Editorial

4 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering

by Snježana Firšt Rogale and Dubravko Rogale

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3407; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093407 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1173

The main objective of this Special Issue is to showcase outstanding papers presenting advanced materials for clothing and textile engineering [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

27 pages, 19211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Usage Durability and Comfort Properties of Socks Made from Differently Spun Modal and Micro Modal Yarns

by Antoneta Tomljenović, Juro Živičnjak and Ivan Mihaljević

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041684 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1657

Abstract

Socks, being a necessary item of clothing, must be comfortable and maintain their quality throughout their life. Since the applicability of modal fibers and microfibers, as well as yarns produced using unconventional processes, in sock knitting has been insufficiently researched, this paper evaluated [...] Read more.

Socks, being a necessary item of clothing, must be comfortable and maintain their quality throughout their life. Since the applicability of modal fibers and microfibers, as well as yarns produced using unconventional processes, in sock knitting has been insufficiently researched, this paper evaluated three groups of medium sized socks knitted in a plain single jersey pattern produced with the highest percentage of ring, rotor and air-jet spun modal or micro modal yarns of the same linear density in full plating with different textured polyamide 6.6 yarns compared to conventional cotton socks. The sock quality was evaluated through an investigation of the physical properties, wear resistance and dimensional stability, as well as the water vapor absorption, air permeability and thermal resistance using the thermal foot model before and after five repeated washing and drying cycles, according to the proposed methodology. The results showed that the fiber fineness, the structure of the differently spun yarns and the sock plain knits, the polyamide content and the implementation of the pretreatment of the socks had an influence on the obtained results. The socks made from modal and micro modal yarns differed in their properties. Compared to cotton socks, they have better comfort properties, a generally better pilling resistance and, after pretreatment, a comparable abrasion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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15 pages, 4025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Elastane Percentage on the Elastic Properties of Knitted Fabrics under Cyclic Loading

by Tea Jovanović, Željko Penava and Zlatko Vrljičak

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6512; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196512 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2148

Abstract

Elastic knitted fabrics find numerous applications in the industry for compression stockings, sports and leisure wear, swimwear, ballet wear, etc. During its use, knitwear is subjected to dynamic loading due to body movements. The loading and unloading of the knitted fabric affect the [...] Read more.

Elastic knitted fabrics find numerous applications in the industry for compression stockings, sports and leisure wear, swimwear, ballet wear, etc. During its use, knitwear is subjected to dynamic loading due to body movements. The loading and unloading of the knitted fabric affect the size of the elastic region in which unrecovered deformation completely disappears. This paper deals with the influence of the elastane percentage in the knitted fabric on the elastic properties of the knitted fabric under dynamic loading. For this experiment, three types of yarn were used in different combinations: polyamide (PA), wrapped elastane yarn and bare elastane. The mentioned yarns were used to knit three different groups of plated weft-knitted fabrics (two yarns in a knitted fabric row): without elastane, knitted fabric with a percentage of wrapped elastane, and knitted fabric with a percentage of bare elastane. The percentage of elastane ranged between 0% and 43%. First, standard uniaxial tensile tests were performed on knitted fabric samples until breakage under static load. The force–elongation diagrams obtained are used to determine the elastic limit up to which Hook’s law applies. All knitted fabrics were cyclically tested to the elastic limit. From the obtained loading and unloading curves, unrecovered deformation (unrecovered elongation), elastic elongation and hysteresis index were determined and calculated. The results showed that the percentage of elastane significantly affects the size of the elastic region of the knitted fabric and has no effect on the hysteresis index. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the elastane percentage for different knitted fabric designs to achieve the best dynamic recovery of the knitted fabric and to design a more stretchable knitted garment that fits the body as well as possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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17 pages, 19444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Washing Parameters on Thermal Characteristics and Appearance of Proban^®—Flame Retardant Material

by Tea Kaurin, Tanja Pušić, Tihana Dekanić and Sandra Flinčec Grgac

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155373 - 04 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1375

Abstract

Proban^® is a multiphase treatment of cotton fabrics based on the formation of pre-condensates using the flame retardant (FR) agent tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts (THPx). The assessment of the durability of a product demands a preliminary understanding of how relevant it is [...] Read more.

