Materials Proceedings

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Environmental Conditions on Steel Corrosion in Concrete Exposed to Gamma Radiation

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013044 - 13 Mar 2023

Abstract

This article examines the problem of the service life of reinforced concrete structures intended for nuclear power plants and radiation waste storage bunkers when exposed to radiation. This research focused on assessing the corrosion resistance of steel bars under conditions of simultaneous exposure [...] Read more.

This article examines the problem of the service life of reinforced concrete structures intended for nuclear power plants and radiation waste storage bunkers when exposed to radiation. This research focused on assessing the corrosion resistance of steel bars under conditions of simultaneous exposure to gamma radiation and various environmental conditions affecting the rate of carbonation. Electrochemical measurements of steel bars were carried out on samples in three environmental conditions: in a laboratory–dry; enclosed in a can at RH = 50%; and enclosed in a can at RH = 100%. The durability of the passivation layer of steel on non-irradiated and irradiated specimens after 8 months of exposure to gamma radiation was compared. A lower degradation effect of gamma radiation was visible in fully water-saturated specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Geopolymers—Base Materials and Properties of Green Structural Materials

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Tarreck Mahaman Manssour Issa

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Mateusz Sitarz

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Katarzyna Mrόz

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Marcin Różycki

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013043 - 09 Mar 2023

Abstract

Nowadays, most industrial solid waste, agriculture waste, and natural minerals are piled up, which not only occupies land resources, but also has a dangerous impact on the environment. The responsible management and recycling of these materials can have significant environmental benefits, while also [...] Read more.

Nowadays, most industrial solid waste, agriculture waste, and natural minerals are piled up, which not only occupies land resources, but also has a dangerous impact on the environment. The responsible management and recycling of these materials can have significant environmental benefits, while also providing a means of accessing raw materials for the creation of geopolymers. Geopolymers are new, environment-friendly, cementless materials and alternative construction materials to ordinary Portland cement. They not only have excellent mechanical properties, but also have valuable properties, e.g., high-temperature resistance. This paper summarizes the feasibility studies in terms of base materials and properties of today’s developing geopolymers. This paper also highlights the significance of developing sustainable materials for civil engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

About Gas Permeability and Diffusion through Concrete

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013042 - 07 Mar 2023

Abstract

Gas production is expected in radioactive-waste storage structures. This will induce a slow increase in gas pressure, which necessitates the study of gas transfer at a low pressure. In this special case, calculations of the flow through storing materials while solely using permeability [...] Read more.

Gas production is expected in radioactive-waste storage structures. This will induce a slow increase in gas pressure, which necessitates the study of gas transfer at a low pressure. In this special case, calculations of the flow through storing materials while solely using permeability and Darcy’s law are likely to be inadequate, as diffusion may play a crucial role in the process. The gas permeability and gas diffusion coefficient of industrial concrete have then been measured on the dry material. Diffusion tests were performed with a new device, specially designed for this study. The diffusion coefficient was directly measured with the use of the first Fick’s law, as the test was analyzed under a steady state. Using some simplified hypotheses, it was then possible to compare the proportion of flow occurring due to diffusion with the one occurring due to permeation. The tendency is very clear and unambiguously shows that diffusion is predominant at a very low injection pressure but becomes negligible as soon as the gas pressure exceeds a moderate value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Alkali-Activated Metashale Mortar with Waste Cementitious Aggregate: Material Characterization

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013041 - 01 Mar 2023

Abstract

The design of sustainable construction materials is continuously gaining increasing importance in civil engineering. Geopolymers are attractive alternatives to cementitious materials in terms of environmental impact and specific material properties, such as durability, an initial increase in mechanical properties, or chemical and thermal [...] Read more.

