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Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanics of Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2024) | Viewed by 8874

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jian Kong

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Interests: metallic glasses and composites; thermoplastic forming; additive manufacturing; 3D printing; welding

Prof. Dr. Wen Zhai

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Guest Editor

Shandong Nonmetallic Materials Institute, Jinan 250031, China
Interests: composite material; functional materials; non-lethal weapon material

Dr. Xudong Zu

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Interests: impact; explosive; high-entropy alloy; amorphous alloy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent studies have proved that materials’ properties have a significant effect on their deformation mechanism, which directly impacts their application in engineering. In the civilian field and beyond, a variety of materials are widely used as kinetic energy projectiles and shaped charge liners. These materials include conventional metal materials, such as copper, aluminium and tungsten, as well as non-metallic materials, such as ceramics, PTFE and glass. Moreover, the explosive effect of reactive materials has been proved to significantly improve their damage efficiency. The strength, plasticity and chemical properties of materials used for projectiles and jets affect their penetration performance. In addition, the ductility and cohesiveness of the jet, which also affect its penetration ability, have been proved to be related to the mechanical properties of the shaped charge liner material under impact. However, the study of dynamic mechanical properties of materials under high-temperature, high-pressure and high-strain-rate conditions has lead to higher requirements for experimental techniques, and theoretical research in this area needs to be supplemented and improved.

For this Special Issue, we are inviting articles focused on the explosion effect and deformation mechanisms of materials, including experimental and theoretical studies of mechanical properties of materials at high temperatures, pressures and strain rates. The fracture and flow characteristics of charge liner materials under explosive impact and the influence of liner material characteristics on jet penetration performance are also subjects of interest.

Prof. Dr. Jian Kong
Prof. Dr. Wen Zhai
Dr. Xudong Zu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

high-entropy alloys
amorphous alloy
nanocrystalline
energetic materials
active material
efficient damage
protection technology
material dynamics
explosive
impact

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 8817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constitutive Modeling of Annealed OFHC with Wide Strain-Rate and Temperature Effects: Incorporating Dislocation Dynamics and Normalized Microstructural Size Evolution

by Mengwen Xu, Qiangqiang Xiao, Xudong Zu, Yaping Tan and Zhengxiang Huang

Materials 2023, 16(19), 6517; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196517 - 30 Sep 2023

Viewed by 763

Abstract

The flow stress of face-centered cubic (FCC) metals exhibits a rapid increase near a strain rate of 10⁴ s⁻¹ under fixed-strain conditions. However, many existing constitutive models either fail to capture the mechanical characteristics of this plastic deformation or use piecewise strain-rate hardening models to describe this phenomenon. Unfortunately, these piecewise models may suffer from issues such as discontinuity of physical quantities and difficulties in determining segment markers, and struggle to reflect the underlying physical mechanisms that give rise to this mutation phenomenon. In light of this, this paper proposes that the abrupt change in flow stress sensitivity to strain rate in FCC metals can be attributed to microstructural evolution characteristics. To address this, a continuous semiempirical physical constitutive model for FCC metals is established based on the microstructural size evolution proposed by Molinari and Ravichandran and the dislocation motion slip mechanism. This model effectively describes the mutation behavior of strain-rate sensitivity under fixed strain, particularly evident in an annealed OFHC. The predicted results of the model across a wide range of strain rates (10⁻⁴–10⁶ s⁻¹) and temperatures (77–1096 K) demonstrate relative errors generally within ±10% of the experimental values. Furthermore, the model is compared with five other models, including the mechanical threshold stress (MTS), Nemat-Nasser–Li (NNL), Preston–Tonks–Wallace (PTW), Johnson–Cook (JC), and Molinari–Ravichandran (MR) models. A comprehensive illustration of errors reveals that the proposed model outperforms the other five models in describing the plastic deformation behavior of OFHC. The error results offer valuable insights for selecting appropriate models for engineering applications and provide significant contributions to the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials)