Proban^® is a multiphase treatment of cotton fabrics based on the formation of pre-condensates using the flame retardant (FR) agent tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts (THPx). The assessment of the durability of a product demands a preliminary understanding of how relevant it is to extend its lifetime. It is therefore important to minimize the risk of agents impacting: (1) the protection level, (2) shape and dimensions, and (3) additional comfort characteristics of the fabric. This research focused on the impact of washing conditions on the durability of FR properties and appearance of Proban^® cotton fabrics, which was systematically arranged through the variation in the chemistry distribution in the Sinner’s circle. The chemical share was varied in laboratory conditions as a simulation of industrial washing based on component dosing, where the temperature, time and mechanical agitation were constant. The washing of cotton fabrics was performed through 10 cycles in four baths containing high alkali components, medium alkali components, high alkali reference detergent and water. The environmental acceptability of washing procedures through effluent analysis was assessed by physico–chemical and organic indicators. The limited oxygen index (LOI), calorimetric parameters (micro combustion calorimetry), thermal stability and evolved gases during thermal decomposition (thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled with an infrared spectrometer (TG–IR)), surface examination (FE-SEM), spectral characteristics and pH of the aqueous extract of the fabrics before and after 10 washing cycles were selected for proof of durability. The medium alkali bath was confirmed as a washing concept for Proban^® cotton fabric through the preservation of FR properties examined through LOI, TGA, TG–IR and MCC parameters and appearance color and low level of fibrillation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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17 pages, 16591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reactive Printing and Wash Fastness of Inherent Flame Retardant Fabrics for Dual Use

by Martinia Glogar, Tanja Pušić, Veronika Lovreškov and Tea Kaurin

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4791; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144791 - 08 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1605

Abstract

The possibility of reactive printability on protective flame—resistant fabrics, varied in composition of weft threads and weave was investigated. In addition, the wash fastness of printed samples was analyzed. The functional properties of fabrics were assessed by measuring of the Limiting Oxygen Index [...] Read more.

The possibility of reactive printability on protective flame—resistant fabrics, varied in composition of weft threads and weave was investigated. In addition, the wash fastness of printed samples was analyzed. The functional properties of fabrics were assessed by measuring of the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). Printing was performed with two printing pastes varied in thickeners and two dyestuff concentrations. The samples were analyzed by microscopic imaging using digital microscope and spectrophotometric measurement before and after the five washing cycles. The results confirmed the printability of FR inherent fabrics specified through fine colored effects and optimal wash fastness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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11 pages, 11625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Method for Testing the Breaking Force of a Polylactic Acid-Fabric Joint for the Purpose of Making a Protective Garment

by Slavica Bogović and Ana Čorak

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103549 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

3D printing is a technology that is increasingly used in the individualization of clothing, especially in the construction of garments for people with disabilities. The paper presents a study on the use of 3D printed knee protectors intended for wheelchair users. Due to [...] Read more.

3D printing is a technology that is increasingly used in the individualization of clothing, especially in the construction of garments for people with disabilities. The paper presents a study on the use of 3D printed knee protectors intended for wheelchair users. Due to the specific purpose of this 3D printed object, the breaking force of the polylactic acid (PLA) combined with 100% cotton and 100% polyester fabric was investigated. This paper will also describe a new method for testing the breaking force of a 3D printed polymer (PLA) combined with an incorporated fabric. Test samples were made, and the input parameters used in 3D printing were defined for testing purposes. A 3D knee protector for wheelchair users was developed based on a digitized model of the human body. The durability of the shape of the 3D printed shield was also tested after washing at temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C. A clothing model that provides adequate user protection was proposed based on the conducted research. A construction solution has been proposed that enables the application of a 3D printed individualized garment element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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14 pages, 2642 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bibliometric Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in Textiles

by Habiba Halepoto, Tao Gong, Saleha Noor and Hafeezullah Memon

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2910; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082910 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4508

Abstract

Generally, comprehensive documents are needed to provide the research community with relevant details of any research direction. This study conducted the first descriptive bibliometric analysis to examine the most influential journals, institutions, and countries in the field of artificial intelligence in textiles. Furthermore, [...] Read more.

