization channel. At the same time, EDI is the most promising method to reach the highest desalination degree in the considered range of mineral salt content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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18 pages, 2501 KiB  
Article
A New Method Based on a Zero Gap Electrolysis Cell for Producing Bleach: Concept Validation
by Rihab Belhadj Ammar, Takoua Ounissi, Lassaad Baklouti, Christian Larchet, Lasâad Dammak, Arthur Mofakhami and Emna Selmane Belhadj Hmida
Membranes 2022, 12(6), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060602 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2594
Abstract
Commercial bleach (3.6 wt% active chlorine) is prepared by diluting highly concentrated industrial solutions of sodium hypochlorite (about 13 wt% active chlorine) obtained mainly by bubbling chlorine gas into dilute caustic soda. The chlorine and soda used are often obtained by electrolyzing a [...] Read more.
Commercial bleach (3.6 wt% active chlorine) is prepared by diluting highly concentrated industrial solutions of sodium hypochlorite (about 13 wt% active chlorine) obtained mainly by bubbling chlorine gas into dilute caustic soda. The chlorine and soda used are often obtained by electrolyzing a sodium chloride solution in two-compartment cells (chlorine-soda processes). On a smaller scale, small units used for swimming pool water treatment, for example, allow the production of low-concentration bleach (0.3 to 1 wt% active chlorine) by use of a direct electrolysis of sodium chloride brine. The oxidation and degradation reaction of hypochlorite ion (ClO) at the anode is the major limiting element of this two-compartment process. In this study, we have developed a new process to obtain higher levels of active chlorine up to 3.6%, or 12° chlorometric degree. For this purpose, we tested a device consisting of a zero-gap electrolysis cell, with three compartments separated by a pair of membranes that can be porous or ion-exchange. The idea is to generate in the anode compartment hypochlorous acid (HClO) at high levels by continuously adjusting its pH to a value between 4.5 and 5.5. In the cathodic compartment, caustic soda is obtained, while the central compartment is supplied with brine. The hypochlorous acid solution is then neutralized with a concentrated solution of NaOH to obtain bleach. In this work, we studied several membrane couples that allowed us to optimize the operating conditions and to obtain bleach with contents close to 1.8 wt% of active chlorine. The results obtained according to the properties of the membranes, their durability, and the imposed electrochemical conditions were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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14 pages, 3158 KiB  
Article
Lithium-Sodium Separation by a Lithium Composite Membrane Used in Electrodialysis Process: Concept Validation
by Takoua Ounissi, Rihab Belhadj Ammar, Christian Larchet, Lobna Chaabane, Lassaad Baklouti, Lasâad Dammak and Emna Selmane Bel Hadj Hmida
Membranes 2022, 12(2), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020244 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3550
Abstract
The recent expansion of global Lithium Ion Battery (LIBs) production has generated a significant stress on the lithium demand. One of the means to produce this element is its extraction from different aqueous sources (salars, geothermal water etc.). However, the presence of other [...] Read more.
