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Medicina
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Update of Urolithiasis and Treatment
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Update of Urolithiasis and Treatment

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Urology & Nephrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 10221

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dong Hyuk Kang

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Guest Editor
Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
Interests: urolithiasis; minimal invasive stone surgery; medical expulsive therapy; extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
Dr. Hae Do Jung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Urology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
Interests: retrograde intrarenal surgery; minimal invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy; laparoscopic/robotic stone surgery; pharmacological stone prevention

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The incidence of urolithiasis is increasing globally, with approximately 10–15% of patients experiencing urolithiasis during their lifetime. Additionally, the recurrence rate is very high, reaching about 50% within the past 10 years. Urolithiasis presents a very clinically important disease that can lead to renal colic, hematuria, or UTIs and cause serious complications, such as renal dysfunction or sepsis.

The treatment of urolithiasis has advanced remarkably over the past few decades and is still improving. Research on metabolic tests or drug treatment aiming to reduce the incidence or recurrence rate of this disease has been actively conducted, and drug research for medical expulsive therapy has also progressed significantly. Surgery has progressed due to the development of endoscopic equipment such as the ureterorenoscope and nephroscope; lithotripters, including lasers; and essential surgical equipment, such as stone baskets, guidewire, and access sheaths. In addition, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has been continuously advanced through the development of lithotripsy and research on appropriate indications and shock wave frequency and time.

This Special Issue aims to provide an updated overview of urolithiasis and its treatment; to this end, we are inviting researchers from all over the world to submit relevant papers to this issue.

Dr. Dong Hyuk Kang
Dr. Hae Do Jung
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • percutaneous nephrolithotomy
  • shockwave lithotripsy
  • treatment
  • ureteroscopy
  • urolithiasis

Published Papers (6 papers)