Generally, comprehensive documents are needed to provide the research community with relevant details of any research direction. This study conducted the first descriptive bibliometric analysis to examine the most influential journals, institutions, and countries in the field of artificial intelligence in textiles. Furthermore, bibliometric mapping analysis was also used to examine diverse research topics of artificial intelligence in textiles. VOSviewer was used to process 996 articles retrieved from Web of Science—Core Collection from 2007 to 2020. The results show that China and the United States have the largest number of publications, while Donghua University and Jiangnan University have the highest output. These three themes have also appeared in textile artificial intelligence publications and played a significant role in the textile structure, textile inspection, and textile clothing production. The authors believe that this research will unfold new research domains for researchers in computer science, electronics, material science, imaging science, and optics and will benefit academic and industrial circles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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15 pages, 7283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Flammability of Protective Clothing System for Firefighters

by Anica Hursa Šajatović, Sandra Flinčec Grgac and Daniela Zavec

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072384 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1959

Abstract

The main characteristic of clothing for protection against heat and flame is the protection of users from external influences and danger in the conditions of elevated temperatures and exposure to flame, fire, smoke, and water. The paper presents research on the clothing system [...] Read more.

The main characteristic of clothing for protection against heat and flame is the protection of users from external influences and danger in the conditions of elevated temperatures and exposure to flame, fire, smoke, and water. The paper presents research on the clothing system for protection against heat and flame using a fire manikin and systematically analyses the damage caused after testing. As part of the damage analysis, the existence of microdamage and impurities on the clothing system was determined using a USB Dino-Lite microscope. In addition, the intensities and composition of gaseous decomposition products during the thermogravimetric analysis of samples were investigated. The results of the research using a fire manikin showed that the user of the examined clothing system would not have sustained injuries dangerous to health and life, which confirmed the protective properties. The results of the TG-FTIR indicate that the decomposition of the fabric sample of the modacrylic–cotton fiber mixture takes place in three stages, and the identified gaseous degradation products were H₂O, CO₂, and CO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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13 pages, 3551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Compression Effect of Clothing on the Physiological Response of the Athlete

by Marianna Halász, Jelka Geršak, Péter Bakonyi, Gabriella Oroszlány, András Koleszár and Orsolya Nagyné Szabó

Materials 2022, 15(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010169 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3156

Abstract

The study aimed to analyze whether the high compression of unique, tight-fitting sportswear influences the clothing physiology comfort of the athlete. Three specific sportswear with different compression were tested on four subjects while they were running on a treadmill with increasing intensity. The [...] Read more.

The study aimed to analyze whether the high compression of unique, tight-fitting sportswear influences the clothing physiology comfort of the athlete. Three specific sportswear with different compression were tested on four subjects while they were running on a treadmill with increasing intensity. The compression effect of the sportswear on the body of the test persons, the temperature distribution of the subjects, and the intensity of their perspiration during running were determined. The results indicate that the compression effect exerted by the garments significantly influences the clothing physiology comfort of the athlete; a higher compression load leads to more intense sweating and higher skin temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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15 pages, 12287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Filtration Performance of Multilayer and Multiscale Fibrous Structures

by Vânia Pais, Carlos Mota, João Bessa, José Guilherme Dias, Fernando Cunha and Raul Fangueiro

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237147 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1791

Abstract

As the incidence of small-diameter particles in the air has increased in recent decades, the development of efficient filtration systems is both urgent and necessary. Nanotechnology, more precisely, electrospun nanofibres, has been identified as a potential solution for this issue, since it allows [...] Read more.

As the incidence of small-diameter particles in the air has increased in recent decades, the development of efficient filtration systems is both urgent and necessary. Nanotechnology, more precisely, electrospun nanofibres, has been identified as a potential solution for this issue, since it allows for the production of membranes with high rates of fibres per unit area, increasing the probability of nanoparticle collision and consequent retention. In the present study, the electrospinning technique of polyamide nanofibre production was optimized with the variation of parameters such as polymer concentration, flow rate and needle diameter. The optimized polyamide nanofibres were combined with polypropylene and polyester microfibres to construct a multilayer and multiscale system with an increased filtration efficiency. We observed that the penetration value of the multilayer system with a PA membrane in the composition, produced for 20 min in the electrospinning, is 2.7 times smaller than the penetration value of the system with the absence of micro and nano fibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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12 pages, 2963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Finishing on the Pilling Resistance of Linen/Silk Woven Fabrics

by Eglė Kumpikaitė, Indrė Tautkutė-Stankuvienė, Lukas Simanavičius and Stasė Petraitienė

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6787; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226787 - 10 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1629

Abstract

The pilling resistance of fashion fabrics is a fundamentally important and frequently occurring problem during cloth wearing. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the pilling performance of linen/silk woven fabrics with different mechanical and chemical finishing, establishing the influence of the [...] Read more.