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17 pages, 2203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Mott’s Distribution in the Fragmentation of Steel Coaxial Cylinders

by Octavian-Gabriel Chiriac, Florina Bucur, Adrian-Nicolae Rotariu and Eugen Trană

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5783; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175783 - 24 Aug 2023

Viewed by 749

Abstract

This theoretical study analyzes the possibility to use the classical Mott’s hypothesis to model the natural fragmentation of cylindrical structures with two or more metal cylinders arranged coaxially. A critical analysis on the validity of the used hypothesis was conducted based on empirical relations and numerical simulations. The established algorithm allows the determination of a fragment mass scale parameter for each individual cylinder, which is why the cumulative distribution of fragments for the entire structure may be calculated. The results obtained for the structures with two and three cylinders, with equal masses or equal wall thicknesses, can be approximated using a modified Mott’s distribution formula in which the number of cylinders is used as an additional parameter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials)

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17 pages, 10514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Study on Perforated Plate Mitigation Capacity to Near-Field Blasts

by Constantin-Cristinel Puică, Eugen Trană, Cristina Pupăză, Petrică Turtoi, Adrian-Nicolae Rotariu and Iuliana-Florina Pană

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124255 - 08 Jun 2023

Viewed by 796

Abstract

Based on the analysis of existing collective shockwave protection methods worldwide, this paper addresses the mitigation of shock waves by means of passive methods, namely the use of perforated plates. Employing specialized software for numerical analysis, such as ANSYS-AUTODYN 2022R1^®, the interaction of shock waves with a protection structure has been studied. By using this cost-free approach, several configurations with different opening ratios were investigated, pointing out the peculiarities of the real phenomenon. The FEM-based numerical model was calibrated by employing live explosive tests. The experimental assessments were performed for two configurations, with and without a perforated plate. The numerical results were expressed in terms of force acting on an armor plate placed behind a perforated plate at a relevant distance for ballistic protection in engineering applications. By investigating the force/impulse acting on a witness plate instead of the pressure measured at a single point, a realistic scenario can be considered. For the total impulse attenuation factor, the numerical results suggest a power law dependence, with the opening ratio as a variable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials)

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17 pages, 11294 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study on Perforation Behavior of PTFE/Al Reactive Material Composite Jet Impacting Steel Target

by Hongda Li, Hui Duan, Zhili Zhang and Yuanfeng Zheng

Materials 2023, 16(7), 2715; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072715 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1100

Abstract

To study the penetration and cratering effect of reactive material composite jets, a series of experiments are carried out for the shaped charge (SC) with different composite liners damaging steel targets. The inner layer of composite liners is metal and the outer one is a polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum (PTFE/Al) reactive material. Copper (Cu), titanium (Ti) and Al inner liners are used in this paper. The reactive material liner is composed of 73.5 wt.% PTFE and 26.5 wt.% Al powder through mass-matched ratios. Reactive material composite liners are prepared through machining, cold pressing and a sintering process. The SC mainly consists of a case, a composite liner, high-energy explosive and an initiator. The steel target is steel 45#, with a thickness of 66 mm. A standoff of 1.0 CD (charge diameter) is selected to conduct the penetration experiments. The experimental results show that when the inner layer of the composite liner is composed of Ti and Al, the hole diameters on the steel target formed by the reactive material composite jet are significantly larger than that of the inner Cu liner. By introducing the initiation delay time (τ) and detonation-like reaction model of PTFE/Al reactive materials, an integrated numerical simulation algorithm of the penetration and detonation-like effects of reactive material composite jets is realized. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the initial penetration holes on the steel targets are enlarged under the detonation-like effects of PTFE/Al reactive materials, and the simulated perforation sizes are in good agreement with the experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials)

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14 pages, 2988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Study on Hugoniot State and Mie–Grüneisen Equation of State of 316 Stainless Steel for Hydrogen Storage Tank

by Li Yang, Huizhao Wang, Minghua Chi, Xiangguo Zeng, Yuntian Wang and Ping Zhao

Materials 2023, 16(2), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020628 - 09 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1552

