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Marine Drugs
Special Issues
Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products
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Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products

A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine-Derived Ingredients for Drugs, Cosmeceuticals and Nutraceuticals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2024 | Viewed by 12526

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bergé Jean-Pascal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Upcyclink, Saint-Avé, France
Interests: marine; biomass; by-product; valorization; biotechnology; zero waste

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

For thousands of years, man has been taking food from the oceans. The fishing industry has continued to improve with boats that go farther and farther, for longer and longer to fish deeper and deeper. However, the limits seem to have been reached for several decades as illustrated by our inability to take more from the sea. We cannot feed nearly 10 billion people without rethinking our system. It is now imperative to make the most of everything we take. Some have understood this, but there is still a lot to do. For this Special Issue, we invite all actors, whether academic or industrial, to present their work, articles, and concepts attempting to achieve a more sustainable ocean.

This Special Issue will accept original research articles related to fishery discards, processing waste and marine by-products valorization, in terms of quantitative and qualitative biochemical composition in bioactive molecules. Furthermore, the Special Issue welcomes original papers focused on optimizing the yield and quality of bioactive compounds from marine by-products, including novel food ingredients, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, biomedical materials, fine chemicals, and other value-added products.

Dr. Bergé Jean-Pascal
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fishery discards
  • value-added products
  • marine sustainability
  • functional ingredients
  • biochemical composition