The design of sustainable construction materials is continuously gaining increasing importance in civil engineering. Geopolymers are attractive alternatives to cementitious materials in terms of environmental impact and specific material properties, such as durability, an initial increase in mechanical properties, or chemical and thermal resistance. Such favorable properties can be advantageously utilized within various applications involving the design of materials for heavily stressed industrial floors. The research presented in the paper was focused on the design of a geopolymer composite based on metashale MEFISTO L05 and waste metashale RON D460HR binders. The 1:4 raw/waste mix of binders activated by potassium hydroxide/silicate was supplemented by 0.11 wt.% of graphite fibers to optimize electrical properties and bestow on it some new material functions, such as self-heating. The further utilization of fine waste aggregate (crushed defective concrete products, waste concrete from auto-mixers) resulted in an ~85% utilization of input waste materials. An acceptable mechanical performance of the mortar for particular civil engineering applications was observed (28d: R_f ~ 2.5 MPa, R_c ~ 15 MPa), as well as favorable thermal and DC/AC electrical properties, predicting the self-heating potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Glass Powder on the Cement Hydration, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mortar

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Magdalena Dobiszewska

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013040 - 22 Feb 2023

Abstract

Cement production has the largest carbon-footprint since it leads to the release of carbon dioxide and enormous energy consumption. Therefore, scientific research is being conducted worldwide on the possibility of using other materials that can be used as a cement substitute. A potential [...] Read more.

Cement production has the largest carbon-footprint since it leads to the release of carbon dioxide and enormous energy consumption. Therefore, scientific research is being conducted worldwide on the possibility of using other materials that can be used as a cement substitute. A potential alternative material is glass powder. This paper present research results on the use of glass powder as a partial cement replacement with a substitution level of 0–20%. The pozzolanic activity and the influence of glass powder on cement hydration were analyzed. The porosity, the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone and the compressive strength of mortar were also investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Lightweight Geopolymer Composites: The Impact of the Aggregate

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Zélia Alves

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João A. Labrincha

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Rui M. Novais

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013030 - 21 Feb 2023

Abstract

In this work, lightweight geopolymer composites were produced by varying the content of expanded perlite and geopolymer spheres, used as aggregates. Firstly, highly porous geopolymer spheres containing mostly red mud as the solid precursor were produced, which leads to the valorization of significant [...] Read more.

In this work, lightweight geopolymer composites were produced by varying the content of expanded perlite and geopolymer spheres, used as aggregates. Firstly, highly porous geopolymer spheres containing mostly red mud as the solid precursor were produced, which leads to the valorization of significant amounts of this metallurgical waste. Then, the incorporation of each aggregate in the slag matrix demonstrated that the geometric density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity of the geopolymer composites decrease when their content increases. Composites with low density (0.8 g/cm³) and low thermal conductivity (0.130 W/m K) were produced by using the expanded perlite. However, the sphere-containing composites showed higher specific strength and good thermal insulation properties. The results show an interesting potential of using a waste-derived aggregate, synthesized at much lower temperatures compared to expanded perlite, addressing the demand for developing novel energy efficient materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Thermal Performance Evaluation of a PCM-Integrated Gypsum Plaster Board

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013039 - 20 Feb 2023

Abstract

In order to design and optimize building materials containing phase changing material (PCM), it is important to accurately characterize the thermal properties of these composites: the enthalpy curve and its hysteresis. This paper presents the initial tests of these properties for a composite [...] Read more.

In order to design and optimize building materials containing phase changing material (PCM), it is important to accurately characterize the thermal properties of these composites: the enthalpy curve and its hysteresis. This paper presents the initial tests of these properties for a composite panel: gypsum plasterboard with an evenly distributed layer of PCM. Performance testing of the selected material was carried out by means of the dynamic method. This method (dynamic heat flow meter apparatus (DHFMA)) involves the measurement of non-stationary heat flow to determine the stored energy (enthalpy change) as a function of temperature using a stationary heat flow measurement apparatus (HFMA). This method allows for the measurement of the sensible and latent heat capacity of the products containing phase change material. In addition to presenting the obtained results, the study will discuss the practical aspects of this test method, recently introduced in the standard ASTM C 1784-20. The preliminary experiments described in the article were aimed at learning a new research technique, determining the required conditions for conducting research and the capabilities of the possessed apparatus in this regard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Preconditioning Temperature on Gas Permeability of Alkali-Activated Concretes

