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Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume)

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 July 2024 | Viewed by 7249

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Dr. Wojciech Borek

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Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: advanced high-strength steels; high-manganese steels; stainless steels; alloys; light metal alloys; thermomechanical treatment; hot rolling; hot-working phenomena; physical simulation; gleeble simulation; mechanical properties; microstructure
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Dear Colleagues,

The plastic deformation of engineering materials involves changes to the geometrical shape of the investigated specimen and microstructures and affects how the deformed material reacts to the imposed stresses and value of strains depends primarily on the type of material, its chemical composition, and thus on its microstructure and texture. The Second Volume of this Special Issue will focus on new trends and progress in the hot and cold plastic deformation of metals and alloys and all new developments in the relationships between their structure and mechanical properties. All aspects related to plastic deformation from low to ultra-high strain, new methods, new technologies and new applications in the broadly defined field of plastic deformation, as well as innovative approaches in this area, are welcomed. In addition, we will cover thermomechanical processing, hot-rolling, heat treatment after plastic deformation, physical and numerical simulation of plastic deformation, and structural characterization. This Special Issue will provide a multiscale approach to better understand the principal mechanisms of the plastic deformation of materials and their applications.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit your original research papers, short communications, or review articles that describe the current state of the art within the scope of this Special Issue: “Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys”.

Dr. Wojciech Borek
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

plastic deformation
hot working
cold working
new trends in plastic deformation
innovative approach
new technologies
thermomechanical treatment
physical and numerical simulation of plastic deformation
severe plastic deformation
structure and mechanical properties

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 9858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Second Phase on the Microstructure Evolution of the Welding Heat-Affected Zone of Q690 Steel with High Heat Input

by Huan Qi, Qihang Pang, Weijuan Li and Shouyuan Bian

Materials 2024, 17(3), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030613 - 27 Jan 2024

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Q690 steel is widely used as building steel due to its excellent performance. In this paper, the microstructure evolution of the heat-affected zone of Q690 steel under simulated high heat input welding conditions was investigated. The results show that under the heat input of 150–300 kJ/cm, the microstructures of the heat-affected zone are lath bainite and granular bainite. The content of lath bainite gradually decreased with the increase in heat input, while the content of granular bainite steadily increased. The proportion of large-angle grain boundaries decreased from 51.1% to 40.3%. Overall, the average size of original austenite increased, and the precipitates changed from Ti (C, N) to Cr carbides. During the cooling process, the nucleation position of bainitic ferrite was from high to low according to the nucleation temperature, and in order of inclusions at grain boundaries, triple junctions, intragranular inclusions, bainitic ferrite/austenite phase boundaries, twin boundaries, grain boundaries, and intragranular inclusions at the bainitic ferrite/austenite phase interface. The growth rate of bainitic ferrite nucleated at the phase interface, grain boundary, and other plane defects was faster, while it was slow at the inclusions. Moreover, it was noted that the Mg-Al-Ti-O composite inclusions promote the nucleation of lath bainitic ferrite, while the Al-Ca-O inclusions do not facilitate the nucleation of bainitic ferrite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume))

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18 pages, 35624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Cold Roll Forming Process of Strips for Truss Rods for Space Construction

by Xingwen Yang, Jingtao Han and Ruilong Lu

Materials 2023, 16(24), 7608; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247608 - 12 Dec 2023