The recent expansion of global Lithium Ion Battery (LIBs) production has generated a significant stress on the lithium demand. One of the means to produce this element is its extraction from different aqueous sources (salars, geothermal water etc.). However, the presence of other mono- and divalent cations makes this extraction relatively complex. Herein, we propose lithium-sodium separation by an electrodialysis (ED) process using a Lithium Composite Membrane (LCM), whose effectiveness was previously demonstrated by a Diffusion Dialysis process (previous work). LCM performances in terms of lithium Recovery Ratio (RR(Li+)) and Selectivity (S(Li/Na)) were investigated using different Li+/Na+ reconstituted solutions and two ED cells: a two-compartment cell was chosen for its simplicity, and a four-compartment one was selected for its potential to isolate the redox reactions at the electrodes. We demonstrated that the four-compartment cell use was advantageous since it provided membrane protection from protons and gases generated by the electrodes but that membrane selectivity was negatively affected. The impact of the applied current density and the concentration ratio of Na+ and Li+ in the feed compartment ([Na+]F/[Li+]F) were tested using the four-compartment cell. We showed that increasing the current density led to an improvement of RR(Li+) but to a reduction in the LCM selectivity towards Li+. Increasing the [Na+]F/[Li+]F ratios to 10 had a positive effect on the membrane performance. However, for high values of this ratio, both RR(Li+) and S(Li/Na) decreased. The optimal results were obtained at [Na+]F/[Li+]F near 10, where we succeeded in extracting more than 10% of the initial Li+ concentration with a selectivity value around 112 after 4 h of ED experiment at 0.5 mA·cm−2. Thus, we can objectively estimate that the concept of this selective extraction of Li+ from a mixture even when concentrated in Na+ using an ED process was validated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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19 pages, 6357 KiB  
Article
Formation of Nanowires of Various Types in the Process of Galvanic Deposition of Iron Group Metals into the Pores of a Track Membrane
by Dmitri Zagorskiy, Ilia Doludenko, Olga Zhigalina, Dmitrii Khmelenin and Vladimir Kanevskiy
Membranes 2022, 12(2), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020195 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1309
Abstract
The processes of formation of one-dimensional nanostructures by the method of matrix synthesis was studied in this work. Nanowires (NWs) from magnetic metals of iron-group and copper (3-d metals) were synthesized in the pores of matrix-track membranes by galvanic deposition. NWs with both [...] Read more.
The processes of formation of one-dimensional nanostructures by the method of matrix synthesis was studied in this work. Nanowires (NWs) from magnetic metals of iron-group and copper (3-d metals) were synthesized in the pores of matrix-track membranes by galvanic deposition. NWs with both homogeneous elemental distribution (alloys) and with periodically alternating parts with different composition (layers) were obtained in matrices with different pore diameters and under different parameters of the galvanic process. The transport of ions, which determined the growth of wires, in pores of different sizes was analyzed. The influence of the size of pore channels on the features of NWs growth, the correlation between the elemental composition of the NWs and the growth electrolyte, as well as the influence of the growth conditions (voltage and pore diameter) were investigated. Approaches to formation of thin layers in layered NWs were studied. This included the choice of methods for controlling the pulse duration, slowing down the growth rate by the dilution of the solution, the use of additives and the work with reference electrode. The study of NWs was carried out using visualization and analysis of their structure using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, electron diffraction, energy dispersive analysis, and elemental mapping. For the studied types of samples, a relationship was established between the growth conditions and the structure. This data raises the possibility of varying the magnetic properties of NWs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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20 pages, 4522 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Pulsed Electric Field Mode and Solution Flow Rate on Protein Fouling during Bipolar Membrane Electroacidificaiton of Caseinate Solution
by Vladlen Nichka, Semyon Mareev, Natalia Pismenskaya, Victor Nikonenko and Laurent Bazinet
Membranes 2022, 12(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020193 - 06 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1426
Abstract
A one-dimensional non-stationary model was developed for a better understanding of the protein fouling formation mechanism during electroacidification of caseinate solution using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) in pulsed electric field (PEF) mode. Four different PEF modes were investigated with pulse–pause durations of [...] Read more.