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10 pages, 512 KiB  
Article
Flat Magnetic Stimulation for Urge Urinary Incontinence
by Marta Barba, Alice Cola, Giorgia Rezzan, Clarissa Costa, Ilaria Re, Silvia Volontè, Stefano Terzoni, Matteo Frigerio and Serena Maruccia
Medicina 2023, 59(11), 1999; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59111999 - 14 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1061
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Strategies for overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) management involve, among others, strengthening the bladder outlet to suppress urgency and neuromodulating the sacral roots. Magnetic stimulation (MS) is a technology that involves an extracorporeal device that is able to provide an [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Strategies for overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) management involve, among others, strengthening the bladder outlet to suppress urgency and neuromodulating the sacral roots. Magnetic stimulation (MS) is a technology that involves an extracorporeal device that is able to provide an electromagnetic field specifically designed to interact with pelvic floor neuromuscular tissue. The resulting tissue electrical activity induces contraction of the pelvic muscle and neuromodulation of the S2–S4 sacral roots. Flat Magnetic Stimulation (FMS) is a relevant advancement involving homogeneous electromagnetic fields, which are able to optimize the effect on the entire pelvic area. However, the benefits of this new technology for OAB syndrome are poorly known. Consequently, the aim of our study is to analyze the outcomes and quality of life (QoL) impact of FMS with Dr. Arnold (DEKA, Calenzano, Italy) in women suffering from OAB syndrome associated with urinary incontinence. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included patients with OAB, urge urinary incontinence, and no ongoing OAB treatments. At baseline (T0), the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7), the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-19), and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) were collected. Patients underwent 8 FMS sessions of 25 min each in one month. At the termination of the therapy (T1), women repeated the ICIQ-UI SF, FSFI-19, and IIQ-7 tools. Moreover, the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) questionnaire was collected to evaluate the cure rate. Results: Our study enrolled a total of 57 consecutive patients. Most women had at least one second- or third-line treatment before FMS, while the remaining naive patients had contraindications to pharmacological treatments. No women reported adverse effects during the treatment. After the treatment, we observed a decrease in the IIQ-7 (p < 0.001) and ICIQ-UI SF scores (p < 0.001) and an improvement in sexual function (p < 0.001) evaluated with FSFI-19. According to PGI-I scores, 42 (73.7%) women referred to some kind of improvement, scoring ≤ 3 points. Specifically, 8.7% of patients considered themselves very much improved, 29.8% much improved, 35.1% minimally improved, and 26.3% found no changes. FMS was effective in treating OAB symptoms without any adverse effects. The mechanism is supposed to be related to suppressing the initiation of micturition. This makes FMS a promising device for treating naive and refractory urge urinary incontinence. Conclusions: The new FMS represents a promising non-pharmacological option for the treatment of naive and refractory OAB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update of Urolithiasis and Treatment)
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11 pages, 319 KiB  
Article
The Consecutive 200 Cases of Endoscopic-Combined Intrarenal Surgery: Comparison between Standard and Miniature Surgeries
by Young Joon Moon, Kang Su Cho, Dae Chul Jung, Doo Yong Chung and Joo Yong Lee
Medicina 2023, 59(11), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59111971 - 08 Nov 2023
Viewed by 776
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is still the gold-standard treatment for large and/or complex renal stones. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) was developed with the goal of minimizing the number of access tracts of PCNL while simultaneously improving the one-step stone-free [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is still the gold-standard treatment for large and/or complex renal stones. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) was developed with the goal of minimizing the number of access tracts of PCNL while simultaneously improving the one-step stone-free rate (SFR). The aim of this study was to share the experience of the consecutive 200 cases of ECIRS in one institute and analyze surgical outcomes of mini-ECIRS and standard ECIRS. Materials and Methods: We performed ECIRS for 200 adult patients between July 2017 and January 2020. An ECIRS was performed with the patient under general anesthesia in the intermediate-supine position. Surgeries were finished using a tubeless technique with a simple ureteral stent insertion. Results: There were significant differences in the mean maximal stone length (MSL), the variation coefficient of stone density (VCSD), the linear calculus density (LCD), the Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity (S-ReSC), and the modified S-ReSC scores in stone characteristics, and estimated blood loss (EBL) and operation time in peri-operative outcomes between conventional and mini-ECIRS. After propensity-score matching, there was only a difference in EBL between the two groups. In logistic regression models, MSL [odds ratio (OR) 0.953; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.926–0.979; p < 0.001], LCD (OR 4.702; 95% CI 1.613–18.655; p = 0.013) were significant factors for the success rate after ECIRS. Conclusions: In patients who underwent a mini-ECIRS, the stones were relatively smaller and less complex, and the operation time was shorter. However, if the size of stones was similar, there was no difference in the success rate, but EBL was lower in mini-ECIRS than in standard surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update of Urolithiasis and Treatment)
10 pages, 1740 KiB  
Article
Predicting Urinary Stone Composition in Single-Use Flexible Ureteroscopic Images with a Convolutional Neural Network
by Kyung Tak Oh, Dae Young Jun, Jae Young Choi, Dae Chul Jung and Joo Yong Lee
Medicina 2023, 59(8), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59081400 - 30 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1038
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Analysis of urine stone composition is one of the most important factors in urolithiasis treatment. This study investigated whether a convolutional neural network (CNN) can show decent results in predicting urinary stone composition even in single-use flexible ureterorenoscopic (fURS) images [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Analysis of urine stone composition is one of the most important factors in urolithiasis treatment. This study investigated whether a convolutional neural network (CNN) can show decent results in predicting urinary stone composition even in single-use flexible ureterorenoscopic (fURS) images with relatively low resolution. Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively used surgical images from fURS lithotripsy performed by a single surgeon between January 2018 and December 2021. The ureterorenoscope was a single-use flexible ureteroscope (LithoVue, Boston Scientific). Among the images taken during surgery, a single image satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria was selected for each stone. Cases were divided into two groups according to whether they contained any calcium oxalate (the Calcium group) or none (the Non-calcium group). From 506 total cases, 207 stone surface images were finally included in the study. In the CNN model, the transfer learning method using Resnet-18 as a pre-trained model was used, and only endoscopic digital images and stone classification data were input to achieve minimally supervised learning. Results: There were 175 cases in the Calcium group and 32 in the Non-calcium group. After training and validation, the model was tested using the test set, and the total accuracy was 81.8%. Recall and precision of the test results were 88.2% and 88.2% in the Calcium group and 60.0% and 60.0% in the Non-calcium group, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model, which represents its classification performance, was 0.82. Conclusions: Single-use flexible ureteroscopes have financial benefits but low vision quality compared with reusable digital flexible ureteroscopes. As far as we know, this is the first artificial intelligence study using single-use fURS images. It is meaningful that the CNN performed well even under these difficult conditions because these results can further expand the possibilities of its use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update of Urolithiasis and Treatment)
