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MCA
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Numerical Modelling and Simulation Applied to Head Trauma
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Numerical Modelling and Simulation Applied to Head Trauma

A special issue of Mathematical and Computational Applications (ISSN 2297-8747).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 25160

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Fábio Fernandes

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Guest Editor
1. TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
2. LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Interests: cork composites; manufacturing; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mariusz Ptak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 7/9, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: CAD; CAE; finite element/multibody simulations; brain modeling; head injury; nonlinear dynamics; pedestrian/cyclist safety; vehicle crashworthiness; injury biomechanics; accident reconstruction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Traumatic brain injury is one of the main causes of death and disability. Road traffic accidents, sports, assaults, and accidents at work and recreational activities are the major sources. In order to better understand the mechanisms of TBI, numerical models of the human head have been developed. Since the late 1970s, FE head models have been evolving from simple-unrealistic geometries to models with detailed geometric descriptions of anatomical features, with complex constitutive modelling and numerical formulations being used. Complex and accurate modelling of the human head is possible because of today’s numerical methods efficiency and increasing CPU power.

These models are a powerful tool for brain injury analysis and prevention, safety gear optimization, accidents analyses and reconstruction, forensic biomechanics, etc. These allow for an accurate computational-based prediction of brain injuries, by relating the results to medical investigations based on autopsies of corpses involved in real accidents. Numerical modelling and simulations have also been used for head-impact tests regarding standards and regulations (headforms, dummies, impact tests, etc.), as a form of optimization before real testing.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collect papers that present new contributions to the state of the art of numerical head models. This Special Issue is not limited to head models; contributions with head–neck systems are welcome. We strongly encourage accurate geometrical and material modelling, with proper contact definitions and finite element formulations. Additionally, special attention should be given to models’ efficiency, stability, and convergence, avoiding typical problems such as element locking and hourglassing. Moreover, this Special Issue fosters the development of accurate numerical tools, which can be applied to real-world scenarios such as accidents reconstructions and the optimization of safety gear. Therefore, we invite authors to submit contributions in the field of numerical modelling and simulation applied to safety standards and regulations, focusing on head impact.

Assist. Prof. Dr. Fábio Fernandes
Assist. Prof. Dr. Mariusz Ptak
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Mathematical and Computational Applications is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Editorial