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Patrycja Duży

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Marta Choinska Colombel

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Izabela Hager

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Ouali Amiri

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013038 - 20 Feb 2023

Abstract

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are a group of environmentally friendly binders considered alternatives to conventional cementitious binders. They utilise industrial wastes such as slag and fly ash to reduce cement production and related CO₂ emissions. Despite the strong interest of researchers, the application [...] Read more.

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are a group of environmentally friendly binders considered alternatives to conventional cementitious binders. They utilise industrial wastes such as slag and fly ash to reduce cement production and related CO₂ emissions. Despite the strong interest of researchers, the application of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) in constructions is still very limited. Given the difference in the process of producing the AAC and ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC), some of the testing methods need to be adjusted to a new type of binder. The increased sensitivity of AAM to high temperatures leads to discussions on the results achieved in the gas permeability tests that require the samples to be dried first. In this paper, the influence of drying temperature applied to the samples on the gas permeability will be presented. The binders’ precursors are blends of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in slag proportions of 5%, 20%, and 35%, expressed by the mass of FA. Materials are denoted AAC5, AAC20, and AAC35, respectively. Measurements of the gas permeability of concretes were conducted by the RILEM–CEMBUREAU method, with lab adaptation for gas flow measurements. The comparison of results obtained shows the increase in gas permeability values with the temperature. However, the corresponding effect of temperature on permeability is driven by, on the one hand, the binder composition, and on the other hand, the aggregate’s nature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Physico-Chemical Modelling of Chloride Migration in Cement-Based Materials Considering Electrode Processes

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Zine-Eddine Kribes

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Rachid Cherif

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Abdelkarim Aït-Mokhtar

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013037 - 20 Feb 2023

Abstract

A multispecies model for chloride migration in cementitious materials was proposed. The model is applied to simulate chloride migration in the concrete submitted to the chloride migration test, considering the electrode processes. These processes are very rarely integrated into the literature, despite their [...] Read more.

A multispecies model for chloride migration in cementitious materials was proposed. The model is applied to simulate chloride migration in the concrete submitted to the chloride migration test, considering the electrode processes. These processes are very rarely integrated into the literature, despite their impact on the chloride migration and the electroneutrality in the pore solution of the material. The generation of OH⁻ in the cathode and H⁺ in the anode allows for the monitoring of the electroneutrality. The modelling considers all the ions of the pore solution. Ion fluxes are calculated using Nernst–Planck equation. The Langmuir model is used to simulate the chloride isotherms. The thermodynamic equilibrium in the material is considered, which reflects the liquid–solid interactions during the migration. The ion profiles with and without considering the electrode processes are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Early-Age Creep and Shrinkage Properties of Printed and Cast Cement Composite

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013035 - 17 Feb 2023

Abstract

In recent years, 3D printing has been more and more used in the development of buildings and building elements. Mostly-printed structures are subjected to compression that is oriented perpendicular to the layer laying direction. When applying load in this way, the printed structure [...] Read more.