A one-dimensional non-stationary model was developed for a better understanding of the protein fouling formation mechanism during electroacidification of caseinate solution using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) in pulsed electric field (PEF) mode. Four different PEF modes were investigated with pulse–pause durations of 10–10 s, 10–20 s, 10–33 s, 10–50 s. For each current mode 3 different flow rates were considered, corresponding to Reynolds numbers, Re, equal to 187, 374 and 560. The processes are considered in the diffusion boundary layer between the surface of the cation-exchange layer of bipolar membrane and bulk solution of the desalination compartment. The Nernst–Planck and material balance equation systems describe the ion transport. The electroneutrality condition and equilibrium chemical reactions are taken into account. The calculation results using the developed model are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data obtained during the previous experimental part of the study. It is confirmed that both the electrical PEF mode and the flow rate have a significant effect on the thickness (and mass) of the protein fouling during EDBM. Moreover, the choice of the electric current mode has the main impact on the fouling formation rate; an increase in the PEF pause duration leads to a decrease in the amount of fouling. It was shown that an increase in the PEF pause duration from 10 s to 50 s, in combination with an increase in Reynolds number (the flow rate) from 187 to 560, makes it possible to reduce synergistically the mass of protein deposits from 6 to 1.3 mg/cm2, which corresponds to a 78% decrease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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13 pages, 1502 KiB  
Article
Removal of Excess Alkali from Sodium Naphthenate Solution by Electrodialysis Using Bilayer Membranes for Subsequent Conversion to Naphthenic Acids
by Aslan Achoh, Ilya Petriev and Stanislav Melnikov
Membranes 2021, 11(12), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120980 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2141
Abstract
The processing of solutions containing sodium salts of naphthenic acids (sodium naphthenate) is in high demand due to the high value of the latter. Such solutions usually include an excessive amount of alkali and a pH of around 13. Bipolar electrodialysis can convert [...] Read more.
The processing of solutions containing sodium salts of naphthenic acids (sodium naphthenate) is in high demand due to the high value of the latter. Such solutions usually include an excessive amount of alkali and a pH of around 13. Bipolar electrodialysis can convert sodium naphthenates into naphthenic acids; however, until pH 6.5, the naphthenic acids are not released from the solution. The primary process leading to a decrease in pH is the removal of excess alkali that implies that some part of electricity is wasted. In this work, we propose a technique for the surface modification of anion-exchange membranes with sulfonated polyetheretherketone, with the formation of bilayer membranes that are resistant to poisoning by the naphthenate anions. We investigated the electrochemical properties of the obtained membranes and their efficiency in a laboratory electrodialyzer. Modified membranes have better electrical conductivity, a high current efficiency for hydroxyl ions, and a low tendency to poisoning than the commercial membrane MA-41. We propose that the primary current carrier is the hydroxyl ion in both electromembrane systems with the MA-41 and MA-41M membranes. At the same time, for the modified MA-41M membrane, the concentration of hydroxyl ions in the anion-exchanger phase is higher than in the MA-41 membrane, which leads to almost five-fold higher values of the specific permeability coefficient. The MA-41M membranes are resistant to poisoning by naphthenic acids anions during at least six cycles of processing of the sodium naphthenate solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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16 pages, 2884 KiB  
Article
Development of Cd (II) Ion Probe Based on Novel Polyaniline-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane Composite
by Raja S. Alruwais, Waheed A. Adeosun, Amjad E. Alsafrani, Hadi M. Marwani, Abdullah M. Asiri, Imran Khan, Mohammad Jawaid and Anish Khan
Membranes 2021, 11(11), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110853 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1831
Abstract
Cadmium belongs to the group of potentially toxic metals that have high health and environmental significance. Due to its adverse effects on the environment, this study develops an effective electrochemical sensor for detecting a polyaniline-multiwalled carbon nanotube-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (PANI-MWCNT-APTES) substrate cast on the GCE. [...] Read more.