Viewed by 606

Abstract

In this paper, a new technology for on-orbit cold forming of space truss rods is proposed. For the cold roll forming process of asymmetric cross sections of thin strips, the effects of roll gap and roll spacing on the forming of asymmetric cross sections of strips were investigated using ABAQUS simulation + experiments. The study shows the following. When forming a strip with a specific asymmetric cross section, the stresses are mainly concentrated in corners 2/4/6, with the largest strain value in corner 2. With increasing forming passes, when the roll gap is 0.3 mm, the maximum equivalent strain values are 0.09, 0.24, 0.64 sequentially. Roll gaps of 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm equivalent strain change amplitude are relatively similar, and their maximum equivalent strain values are approximately 0.07,0.15, 0.44. From the analysis of the stress–strain history of the characteristic nodes in corners 2/4/6, it can be seen that the stress and strain changes in the deformation process mainly occur at the moment of interaction between the upper and lower rollers, where the stress type of node 55786 shows two tensile types and one compressive type, the stress type of nodes 48594 and 15928 shows two compressive and one tensile type, and the strain of the three nodes is in accordance with the characteristics of plane strain. When the roll gap is about 0.4 mm, the forming of the strip is relatively good. With increased roll spacing, the strip in the longitudinal stress peak through the rollers shows a small incremental trend, but the peak stresses are 380 Mpa or so. When the roll spacing is 120 mm, the longitudinal strain fluctuation of the strip is the most serious, followed by the roll spacing at 100 mm, and the minimum at 140 mm. Combined with the fluctuation in strip edges under different roll spacings, manufacturing cost and volume and other factors, a roll spacing of 100 mm is more reasonable. It is experimentally verified that when the roll gap is 0.4 mm and the roll spacing is 100 mm, the strip is successfully prepared in accordance with the cross-section requirements. When the rolling gap is 0.3 mm, due to stress–strain concentration, the strip is prone to edge waves in forming. The top of corner 2 of the flange triangular region is susceptible to intermittent tear defects, and the crack extension mechanism is mainly based on the cleavage fracture + ductile fracture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume))

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13 pages, 2724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Molecular Dynamics Study on the Dislocation-Precipitate Interaction in a Nickel Based Superalloy during the Tensile Deformation

by Chang-Feng Wan, Li-Gang Sun, Hai-Long Qin, Zhong-Nan Bi and Dong-Feng Li

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186140 - 09 Sep 2023

Viewed by 870

Abstract

In the present paper, the dislocation-precipitate interaction in the Inconel 718 superalloy is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulation. The atomistic model composed of the ellipsoidal

N i_{3} N b

precipitate (γ″ phase) and the

N i

matrix is constructed, and [...] Read more.

In the present paper, the dislocation-precipitate interaction in the Inconel 718 superalloy is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulation. The atomistic model composed of the ellipsoidal

N i_{3} N b

precipitate (γ″ phase) and the

N i

matrix is constructed, and tensile tests on the composite

N i_{3} N b @ N i

system along different loading directions are simulated. The dislocation propagation behaviors in the precipitate interior and at the surface of the precipitate are characterized. The results indicate that the dislocation shearing and bypassing simultaneously occur during plastic deformation. The contact position of the dislocation on the surface of the precipitate could affect the penetration depth of the dislocation. The maximum obstacle size, allowing for the dislocation shearing on the slip planes, is found to be close to 20 nm. The investigation of anisotropic plastic deformation behavior shows that the composite system under the loading direction along the major axis of the precipitate experiences stronger shear strain localizations than that with the loading direction along the minor axis of the precipitate. The precipitate size effect is quantified, indicating that the larger the precipitate, the lower the elastic limit of the flow stress of the composite system. The dislocation accumulations in the precipitate are also examined with the dislocation densities given on specific slip systems. These findings provide atomistic insights into the mechanical behavior of nickel-based superalloys with nano-precipitates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume))

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13 pages, 14009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Manganese Content on Martensitic Transformation of Cu-Al-Mn-Ag Alloy

by Lovro Liverić, Tamara Holjevac Grgurić, Vilko Mandić and Robert Chulist

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175782 - 24 Aug 2023

Viewed by 668

Abstract

The influence of manganese content on the formation of martensite structure and the final properties of a quaternary Cu-Al-Mn-Ag shape memory alloy (SMA) was investigated. Two alloys with designed compositions, Cu- 9%wt. Al- 16%wt. Mn- 2%wt. Ag and Cu- 9%wt. Al- 7%wt. Mn- 2%wt. Ag, were prepared in an electric arc furnace by melting of high-purity metals. As-cast and quenched microstructures were determined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with EDS. Phases were confirmed by high-energy synchrotron radiation and electron backscatter diffractions. Austenite and martensite transformations were followed by differential scanning calorimetry and hardness was determined using the Vickers hardness test. It was found that the addition of silver contributes to the formation of the martensite structure in the Cu-Al-Mn-SMA. In the alloy with 7%wt. of manganese, stable martensite is formed even in the as-cast state without additional heat treatment, while the alloy with 16%wt. of manganese martensite transforms only after thermal stabilization and quenching. Two types of martensite, β_1′ and γ₁′, are confirmed in the Cu-9Al-7Mn-2Ag specimen. The as-cast SMA with 7%wt. Mn showed significantly lower martensite transformation temperatures, M_s and M_f, in relation to the quenched alloy. With increasing manganese content, the M_s and M_f temperatures are shifted to higher values and the microhardness is lower. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume))