Abstract

To promote the popularization and development of hydrogen energy, a micro-simulation approach was developed to determine the Mie–Grüneisen EOS of 316 stainless steel for a hydrogen storage tank in the Hugoniot state. Based on the combination of the multi-scale shock technique (MSST) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a series of shock waves at the velocity of 6–11 km/s were applied to the single-crystal (SC) and polycrystalline (PC) 316 stainless steel model, and the Hugoniot data were obtained. The accuracy of the EAM potential for Fe–Ni–Cr was verified. Furthermore, Hugoniot curve, cold curve, Grüneisen coefficient (γ), and the Mie–Grüneisen EOS were discussed. In the internal pressure energy-specific volume (P-E-V) three-dimensional surfaces, the Mie–Grüneisen EOSs show concave characteristics. The maximum error of the calculation results of SC and PC is about 10%. The results for the calculation deviations of each physical quantity of the SC and PC 316 stainless steel indicate that the grain effect of 316 stainless steel is weak under intense dynamic loads, and the impact of the grains in the cold state increases with the increase in the volume compression ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials)

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17 pages, 25512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation Behaviors of Coated Reactive Explosively Formed Projectile

by Yuanfeng Zheng, Haiyuan Bie, Shipeng Wang, Peiliang Li, Hongyu Zhang and Chao Ge

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8886; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248886 - 12 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1611

Abstract

The formation behavior of coated reactive explosively formed projectiles (EFP) is studied by the combination of experiments and simulations. The results show that the coated EFP can be obtained by explosively crushing the double-layer liners, and the simulation agrees with the experiment well. Then, the interaction process between the two liners is discussed in detail, and the formation and coating mechanism are revealed. It can be found that there are three phases in the formation process, including the impact, closing and stretching phases. During the impact phase, the velocities of two liners rise in turns with the kinetic energy exchange. In the closing phase, the copper liner is collapsed forward to the axis and completely coats the reactive liner. It is mentioned that the edge of the copper liner begins to form a metal precursor penetrator in this stage. During the stretching phase, the coated reactive EFP is further stretched and fractured, resulting in the separation of the metal precursor penetrator and the following coated reactive projectile. Further studies show both the edge thickness and the curvature radius of the copper liner have significant influences on formation behaviors. By decreasing the edge thickness or the curvature radius, the difficulty of closing decreases, but the tip velocity and the length of precursor penetrator increases. As the thickness and diameter of the reactive liner decrease, the coating velocity increases slightly, but the total length of coated reactive EFP tends to decrease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials)

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18 pages, 8382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence Mechanism of Foamed Concrete Coating Thickness on the Blast Resistance of RC Walls

by Wei Shang, Zhengxiang Huang, Xudong Zu, Qiangqiang Xiao and Xin Jia

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5473; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165473 - 09 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1365

Abstract

How to effectively reduce the damage of frequent accidental explosions and explosion attacks to existing walls is an important concern of the blast resistance field. In the present study, the influence of the foamed concrete (density 820 kg/m³, water-cement ratio 0.4) coating thickness on the blast resistance of a 120 mm RC (reinforced concrete) wall was studied through blast experiments, numerical simulations, and shock wave theory. Results show that the influences of foamed concrete on the blast resistance of RC walls are jointly decided by the stress drop caused by impedance effect and exponential attenuation and the stress rise caused by high-speed impact compression. The coating thickness mainly affects the foam concrete’s fragmentation degree and stress attenuation. A lower critical coating thickness exists in foamed concrete-coated RC walls. The blast resistance of the RC wall will decrease when the coating thickness is less than that value. The lower critical coating thickness is related to the intensity of blast load and the energy absorption capacity of foamed concrete, and it can be predicted by monitoring the explosive stress and energy incident to the RC wall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Energetic Materials)

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