Cadmium belongs to the group of potentially toxic metals that have high health and environmental significance. Due to its adverse effects on the environment, this study develops an effective electrochemical sensor for detecting a polyaniline-multiwalled carbon nanotube-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (PANI-MWCNT-APTES) substrate cast on the GCE. The as-prepared PANI-MWCNT-APTES was prepared by a wet chemical method, and its formation was investigated using several techniques. As a result, the prepared material exhibited a limit of detection of 0.015 µM for cadmium ions (Cd2+) in the linear dynamic range of 0.05 µM to 50 µM. Furthermore, the PANI-MWCNT-APTES-modified GCE current response was stable, repeatable, reproducible, and short. In addition, PANI-MWCNT-APTES/GCE was harnessed for the first time for cadmium detection in real water samples, and the result was satisfactory. Therefore, the recorded results suggest that the newly designed PANI-MWCNT-APTES is a promising material for detecting Cd in the near future for human health and environmental protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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13 pages, 3222 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Plasticizers on the Polypyrrole-Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Conducting Polymer Electrolyte and Its Application in Semi-Transparent Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
by KM Manikandan, Arunagiri Yelilarasi, SS Saravanakumar, Raed H. Althomali, Anish Khan, Khamael M. Abualnaja, Dalal Alhashmialameer and MA Hussein
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100791 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
In this work, the quasi-solid-state polymer electrolyte containing poly(vinyl alcohol)-polypyrrole as a polymer host, potassium iodide (KI), iodine (I2), and different plasticizers (EC, PC, GBL, and DBP) was successfully prepared via the solution casting technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was [...] Read more.
In this work, the quasi-solid-state polymer electrolyte containing poly(vinyl alcohol)-polypyrrole as a polymer host, potassium iodide (KI), iodine (I2), and different plasticizers (EC, PC, GBL, and DBP) was successfully prepared via the solution casting technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the interaction between the polymer and the plasticizer. X-ray diffraction confirmed the reduction of crystallinity in the polymer electrolyte by plasticizer doping. The ethylene carbonate-based polymer electrolyte showed maximum electrical conductivity of 0.496 S cm−1. The lowest activation energy of 0.863 kJ mol−1 was obtained for the EC-doped polymer electrolyte. The lowest charge transfer resistance Rct1 was due to a faster charge transfer at the counter electrode/electrolyte interface. The polymer electrolyte containing the EC plasticizer exhibited an average roughness of 23.918 nm. A photo-conversion efficiency of 4.19% was recorded in the DSSC with the EC-doped polymer electrolyte under the illumination of 100 mWcm−2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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12 pages, 15889 KiB  
Article
Recycling Lithium from Waste Lithium Bromide to Produce Lithium Hydroxide
by Wenjie Gao, Xinlai Wei, Jun Chen, Jie Jin, Ke Wu, Wenwen Meng and Keke Wang
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100759 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2344
Abstract
Lithium resources face risks of shortages owing to the rapid development of the lithium industry. This makes the efficient production and recycling of lithium an issue that should be addressed immediately. Lithium bromide is widely used as a water-absorbent material, a humidity regulator, [...] Read more.
Lithium resources face risks of shortages owing to the rapid development of the lithium industry. This makes the efficient production and recycling of lithium an issue that should be addressed immediately. Lithium bromide is widely used as a water-absorbent material, a humidity regulator, and an absorption refrigerant in the industry. However, there are few studies on the recovery of lithium from lithium bromide after disposal. In this paper, a bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) process is proposed to convert waste lithium bromide into lithium hydroxide, with the generation of valuable hydrobromic acid as a by-product. The effects of the current density, the feed salt concentration, and the initial salt chamber volume on the performance of the BMED process were studied. When the reaction conditions were optimized, it was concluded that an initial salt chamber volume of 200 mL and a salt concentration of 0.3 mol/L provided the maximum benefit. A high current density leads to high energy consumption but with high current efficiency; therefore, the optimum current density was identified as 30 mA/cm2. Under the optimized conditions, the total economic cost of the BMED process was calculated as 2.243 USD·kg−1LiOH. As well as solving the problem of recycling waste lithium bromide, the process also represents a novel production methodology for lithium hydroxide. Given the prices of lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid, the process is both environmentally friendly and economical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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11 pages, 4333 KiB  
Article
Features of Thermomechanical Stability of Anionic–Cation Exchange Matrix “Polikon AC” on Viscose Non-Woven Materials
by Denis Terin, Marina Kardash, Sergey Korchagin, Sergey Tsyplyayev, Vladimir Cherkasov and Tamara Druzhinina
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100734 - 27 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1527
Abstract
The thermomechanical stability of the anion–cation exchange matrix “Polikon AC” on viscose nonwoven materials is investigated. In this work, a molecular model of a solvation environment for experimentally obtained “Polikon AC” mosaic membranes is refined. Mosaic membranes on a viscose fiber base were [...] Read more.