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2 pages, 193 KiB  
Editorial
Numerical Modelling and Simulation Applied to Head Trauma
by Fábio A. O. Fernandes and Mariusz Ptak
Math. Comput. Appl. 2021, 26(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca26030050 - 02 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1457
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling and Simulation Applied to Head Trauma)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 8519 KiB  
Article
Computing Brain White and Grey Matter Injury Severity in a Traumatic Fall
by Christophe Bastien, Clive Neal-Sturgess, Huw Davies and Xiang Cheng
Math. Comput. Appl. 2020, 25(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca25030061 - 22 Sep 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3944
Abstract
In the real world, the severity of traumatic injuries is measured using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). However, the AIS scale cannot currently be computed by using the output from finite element human computer models, which currently rely on maximum principal strains (MPS) [...] Read more.
In the real world, the severity of traumatic injuries is measured using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). However, the AIS scale cannot currently be computed by using the output from finite element human computer models, which currently rely on maximum principal strains (MPS) to capture serious and fatal injuries. In order to overcome these limitations, a unique Organ Trauma Model (OTM) able to calculate the threat to the life of a brain model at all AIS levels is introduced. The OTM uses a power method, named Peak Virtual Power (PVP), and defines brain white and grey matter trauma responses as a function of impact location and impact speed. This research has considered ageing in the injury severity computation by including soft tissue material degradation, as well as brain volume changes due to ageing. Further, to account for the limitations of the Lagrangian formulation of the brain model in representing hemorrhage, an approach to include the effects of subdural hematoma is proposed and included as part of the predictions. The OTM model was tested against two real-life falls and has proven to correctly predict the post-mortem outcomes. This paper is a proof of concept, and pending more testing, could support forensic studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling and Simulation Applied to Head Trauma)
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14 pages, 17146 KiB  
Article
Mechanism of Coup and Contrecoup Injuries Induced by a Knock-Out Punch
by Milan Toma, Rosalyn Chan-Akeley, Christopher Lipari and Sheng-Han Kuo
Math. Comput. Appl. 2020, 25(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca25020022 - 15 Apr 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 9121
Abstract
Primary Objective: The interaction of cerebrospinal fluid with the brain parenchyma in an impact scenario is studied. Research Design: A computational fluid-structure interaction model is used to simulate the interaction of cerebrospinal fluid with a comprehensive brain model. Methods and Procedures: The method [...] Read more.
Primary Objective: The interaction of cerebrospinal fluid with the brain parenchyma in an impact scenario is studied. Research Design: A computational fluid-structure interaction model is used to simulate the interaction of cerebrospinal fluid with a comprehensive brain model. Methods and Procedures: The method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics is used to simulate the fluid flow, induced by the impact, simultaneously with finite element analysis to solve the large deformations in the brain model. Main Outcomes and Results: Mechanism of injury resulting in concussion is demonstrated. The locations with the highest stress values on the brain parenchyma are shown. Conclusions: Our simulations found that the damage to the brain resulting from the contrecoup injury is more severe than that resulting from the coup injury. Additionally, we show that the contrecoup injury does not always appear on the side opposite from where impact occurs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling and Simulation Applied to Head Trauma)
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15 pages, 5931 KiB  
Article
The Strain Rates in the Brain, Brainstem, Dura, and Skull under Dynamic Loadings
by Mohammad Hosseini-Farid, MaryamSadat Amiri-Tehrani-Zadeh, Mohammadreza Ramzanpour, Mariusz Ziejewski and Ghodrat Karami
Math. Comput. Appl. 2020, 25(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca25020021 - 07 Apr 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3994
Abstract
Knowing the precise material properties of intracranial head organs is crucial for studying the biomechanics of head injury. It has been shown that these biological tissues are significantly rate-dependent; hence, their material properties should be determined with respect to the range of deformation [...] Read more.
Knowing the precise material properties of intracranial head organs is crucial for studying the biomechanics of head injury. It has been shown that these biological tissues are significantly rate-dependent; hence, their material properties should be determined with respect to the range of deformation rate they experience. In this paper, a validated finite element human head model is used to investigate the biomechanics of the head in impact and blast, leading to traumatic brain injuries (TBI). We simulate the head under various directions and velocities of impacts, as well as helmeted and unhelmeted head under blast shock waves. It is demonstrated that the strain rates for the brain are in the range of 36 to 241 s−1, approximately 1.9 and 0.86 times the resulting head acceleration under impacts and blast scenarios, respectively. The skull was found to experience a rate in the range of 14 to 182 s−1, approximately 0.7 and 0.43 times the head acceleration corresponding to impact and blast cases. The results of these incident simulations indicate that the strain rates for brainstem and dura mater are respectively in the range of 15 to 338 and 8 to 149 s−1. These findings provide a good insight into characterizing the brain tissue, cranial bone, brainstem and dura mater, and also selecting material properties in advance for computational dynamical studies of the human head. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling and Simulation Applied to Head Trauma)
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21 pages, 4604 KiB  
Article
Certified Motorcycle Helmets: Computational Evaluation of the Efficacy of Standard Requirements with Finite Element Models
by Fábio A. O. Fernandes, Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa, Mariusz Ptak and Johannes Wilhelm
Math. Comput. Appl. 2020, 25(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca25010012 - 16 Feb 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5630
Abstract
Every year, thousands of people die in the European Union as a direct result of road accidents. Helmets are one of the most important types of personal safety gear. The ECE R22.05 standard, adopted in 2000, is responsible for the certification of motorcycle [...] Read more.
Every year, thousands of people die in the European Union as a direct result of road accidents. Helmets are one of the most important types of personal safety gear. The ECE R22.05 standard, adopted in 2000, is responsible for the certification of motorcycle helmets in the European Union and in many other countries. Two decades later, it is still being used with the same requirements, without any update. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a motorcycle helmet certified by such standard, using computational models as an assessment tool. First, a finite element model of a motorcycle helmet available on the market was developed and validated by simulating the same impacts required by the standard. Then, a finite element model of the human head is used as an injury prediction tool to assess its safety performance. Results indicate a significant risk of brain injury, which is in accordance with previous studies available in the literature. Therefore, this work underlines and emphasizes the need of improving the requirements of ECE R22.05. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling and Simulation Applied to Head Trauma)
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