The pilling resistance of fashion fabrics is a fundamentally important and frequently occurring problem during cloth wearing. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the pilling performance of linen/silk woven fabrics with different mechanical and chemical finishing, establishing the influence of the raw material and the peculiarities of dyeing and digital printing with different dyestuff. The pilling results of the dyed fabrics were better than those of the grey fabrics and even a small amount of synthetic fiber worsened the pilling performance of the fabric. Singeing influenced the change in the pilling resistance of the linen/silk fabrics without changing the final pilling resistance result. Singeing had a stronger influence on the fabrics with a small amount of synthetic fibers. The pilling resistance of printed fabrics was better than that of grey and dyed fabrics without and with singeing. The pilling resistance of pigment-printed fabrics was better than that of the reactive-printed fabrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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15 pages, 69670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Polygonal Computer Model Parameters and Influence on Fabric Drape Simulation

by Slavenka Petrak, Maja Mahnić Naglić, Dubravko Rogale and Jelka Geršak

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216259 - 21 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2043

Abstract

Contemporary CAD systems enable 3D clothing simulation for the purpose of predicting the appearance and behavior of conventional and intelligent clothing in real conditions. The physical and mechanical properties of the fabric and the simulation parameters play an important role in this issue. [...] Read more.

Contemporary CAD systems enable 3D clothing simulation for the purpose of predicting the appearance and behavior of conventional and intelligent clothing in real conditions. The physical and mechanical properties of the fabric and the simulation parameters play an important role in this issue. The paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the polygonal computer model that affect fabric drape simulation. Experimental research on physical and mechanical properties were performed for nine fabrics. For this purpose, the values of the parameters for the tensile, bending, shear, and compression properties were determined at low loads, while the complex deformations were analyzed using Cusick drape meter devices. The fabric drape simulations were performed using the 2D/3D CAD system for a computer clothing design on a disk model, corresponding to real testing on the drape tester in order to allow a correlation analysis between the values of drape parameters of the simulated fabrics and the realistically measured values for each fabric. Each fabric was simulated as a polygonal model with a variable related to the side length of the polygon to analyze the influence of the polygon size, i.e., mesh density, on the model behavior in the simulation. Based on the simulated fabric drape shape, the values of the areas within the curves necessary to calculate the drape coefficients of the simulated fabrics were determined in the program for 3D modelling. The results were statistically processed and correlations between the values of the drape coefficients and the optimal parameters for simulating certain physical and mechanical properties of the fabric were determined. The results showed that the mesh density of the polygonal model is an important parameter for the simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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24 pages, 33230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moisture Vapor Permeability and Thermal Wear Comfort of Ecofriendly Fiber-Embedded Woven Fabrics for High-Performance Clothing

by Hyun-Ah Kim

Materials 2021, 14(20), 6205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206205 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3171

Abstract

This study examined the moisture vapor permeability and thermal wear comfort of ecofriendly fiber-embedded woven fabrics in terms of the yarn structure and the constituent fiber characteristics according to two measuring methods. The moisture vapor permeability measured using the upright cup (CaCl₂ [...] Read more.