The thermomechanical stability of the anion–cation exchange matrix “Polikon AC” on viscose nonwoven materials is investigated. In this work, a molecular model of a solvation environment for experimentally obtained “Polikon AC” mosaic membranes is refined. Mosaic membranes on a viscose fiber base were fabricated by the method of polycondensation filling. The temperature dependence of deformation was investigated for dry and wet anion and cation exchange membrane components at a constant tensile load of 1.5 N and a heating rate of 8 °C/min. The effect of moisture content on the deformation of anionite and cationite fragments under a constant external tensile load of 1.5 and 3 N in a temperature range up to 100 °C was studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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16 pages, 2039 KiB  
Article
Response Surface Methodology for Boron Removal by Donnan Dialysis: Doehlert Experimental Design
by Ikhlass Marzouk Trifi, Lobna Chaabane, Lasâad Dammak, Lassaad Baklouti and Béchir Hamrouni
Membranes 2021, 11(10), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100731 - 25 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2167
Abstract
The removal of boron by Donnan dialysis from aqueous solutions has been studied according to response surface methodology (RSM). First, a preliminary study was performed with two membranes (AFN and ACS) in order to determine the experimental field based on different parameters, such [...] Read more.
The removal of boron by Donnan dialysis from aqueous solutions has been studied according to response surface methodology (RSM). First, a preliminary study was performed with two membranes (AFN and ACS) in order to determine the experimental field based on different parameters, such as the pH of the feed compartment, the concentration of counter-ions in the receiver compartment, and the concentration of boron in the feed compartment. The best removal rate of boron was 75% with the AFN membrane, but only 48% with the ACS membrane. Then, a full-factor design was developed to determine the influence of these parameters and their interactions on the removal of boron by Donnan dialysis. The pH of the feed compartment was found to be the most important parameter. The RSM was applied according to the Doehlert model to determine the optimum conditions ([B] = 66 mg/L, pH = 11.6 and [Cl] = 0.5 mol/L) leading to 88.8% of boron removal with an AFN membrane. The use of the RSM can be considered a good solution to determine the optimum condition for 13.8% compared to the traditional “one-at-a-time” method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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Review

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49 pages, 14668 KiB  
Review
Recovery of Nutrients from Residual Streams Using Ion-Exchange Membranes: Current State, Bottlenecks, Fundamentals and Innovations
by Natalia Pismenskaya, Kseniia Tsygurina and Victor Nikonenko
Membranes 2022, 12(5), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050497 - 04 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3298
Abstract
The review describes the place of membrane methods in solving the problem of the recovery and re-use of biogenic elements (nutrients), primarily trivalent nitrogen NIII and pentavalent phosphorus PV, to provide the sustainable development of mankind. Methods for the recovery [...] Read more.
The review describes the place of membrane methods in solving the problem of the recovery and re-use of biogenic elements (nutrients), primarily trivalent nitrogen NIII and pentavalent phosphorus PV, to provide the sustainable development of mankind. Methods for the recovery of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphates from natural sources and waste products of humans and animals, as well as industrial streams, are classified. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of using membrane processes for the transition to a circular economy in the field of nutrients. The possibilities of different methods, already developed or under development, are evaluated, primarily those that use ion-exchange membranes. Electromembrane methods take a special place including capacitive deionization and electrodialysis applied for recovery, separation, concentration, and reagent-free pH shift of solutions. This review is distinguished by the fact that it summarizes not only the successes, but also the “bottlenecks” of ion-exchange membrane-based processes. Modern views on the mechanisms of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphate transport in ion-exchange membranes in the presence and in the absence of an electric field are discussed. The innovations to enhance the performance of electromembrane separation processes for phosphate and ammonium recovery are considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion-Exchange Membranes and Processes (Volume III))
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