In recent years, 3D printing has been more and more used in the development of buildings and building elements. Mostly-printed structures are subjected to compression that is oriented perpendicular to the layer laying direction. When applying load in this way, the printed structure exhibits characteristics similar to masonry structures. However, as the technology and application of 3D printing develop, the structures also become more complicated and subjected not only to direct compression but other stresses as well. In this paper, long-term properties together with compressive strength were determined for 3D-printed specimens with load applied in the same direction as the layers are laid. The long-term and mechanical properties were compared with cast same-composition specimens. Results show that for the printed specimens, the compressive strength was more than two times lower than cast specimens, while the creep properties were slightly lower for the printed specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Use of Bonded Joints for Fastening Sheet-Metal Components to Contemporary Facades Fitted with an External Thermal Insulation Composite System with Thin-Layer Acrylic Plaster

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013036 - 16 Feb 2023

Abstract

This paper deals with the issue of fastening sheet-metal components on the facades of contemporary buildings that are massively insulated with external thermal insulation composite systems. This research focused on facades with thin-layer acrylic plaster and sheet-metal components made of aluminium, copper and [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the issue of fastening sheet-metal components on the facades of contemporary buildings that are massively insulated with external thermal insulation composite systems. This research focused on facades with thin-layer acrylic plaster and sheet-metal components made of aluminium, copper and hot-dipped galvanized sheet metal. Two different test methods and test sample geometries were used to determine the most critical aspects for the studied application sectors. Surprisingly high tensile properties as well as shear stresses in the bonded joints were recorded for all the selected combinations. The presented results confirmed the assumed benefits for the construction industry and the future practical use of this technology in construction, although the durability of a bonded joint will always depend mainly on the quality of the bonded substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Fungi Removal Method on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Oat and Millet Husks

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Maria Goron

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Ewa Sudoł

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013033 - 16 Feb 2023

Abstract

Polymer composites reinforced with crop husks show susceptibility to fungi of the Agaricomycotina subdivision, particularly Coniophora puteana. The material’s resistance to the fungi is evaluated by exposing specimens to the fungus for 16 weeks, and then determining the mass loss and changes [...] Read more.

Polymer composites reinforced with crop husks show susceptibility to fungi of the Agaricomycotina subdivision, particularly Coniophora puteana. The material’s resistance to the fungi is evaluated by exposing specimens to the fungus for 16 weeks, and then determining the mass loss and changes in mechanical properties. An important pre-testing step is cleaning the samples of mycelium. The study compares the effects of the manual cleaning method with a soft brush and with water under pressure. The aim of the study is to select a method that is non-destructive to the material. The results will be evaluated by mass loss, bending strength and modulus of elasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of the Addition of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Fly Silica Ash and Limestone on Selected Properties of Cement Mortars

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013032 - 16 Feb 2023

Abstract

This publication presents the results of a study of the effect of partial replacement of cement with waste and natural materials: ground blast furnace slag, fly ash and lime meal on the strength properties of mortars compared to a reference mortar without these [...] Read more.

This publication presents the results of a study of the effect of partial replacement of cement with waste and natural materials: ground blast furnace slag, fly ash and lime meal on the strength properties of mortars compared to a reference mortar without these additives. In subsequent tests, these materials were gradually replaced with up to 10% CEM I cement. Their effects on consistency and compressive and flexural tensile strengths after 28 days of maturation were investigated. The tests were carried out on blocks measuring 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm according to the standard. In the range of tests analysed, the results obtained make it feasible to consider the possibility of partially replacing cement with silica fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag in cement mortars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Placing on the Market Modern Construction Products and Systems Contributing to Next Generation of Healthy, Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings

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Aneta Nowak-Michta

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013031 - 16 Feb 2023

Abstract

In Europe, the construction sector currently generates more than a third of CO₂ emissions. Moreover, residential buildings consume about 40% of the energy that we are able to produce. Construction product manufacturers implement innovative solutions that give us a chance to achieve [...] Read more.