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10 pages, 1621 KiB  
Article
Impact of Preoperative Ureteral Stenting in Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery for Urolithiasis
by Jae Yong Jeong, Kang Su Cho, Dae Young Jun, Young Joon Moon, Dong Hyuk Kang, Hae Do Jung and Joo Yong Lee
Medicina 2023, 59(4), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040744 - 10 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1966
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Ureteral stent insertion passively dilates the ureter. Therefore, it is sometimes used preoperatively before flexible ureterorenoscopy to make the ureter more accessible and facilitate urolithiasis passage, especially when ureteroscopic access has failed or when the ureter is expected to [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Ureteral stent insertion passively dilates the ureter. Therefore, it is sometimes used preoperatively before flexible ureterorenoscopy to make the ureter more accessible and facilitate urolithiasis passage, especially when ureteroscopic access has failed or when the ureter is expected to be tight. However, it may cause stent-related discomfort and complications. This study aimed to assess the effect of ureteral stenting prior to retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Materials and Methods: Data from patients who underwent unilateral RIRS for renal stone with the use of a ureteral access sheath from January 2016 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient characteristics, including age, sex, BMI, presence of hydronephrosis, and treated side, were recorded. Stone characteristics in terms of maximal stone length, modified Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity score, and stone composition were evaluated. Surgical outcomes, including operative time, complication rate, and stone-free rate, were compared between two groups divided by whether preoperative stenting was performed. Results: Of the 260 patients enrolled in this study, 106 patients had no preoperative stenting (stentless group), and 154 patients had stenting (stenting group). Patient characteristics except for the presence of hydronephrosis and stone composition were not statistically different between the two groups. In surgical outcomes, the stone-free rate was not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.901); however, the operation time for the stenting group was longer than that of the stentless group (44.8 ± 24.2 vs. 36.1 ± 17.6 min; p = 0.001). There were no differences in the complication rate between the two groups (p = 0.523). Conclusions: Among surgical outcomes for RIRS with a ureteral access sheath, preoperative ureteral stenting does not provide a significant advantage over non-stenting with respect to the stone-free rate and complication rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update of Urolithiasis and Treatment)
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12 pages, 2128 KiB  
Article
A New Parameter for Calcium Oxalate Stones: Impact of Linear Calculus Density on Non-Contrast Computed Tomography
by Jae Yong Jeong, Kang Su Cho, Dae Ho Kim, Dae Young Jun, Young Joon Moon and Joo Yong Lee
Medicina 2023, 59(2), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020267 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2995
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is widely used to evaluate urolithiasis. The NCCT attenuation, measured in Hounsfield units (HU), has been evaluated to predict stone characteristics. We propose a novel parameter, linear calculus density (LCD), and analyze variables from NCCT [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is widely used to evaluate urolithiasis. The NCCT attenuation, measured in Hounsfield units (HU), has been evaluated to predict stone characteristics. We propose a novel parameter, linear calculus density (LCD), and analyze variables from NCCT imaging to predict calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones, which are common and challenging to fragment. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with urolithiasis between 2014 and 2017. Among those, 790 patients were included. Based on the NCCT pre-treatment, the maximal stone length (MSL), mean stone density (MSD), and stone heterogeneity index (SHI) were obtained. In addition, the variation coefficient of stone density (VCSD = SHI/MSD × 100) and linear calculus density (LCD = VCSD/MSL) were calculated. In accordance with the stone analysis, the patients were divided into two groups (CaOx and non-CaOx groups). The logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for predictive modeling. Results: In the CaOx group, the SHI, VCSD, and LCD were more significant than in the non-CaOx group (all p < 0.001). SHI (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.001–1.004, p < 0.001), VCSD (OR 1.028, 95% CI 1.016–1.041, p < 0.001), and LCD (OR 1.352, 95% CI 1.270–1.444, p < 0.001) were significant independent factors for CaOx stones in the logistic regression models. The areas under the ROC curve for predicting CaOx stones were 0.586 for SHI, 0.66 for VCSD, and 0.739 for LCD, with a cut-point of 2.25. Conclusions: LCD can be a useful new parameter to provide additional information to help discriminate CaOx stones before treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update of Urolithiasis and Treatment)
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6 pages, 3104 KiB  
Case Report
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Combined Antegrade Flexible Ureteroscope for Complete Staghorn Stones: A Case Report of a New Concept of Stone Surgery
by Szu-Ying Pan, Chi-Ping Huang, Wen-Chi Chen, Yung-Hsiang Chen and Eric Chieh-Lung Chou
Medicina 2023, 59(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010035 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1778
Abstract
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the treatment of choice for staghorn stones. However, residual stones in calyces remain a challenge due to the limited angle which makes the approach difficult. The new operative technique of endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS), which integrates the advantages [...] Read more.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the treatment of choice for staghorn stones. However, residual stones in calyces remain a challenge due to the limited angle which makes the approach difficult. The new operative technique of endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS), which integrates the advantages of PCNL and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), was developed to overcome this difficulty. However, two experienced urologists are required to perform ECIRS, and the patient has to be placed in the Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position or modified prone split-leg position which cannot be achieved in the elderly or patients with ankylosing arthritis, as it may cause harm due to abnormal traction of the joints. In addition, it is difficult for surgeons to create an ideal access tract to perform PCNL in this position. We report the case of a 72-year-old female patient with left staghorn stone. We performed RIRS first and then placed the patient in the decubitus position for PCNL with antegrade flexible ureteroscopy. This method allows patients to be placed in an easier position, with the use of flexible ureteroscopy through a nephroscope to find previously unreachable stones. Moreover, in addition to the more comfortable position both for surgeons and patients, this procedure can also deal with large complex renal stones as with ECIRS. We also created a brand-new definition for stone clearance rate, namely, stone reduction efficiency (SRE). There was a high stone reduction efficiency of 12.64 (mm2/min) in our patient, and no complications occurred. We suggest that this procedure is an ideal alternative treatment for a huge staghorn stone instead of PCNL or ECIRS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update of Urolithiasis and Treatment)
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