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19 pages, 7325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lankford Coefficients on Springback Behavior during Deep Drawing of Stainless Steel Cylinders

by Fei Wu, Yihao Hong, Zhengrong Zhang, Chun Huang and Zhenrong Huang

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4321; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124321 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1073

Abstract

Accurate prediction of springback is increasingly required during deep-drawing formation of anisotropic stainless steel sheets. The anisotropy of sheet thickness direction is very important for predicting the springback and final shape of a workpiece. The effect of Lankford coefficients (r₀₀, r₄₅, r₉₀) with different angles on springback was investigated using numerical simulation and experiments. The results show that the Lankford coefficients with different angles each have a different influence on springback. The diameter of the straight wall of the cylinder along the 45-degree direction decreased after springback, and showed a concave valley shape. The Lankford coefficient r₉₀ had the greatest effect on the bottom ground springback, followed by r₄₅ and then r₀₀. A correlation was established between the springback of workpiece and Lankford coefficients. The experimental springback values were obtained by using a coordinate-measuring machine and showed good agreement with the numerical simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume))

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15 pages, 17991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hot Deformation Behaviour of Additively Manufactured 18Ni-300 Maraging Steel

by Błażej Tomiczek, Przemysław Snopiński, Wojciech Borek, Mariusz Król, Ana Romero Gutiérrez and Grzegorz Matula

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062412 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1454

Abstract

In this article, hot compression tests on the additively produced 18Ni-300 maraging steel 18Ni-300 were carried out on the Gleeble thermomechanical simulator in a wide temperature range (900–1200 °C) and at strain rates of 0.001 10 s⁻¹. The samples were microstructurally analysed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). This showed that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was predominant in the samples tested at high strain rates and high deformation temperatures. In contrast, dynamic recovery (DRV) dominated at lower deformation temperatures and strain rates. Subsequently, the material constants were evaluated in a constitutive relationship using the experimental flow stress data. The results confirmed that the specimens are well hot workable and, compared with the literature data, have similar activation energy for hot working as the conventionally fabricated specimens. The findings presented in this research article can be used to develop novel hybrid postprocessing technologies that enable single-stage net shape forging/forming of AM maraging steel parts at reduced forming forces and with improved density and mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume))

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18 pages, 45938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Temperature-Controlled Shear Tests to Reproduce White-Etching-Layer Formation in Pearlitic Rail Steel

by Léo Thiercelin, Sophie Cazottes, Aurélien Saulot, Frédéric Lebon, Florian Mercier, Christophe Le Bourlot, Sylvain Dancette and Damien Fabrègue

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196590 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1406

Abstract

The formation of a white etching layer (WEL), a very hard and brittle phase on the rail surface, is associated with a progressive transformation of the pearlitic grain to very fragmented grains due to the cumulative passage of trains. Its formation is associated with a complex thermomechanical coupling. To predict the exact conditions of WEL formation, a thermomechanical model previously proposed by the authors needs to be validated. In this study, monotonic and cyclic shear tests using hat-shaped specimens were conducted in the temperature range of 20 °C to 400 °C to reproduce the WEL formation. The tests showed a strong sensitivity of the material to temperature, which does not necessarily favor WEL formation. For the monotonic tests, no WELs were produced; however, a localization of the plastic deformation was observed for tests performed at 200 °C and 300 °C. In this temperature range, the material was less ductile than at room temperature, leading to failure before WEL formation. At 400 °C, the material exhibited a much more ductile behavior, and nanograins close to WEL stages were visible. For the cyclic tests, a WEL zone was successfully reproduced at room temperature only and confirmed the effect of shear in WEL formation. The same cyclic tests conducted at 200 °C and 300 °C yielded results consistent with those of the monotonic tests; the deformation was much more localized and did not lead to WEL formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume))

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