In Europe, the construction sector currently generates more than a third of CO₂ emissions. Moreover, residential buildings consume about 40% of the energy that we are able to produce. Construction product manufacturers implement innovative solutions that give us a chance to achieve more widespread construction of zero-emission and zero-energy buildings. However, they face legal barriers related to the lack of standardization procedures enabling the rapid placing of innovative construction products on the market to be achieved. The MEZeroE project (“Measuring Envelope products and systems contributing to next generation of healthy nearly Zero Energy Buildings”), funded by European Union Horizon 2020, aims to create a platform combining science and business to facilitate the development of nearly zero-energy buildings. The aim of this paper is to present the European procedure for placing innovative construction products on the market under the MEZeroE project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Flexural Performance of Chopped Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams

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Birgir Leo Olafsson

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Gudbjartur Jon Einarsson

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Eythor Rafn Thorhallsson

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013029 - 16 Feb 2023

Abstract

This article discusses the flexural strength of fiber reinforced concrete beams made by adding an optimal percentage of basalt fibers to the concrete mix. Two types of standard C30/37: XC1 concrete were used in this study, one with the aggregate size limit 19 [...] Read more.

This article discusses the flexural strength of fiber reinforced concrete beams made by adding an optimal percentage of basalt fibers to the concrete mix. Two types of standard C30/37: XC1 concrete were used in this study, one with the aggregate size limit 19 mm and the other with the aggregate size of max. 4 mm. The basalt fibers used are two different types: Reforcetech minibar is a stiff basalt fiber, and its diameter is 0.72 mm and length 50 mm; Basaltex BCS17-25.4-KV1 is 30 mm in length with a flat cross-section of 0.017 × 4 mm. The test method measures the flexural efficiency of the strength parameters extracted from fiber reinforced concrete. The conclusion of this study is that the scale, quantity and type of basalt fibers have an impact on how the concrete acts under load. All types of fiber show promising results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of the Electrical Properties of Graphene-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites

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Syed Mohammed Mustakim

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013034 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 1

Abstract

Geopolymer composites provide an environmentally friendly alternative to cement-based composites in the construction industry. Due to their distinctive material composition, geopolymers also exhibit electrically conductive properties, which permit their application as a functional material. The current work aims to study the distinctive electrical [...] Read more.

Geopolymer composites provide an environmentally friendly alternative to cement-based composites in the construction industry. Due to their distinctive material composition, geopolymers also exhibit electrically conductive properties, which permit their application as a functional material. The current work aims to study the distinctive electrical properties of fly-ash-based geopolymer composites. Varying dosages of graphene oxide (i.e., 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4% (by wt. of binder)) were introduced into the geopolymer matrix to enhance electrical conductivity. While GO (graphene oxide) is typically less conductive, the interaction of GO sheets with the alkaline solution during geopolymerisation reduced the functional groups and produced cross-linked rGO (reduced graphene oxide) sheets with increased mechanical and electrical conductivity properties. Solid-state impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the electrical properties of geopolymer composites in terms of several parameters, such as impedance, electrical conductivity and dielectric properties, within the frequency ranging from 10¹ to 10⁵ Hz. The relationship between the electrical properties and graphene oxide reinforcement can effectively establish geopolymer composite development as smart materials with desirable functionality. The results suggest an effective enhancement in electrical conductivity of up to 7.72 × 10⁻¹³ Ω⋅mm⁻¹ and the dielectric response performance of graphene-reinforced fly-ash-based geopolymer composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Use of Calcined Diatomite as an Additive to Geopolymeric Materials

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Kinga Pławecka

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Agnieszka Bąk

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Maria Hebdowska-Krupa

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Michał Łach

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013028 - 15 Feb 2023

Abstract

Diatomites are mineral resources formed from diatoms. They are widely used in sorption processes, medicine, cosmetology, and in protecting animals from parasites. Attempts are being made to incorporate them into concretes and construction binders to improve various performance properties. This paper presents the [...] Read more.