This study examined the moisture vapor permeability and thermal wear comfort of ecofriendly fiber-embedded woven fabrics in terms of the yarn structure and the constituent fiber characteristics according to two measuring methods. The moisture vapor permeability measured using the upright cup (CaCl₂) method (JIS L 1099A-1) was primarily dependent on the hygroscopicity of the ecofriendly constituent fibers in the yarns and partly influenced by the pore size in the fabric because of the yarn structure. On the other hand, the moisture vapor resistance measured using the sweating guarded hot plate method (ISO 11092) was governed mainly by the fabric pore size and partly by the hygroscopicity of the constituent ecofriendly fibers. The difference between the two measuring methods was attributed to the different mechanisms in the measuring method. The thermal conductivity as a measure of the thermal wear comfort of the composite yarn fabrics was governed primarily by the pore size in the fabric and partly by the thermal characteristics of the constituent fibers in the yarns. Lastly, considering market applications, the Coolmax^®/Tencel sheath/core fabric appears useful for winter warm feeling clothing because of its the good breathability with low thermal conductivity. The bamboo and Coolmax^®/bamboo fabrics are suitable for summer clothing with a cool feel because of their high thermal conductivity with good breathability. Overall, ecofriendly fibers (bamboo and Tencel) are of practical use for marketing environmentallyfriendly high-performance clothing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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11 pages, 4388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method of Predicting the Crimp of Jacquard-Woven Fabrics

by Eglė Kumpikaitė, Eglė Lapelytė and Stasė Petraitienė

Materials 2021, 14(18), 5157; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185157 - 08 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of crimp in new jacquard fabric structures (in which one-layer and two-layer weaves are combined) in the fabric width and to create a method of crimp prediction. It was established that crimp was [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of crimp in new jacquard fabric structures (in which one-layer and two-layer weaves are combined) in the fabric width and to create a method of crimp prediction. It was established that crimp was around 18.80% and changed within the limits of errors, i.e., a range of only ~4%, in the fabric width. It can therefore be said that the warp crimp was constant in the fabric width. Because the warp crimp of jacquard fabric changed insignificantly (within the limits of errors), it can be stated that the fabric-setting parameters and structural solutions were chosen and matched correctly, and such fabric can be woven on any jacquard weaving loom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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24 pages, 5007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study Regarding the Kinematic 3D Human-Body Model Intended for Simulation of Personalized Clothes for a Sitting Posture

by Andreja Rudolf, Zoran Stjepanovič and Andrej Cupar

Materials 2021, 14(18), 5124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185124 - 07 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2714

Abstract

This study deals with the development of a kinematic 3D human-body model with an improved armature in the pelvic region, intended for a sitting posture (SIT), using Blender software. It is based on the scanned female body in a standing posture (STA) and [...] Read more.

This study deals with the development of a kinematic 3D human-body model with an improved armature in the pelvic region, intended for a sitting posture (SIT), using Blender software. It is based on the scanned female body in a standing posture (STA) and SIT. Real and virtual measures of females’ lower-body circumferences for both postures were examined. Virtual prototyping of trousers was performed to investigate their fit and comfort on the scanned and kinematic 3D body models and to make comparison with real trousers. With the switch from STA to SIT, real and virtual lower-body circumferences increase and are reflected in the fit and comfort of virtual and real trousers. In SIT, the increased circumferences are attributed to the redistribution of body muscles and adipose tissue around the joints, as well as changes in joints’ shapes in body flexion regions, which are not uniformly represented on the kinematic sitting 3D body model, despite improved armature in the pelvic region. The study shows that average increases in waist, hip, thigh, and knee circumferences should be included in the process of basic clothing-pattern designs for SIT as minimal ease allowances, as should, in the future, armature designs that consider muscle and adipose tissues, to achieve realistic volumes for kinematic 3D body models in SIT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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11 pages, 2184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Effect of Leather Rigidity and Thickness on Drapability of Sheep Garment Leather

by Hafeezullah Memon, Eldana Bizuneh Chaklie, Hanur Meku Yesuf and Chengyan Zhu

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4553; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164553 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2199

Abstract

Understanding the performance and behavior of garment leathers provides valuable inputs for the design and production of leather garments. The drape is one of the important properties associated with garment fitness quality and appeal. This study aims to show how the independent variables [...] Read more.

