Dear Colleagues,

Bladder cancer (BCa) remains the most common malignancy of the urinary tract. At diagnosis, the majority of BCa cases are confined to the mucosa (NMIBCa) and require conservative, transurethral management, while the rest invade the muscle layer (MIBCa) of the bladder wall and may be the subject of radical treatment combined with systemic therapy.

More than two thirds of NMIBCas recur and require continuous surveillance. The policy is based upon repeated cystoscopies whose intensity parallels the risk profile of the disease. To prevent progression in those with high-risk features, adjuvant intravesical BCG instillations are applied.

The mainstay therapy for MIBCa is radical cystectomy (RC) combined with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Although systemic therapy prolongs the survival of patients subjected to RC, one third of them do not respond to chemotherapy and the subsequent delay in surgery may comprise their oncological outcome. Novel treatment modalities are being tested in a perioperative setting and the results of the studies are eagerly awaited.

The following issues associated with key aspects of complex bladder cancer treatment are currently under investigation:

- urinary biomarkers to supplant cystoscopy;

- predictors of BCG response;

- novel agents in BCG failure patients;

- molecular division of MIBCa; and

- novel forms of perioperative treatment.

In this Special Issue, the authors will answer these and other questions concerning bladder cancer therapy.

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• bladder cancer
• cystoscopy
• biomarkers
• immunotherapy
• transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT)
• radical cystectomy
• perioperative treatment
• molecular profiling
• gender diversities
• second resection (reTUR)