Diatomites are mineral resources formed from diatoms. They are widely used in sorption processes, medicine, cosmetology, and in protecting animals from parasites. Attempts are being made to incorporate them into concretes and construction binders to improve various performance properties. This paper presents the results of analyses (particle size analysis, XRD, and SEM) of a fine fraction of non-calcined and calcined diatomite as an additive to geopolymers made from fly ash from lignite combustion. The fly ash was also analyzed in the same way. Diatomite was introduced in its calcined and non-calcined form at 10%, 15%, and 30% by weight, replacing parts of the filler sand. The geopolymer mixtures were activated with 10 and 14 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution with sodium water glass. As a result, it was found that it was possible to obtain geopolymers with diatomite additives with a compressive strength of about 34 MPa. In addition, after the strength tests, the microstructure of the obtained geopolymers was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Increasing the Pozzolanic Reactivity of Recovered CDW Cement Stone by Mechanical Activation

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Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013027 - 15 Feb 2023

Abstract

The study focuses on enhancing the reactivity of the fine size fraction of construction and demolition waste (CDW) by mechanical activation in a stirred media mill. Systematic measurements were carried out to monitor the change in cement stone reactivity. The fine size fraction [...] Read more.

The study focuses on enhancing the reactivity of the fine size fraction of construction and demolition waste (CDW) by mechanical activation in a stirred media mill. Systematic measurements were carried out to monitor the change in cement stone reactivity. The fine size fraction of CDW (<200 µm) was milled in a stirred media mill for 1, 3, 5, and 10 min. The dispersion characteristics (particle size distribution, specific surface area (SSA)) of the mechanically activated CDW powder were determined using a laser particle size analyzer. Changes in the structure of the mechanically activated CDW powder particles were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. The effect of the mechanical activation on the pozzolanic reactivity of CDW powder was measured by lime sorption test and compressive strength measurements. The results clearly show that Portland cement can be replaced with mechanically activated CDW powder; however, increasing its amount decreases the strength. Furthermore, the grinding fineness significantly influenced the pozzolanic reactivity of the mechanically activated CDW powder, and thus the strength of the specimens. The CDW powder milled for 10 min had 51% more lime uptake than the initial CDW sample, and the specimen strength at the age of 7 days was 23% higher using ground CDW powder than using initial CDW at a 20% cement replacement ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Physico-Chemical Properties of Sewage Sludge Ash and Its Influence on the Chemical Shrinkage of Cement Pastes

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Marcin Adamczyk

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Tomasz Zdeb

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Tomasz Tracz

Mater. Proc. 2023, 13(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013026 - 15 Feb 2023

Abstract

According to European Union regulations regarding the storage and disposal of industrial waste, waste generated during the treatment of municipal sewage should be managed in an environmentally friendly manner. In order to reduce environmental risks and minimise volume, sewage undergoes thermal treatment. The [...] Read more.

According to European Union regulations regarding the storage and disposal of industrial waste, waste generated during the treatment of municipal sewage should be managed in an environmentally friendly manner. In order to reduce environmental risks and minimise volume, sewage undergoes thermal treatment. The resulting ash contains toxic components, so it is essential to properly dispose of it. For this reason, the possibility of utilising this type of waste in cement composites has been subject to preliminary verification. To this end, so far, basic tests regarding the parameters such as water demand and setting time have been performed for cement pastes containing ash from the incineration of sludge produced from municipal sewage (Sewage Sludge Ash—SSA). The main purpose of this article is to describe the chemical shrinkage of cement pastes containing this additive. CEM I Portland cement and fly ash obtained at the Thermal Sludge Disposal Station at the Płaszów Sewage Treatment Plant were used in this study. Cement was replaced with ash in the rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The results confirm that with an increase in the SSA additive, a reduction of chemical shrinkage of 9.5%, 21.4%, and 31% is observed at 10%, 20%, and 30% content of the additive, respectively. The presented results confirm the possibility of using this material as a cement replacement in cement composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 10th MATBUD’2023 Scientific-Technical Conference)

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Materials Proceedings

Vol. 13

MATBUD’2023

Vol. 12

Stand Alone Papers 2022

Vol. 10

IRRET 2022

Vol. 9

IOCN 2022

Vol. 8

Materiais 2022

Vol. 7

IOCPS 2021

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