Understanding the performance and behavior of garment leathers provides valuable inputs for the design and production of leather garments. The drape is one of the important properties associated with garment fitness quality and appeal. This study aims to show how the independent variables flexural rigidity and thickness affect the dependent variable drapability. Nowadays, studies on the drape of garment leathers are scarce. In this work, the drape coefficient (DC) was measured for sheep garment leather, which influences the garment drapability, such as flexural rigidity in the range of 9.2 to 22 and thickness in the range of 0.64 to 0.96. The average DC was calculated in the range of 47.35 to 69.9% for the selected sheep leathers from four samples. The drapability of the garment leather was determined using the DC. Flexural rigidity and thickness have been shown to have a considerable influence on the DC, while they do bear a significant relationship to the DC. The results of this study can be used as an elementary tool for leather selection of appropriate materials for garments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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16 pages, 7263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Textile Pattern Design in Thermal Vision—A Study on Human Body Camouflage

by Catarina Pimenta, Carla Costa Pereira and Raul Fangueiro

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164364 - 04 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2512

Abstract

This paper reports on a new approach to the creation process in fashion design as a result of the exploitation of thermal camouflage in the conceptualization of clothing. The thermal images’ main variation factors were obtained through the analysis of their color behavior [...] Read more.

This paper reports on a new approach to the creation process in fashion design as a result of the exploitation of thermal camouflage in the conceptualization of clothing. The thermal images’ main variation factors were obtained through the analysis of their color behavior in a (diurnal and nocturnal) outdoor beach environment, with the presence and absence of a dressed human body (through the use of a thermal imaging camera), such as the analysis of textile materials in a laboratory (simulating the captured outdoor atmospheric temperatures and those of the model’s skin using the climatic chamber and the thermal manikin). The combination of different patternmaking, sewing and printing techniques in textile materials, along with the study of the camouflage environment and the human body’s variation factors, as well as the introduction of biomimetic-inspired elements (chameleon’s skin), enabled the creation of a clothing design process with innovative de-sign elements which allow us to thermally camouflage the human body and take clothing beyond the visible spectrum in a functional and artistic way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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13 pages, 4756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of 3D Models of Knits from Multi-Filament Ultra-Strong Yarns for Theoretical Modelling of Air Permeability

by Tetiana Ielina, Liudmyla Halavska, Daiva Mikucioniene, Rimvydas Milasius, Svitlana Bobrova and Oksana Dmytryk

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3489; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133489 - 23 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2288

Abstract

The work is devoted to the study of the geometric parameters of a knitted loop. It has been found that the optimal model is a loop model detailed at the yarn level, which considers the change in the cross-sectional shape and sets the [...] Read more.

The work is devoted to the study of the geometric parameters of a knitted loop. It has been found that the optimal model is a loop model detailed at the yarn level, which considers the change in the cross-sectional shape and sets the properties of the porous material in accordance with the internal porosity of the yarn. A mathematical description of the coordinates of the characteristic points of the loop and an algorithm for calculating the coordinates of the control vertices of the second order spline, which determine the configuration of the yarn axes in the loop, are presented in this work. To create 3D models, Autodesk AutoCAD software and Structura 3D software, developed in the AutoLisp programming language, were used. The simulation of the air flow process was carried out in the Autodesk CFD Simulation environment. For the experimental investigation, plane knits from 44 tex × 3 linear density ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene yarns were produced, and their air permeability was tested according to Standard DSTU ISO 9237:2003. The results obtained during the laboratory experiment and simulation differed by less than 5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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18 pages, 6348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Elongation on Change in Electrical Resistance of Electrically Conductive Yarns Woven into Fabric

by Željko Knezić, Željko Penava, Diana Šimić Penava and Dubravko Rogale

Materials 2021, 14(12), 3390; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123390 - 18 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

Electrically conductive yarns (ECYs) are gaining increasing applications in woven textile materials, especially in woven sensors suitable for incorporation into clothing. In this paper, the effect of the yarn count of ECYs woven into fabric on values of electrical resistance is analyzed. We [...] Read more.

Electrically conductive yarns (ECYs) are gaining increasing applications in woven textile materials, especially in woven sensors suitable for incorporation into clothing. In this paper, the effect of the yarn count of ECYs woven into fabric on values of electrical resistance is analyzed. We also observe how the direction of action of elongation force, considering the position of the woven ECY, effects the change in the electrical resistance of the electrically conductive fabric. The measurements were performed on nine different samples of fabric in a plain weave, into which were woven ECYs with three different yarn counts and three different directions. Relationship curves between values of elongation forces and elongation to break, as well as relationship curves between values of electrical resistance of fabrics with ECYs and elongation, were experimentally obtained. An analytical mathematical model was also established, and analysis was conducted, which determined the models of function of connection between force and elongation, and between electrical resistance and elongation. The connection between the measurement results and the mathematical model was confirmed. The connection between the mathematical model and the experimental results enables the design of ECY properties in woven materials, especially textile force and elongation sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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14 pages, 49131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyurethane Materials and Inflated Insulation Chambers

by Goran Čubrić, Ivana Salopek Čubrić, Dubravko Rogale and Snježana Firšt Rogale

Materials 2021, 14(6), 1541; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061541 - 21 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2031

Abstract

Evaluating mechanical and thermal characteristics of garment systems or their segments is important in an attempt to provide optimal or at least satisfying levels of comfort and safety, especially in the cold environment. The target groups of users may be athletes engaged in [...] Read more.

Evaluating mechanical and thermal characteristics of garment systems or their segments is important in an attempt to provide optimal or at least satisfying levels of comfort and safety, especially in the cold environment. The target groups of users may be athletes engaged in typical sports that are trained in the cold, as well as football players that play matches and train outdoors during the winter season. Previous studies indicated an option to substitute the inner layers of an intelligent garment with polyurethane inflated chambers (PIC) to increase and regulate thermal insulation. In this paper, the authors investigate the mechanical properties of polyurethane material with and without ultrasonic joints. Furthermore, they investigate the potential of designed PICs in terms of efficiency and interdependence of air pressure and heat resistance. The results indicated that an inflated PIC with four diagonal ultrasonic joints has the highest ability to maintain the optimal thermal properties of an intelligent clothing system. The influence of direction and number of ultrasonic joints on the mechanical properties of polyurethane material is confirmed, especially in terms of compression resilience and tensile energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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12 pages, 4500 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Knitted Fabric Made from Polyamide Threads Coated with Silver

by Tanja Pušić, Bosiljka Šaravanja and Krešimir Malarić

Materials 2021, 14(5), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051281 - 08 Mar 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2919

Abstract

This paper investigates a textile material of low surface mass for its protection against electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which is suitable for composite structures of garments, and for technical and interior applications. The shielding effectiveness against EMR of fabric knitted from polyamide threads coated [...] Read more.

This paper investigates a textile material of low surface mass for its protection against electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which is suitable for composite structures of garments, and for technical and interior applications. The shielding effectiveness against EMR of fabric knitted from polyamide threads coated with silver, measured in the frequency range of 0.9 GHz to 2.4 GHz, indicated a high degree of protection. The key contribution of the paper is the evaluation of the stability of the shielding properties against EM radiation after applying apolar and polar solvents, in synergy with the cyclic process parameters of wet and dry cleaning. The results of the study confirmed the decline in the shielding effectiveness after successive cycles of material treatment with dry and wet cleaning. The effect of wet cleaning in relation to dry cleaning is more apparent, which is due to the damage of the silver coating on the polyamide threads in the knitted fabric. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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15 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microplastics in Wastewater by Washing Polyester Fabrics

by Ana Šaravanja, Tanja Pušić and Tihana Dekanić

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072683 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5786

Abstract

Microplastics have become one of the most serious environmental hazards today, raising fears that concentrations will continue to rise even further in the near future. Micro/nanoparticles are formed when plastic breaks down into tiny fragments due to mechanical or photochemical processes. Microplastics are [...] Read more.

Microplastics have become one of the most serious environmental hazards today, raising fears that concentrations will continue to rise even further in the near future. Micro/nanoparticles are formed when plastic breaks down into tiny fragments due to mechanical or photochemical processes. Microplastics are everywhere, and they have a strong tendency to interact with the ecosystem, putting biogenic fauna and flora at risk. Polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) are two of the most important synthetic fibres, accounting for about 60% of the total world fibre production. Synthetic fabrics are now widely used for clothing, carpets, and a variety of other products. During the manufacturing or cleaning process, synthetic textiles have the potential to release microplastics into the environment. The focus of this paper is to explore the main potential sources of microplastic pollution in the environment, providing an overview of washable polyester materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clothing and Textile Engineering)

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