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1545 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) Skin as a Source for Gelatine Extraction Using Acid Hydrolysis
by Abhilash Sasidharan, Elise Rabben Tronstad and Turid Rustad
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040169 - 10 Apr 2024
Viewed by 646
Abstract
Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is an underutilized marine resource that is currently only being exploited for roe. Lumpfish skin was pre-treated with alkali (0.1M NaOH) and acid (0.1M HCl) at a skin to chemical ratio of 1:10 for 24 h at 5 [...] Read more.
Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is an underutilized marine resource that is currently only being exploited for roe. Lumpfish skin was pre-treated with alkali (0.1M NaOH) and acid (0.1M HCl) at a skin to chemical ratio of 1:10 for 24 h at 5 °C to remove non-collagenous proteins and minerals. The pre-treated skin was washed, and gelatine was extracted with 0.1M of acetic acid at three different ratios (1:5, 1:10, and 1:15), time (12,18, and 24 h), and temperature combinations (12, 28, and 24 °C). The highest total extraction yield (>40%) was obtained with combinations of extraction ratios of 1:15 and 1:10 with a longer time (24 h) and higher temperature (18–24 °C). The highest gelatine content was obtained with an extraction period of 24 h and ratio of 1:10 (>80%). SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the presence of type-I collagen. A rheological evaluation indicated melting and gelling temperatures, gel strength, and viscosity properties comparable to existing cold-water gelatine sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)
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14 pages, 1364 KiB  
Article
Dehydration, Rehydration and Thermal Treatment: Effect on Bioactive Compounds of Red Seaweeds Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra linearis
by Carla Pires, Maria Sapatinha, Rogério Mendes, Narcisa M. Bandarra and Amparo Gonçalves
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040166 - 09 Apr 2024
Viewed by 293
Abstract
The nutritional and bioactive value of seaweeds is widely recognized, making them a valuable food source. To use seaweeds as food, drying and thermal treatments are required, but these treatments may have a negative impact on valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, the [...] Read more.
The nutritional and bioactive value of seaweeds is widely recognized, making them a valuable food source. To use seaweeds as food, drying and thermal treatments are required, but these treatments may have a negative impact on valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, the effects of dehydration, rehydration, and thermal treatment on the bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC)), antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities) and anti-Alzheimer’s (Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activities, and color properties of Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra linearis seaweeds were evaluated. The results revealed significant reductions in carotenoids, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities after the seaweeds’ processing, with differences observed between species. Thermal treatment led to the most pronounced reductions in bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activity. AchE inhibitory activity remained relatively high in all samples, with P. umbilicalis showing higher activity than P. linearis. Changes in color (ΔE) were significant after seaweeds’ dehydration, rehydration and thermal treatment, especially in P. umbilicalis. Overall, optimizing processing methods is crucial for preserving the bioactive compounds and biological activities of seaweeds, thus maximizing their potential as sustainable and nutritious food sources or as nutraceutical ingredients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)
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20 pages, 676 KiB  
Article
Protein Hydrolysis as a Way to Valorise Squid-Processing Byproducts: Obtaining and Identification of ACE, DPP-IV and PEP Inhibitory Peptides
by Hajer Bougatef, Assaad Sila, Ali Bougatef and Oscar Martínez-Alvarez
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040156 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 513
Abstract
The industrial processing of Argentine shortfin squid to obtain rings generates a significant amount of protein-rich waste, including the skin, which is rich in collagen and attached myofibrillar proteins. This waste is generally discarded. In this study, skin was used as a source [...] Read more.
The industrial processing of Argentine shortfin squid to obtain rings generates a significant amount of protein-rich waste, including the skin, which is rich in collagen and attached myofibrillar proteins. This waste is generally discarded. In this study, skin was used as a source of proteins that were hydrolysed using Trypsin, Esperase® or Alcalase®, which released peptides with antioxidant potential and, in particular, antihypertensive (ACE inhibition), hypoglycemic (DPP-IV inhibition) and/or nootropic (PEP inhibition) potential. Among the three enzymes tested, Esperase® and Alcalase produced hydrolysates with potent ACE-, DPP-IV- and PEP-inhibiting properties. These hydrolysates underwent chromatography fractionation, and the composition of the most bioactive fractions was analysed using HPLC-MS-MS. The fractions with the highest bioactivity exhibited very low IC50 values (16 and 66 µg/mL for ACE inhibition, 97 µg/mL for DPP-IV inhibition and 55 µg/mL for PEP inhibition) and were mainly derived from the hydrolysate obtained using Esperase®. The presence of Leu at the C-terminal appeared to be crucial for the ACE inhibitory activity of these fractions. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity of peptides seemed to be determined by the presence of Pro or Ala in the second position from the N-terminus, and Gly and/or Pro in the last C-terminal positions. Similarly, the presence of Pro in the peptides present in the best PEP inhibitory fraction seemed to be important in the inhibitory effect. These results demonstrate that the skin of the Argentine shortfin squid is a valuable source of bioactive peptides, suitable for incorporation into human nutrition as nutraceuticals and food supplements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)
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18 pages, 2356 KiB  
Article
Oxidative Stability of Side-Streams from Cod Filleting—Effect of Antioxidant Dipping and Low-Temperature Storage
by Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen, Haizhou Wu, Grethe Hyldig, Niels Bøknæs, Ole Mejlholm, Ingrid Undeland and Charlotte Jacobsen
Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(11), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110591 - 13 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1195
Abstract
Currently, side-streams (e.g., head, backbone, tail, and intestines) generated in the fish processing industry often end up as low-value products for feed applications or even as waste. In order to upcycle such side-streams, they need to be preserved to avoid oxidative degradation of [...] Read more.
Currently, side-streams (e.g., head, backbone, tail, and intestines) generated in the fish processing industry often end up as low-value products for feed applications or even as waste. In order to upcycle such side-streams, they need to be preserved to avoid oxidative degradation of the lipids between the generation point and the valorization plant. In the cod filleting industry, three main solid side-streams: viscera, heads, and backbones, are obtained. Hence, this study aimed to identify the most efficient antioxidant for preserving the cod side-streams using a dipping-based strategy prior to pre-valorization storage at low temperatures (ice and frozen storage). The dipping solutions evaluated contained: (i) a lipophilic rosemary extract (0.05% and 0.2% in 0.9% NaCl), (ii) Duralox MANC (a mixture of rosemary extract, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and citric acid; 2% in 0.9% NaCl), and (iii) NaCl (0.9%) w/w solution. One group was not dipped. No dipping and dipping in NaCl were included as controls. The results showed a positive effect of dipping with solutions containing antioxidants as measured by peroxide value (PV), TBA-reactive substances (TBARS), and sensory profiling, e.g., rancid odor. Moreover, the oxidative stability increased with decreased storage temperature. The cod side-streams were in general most efficiently preserved by Duralox MANC, followed by the lipophilic rosemary extract (0.2%), compared to no dipping and dipping in NaCl solution and the lower concentration of the lipophilic rosemary extract (0.05%). The efficiency of the antioxidant treatments was independent of the side-stream fraction and storage temperature. Thus, using antioxidant dipping combined with low temperature storage is an efficient preservation method for maintaining the quality of the lipids in cod solid side-streams during their pre-valorization storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)
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15 pages, 2226 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Enzymes, Species, and Storage of Raw Material on Physicochemical Properties of Protein Hydrolysates from Whitefish Heads
by Jannicke Fugledal Remme, Sigurd Korsnes, Stine Steen, Rachel Durand, Kristine Kvangarsnes and Janne Stangeland
Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(11), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110587 - 10 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1233
Abstract
The rest raw materials of whitefish have great potential for increased utilisation and value creation. Whitefish heads have a high protein content and should be considered a healthy protein source for the growing population’s demands for sustainable protein. In this study, the heads [...] Read more.
The rest raw materials of whitefish have great potential for increased utilisation and value creation. Whitefish heads have a high protein content and should be considered a healthy protein source for the growing population’s demands for sustainable protein. In this study, the heads of four different species of whitefish were processed via enzymatic hydrolysis, namely cod (Gadus morhua), cusk (Brosme bromse), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and saithe (Pollachius virens), using three commercially available enzymes. Trials were conducted after 0, 3, and 6 months of the frozen storage of heads. A proximate analysis, molecular weight distribution, and protein solubility were evaluated for each of the products. The results show that, although the enzymatic hydrolysis of rest raw materials from different species of whitefish yielded products of slightly different characteristics, this process is viable for the production of high-quality protein from cod, cusk, haddock, and saithe heads. Six months of frozen storage of heads had a minimal effect on the yield and proximate composition of hydrolysates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)
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18 pages, 4026 KiB  
Article
Recovery of Nutrients from Cod Processing Waters
by Jorge Coque, Charlotte Jacobsen, Bita Forghani, Anders Meyer, Greta Jakobsen, Jens J. Sloth and Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen
Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(11), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110558 - 26 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1401
Abstract
Liquid side-streams from food industries can be processed and used in food applications and contribute to reduce the environmental footprint of industries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of protein and phosphorus separation processes, namely microfiltration, ultrafiltration [...] Read more.
Liquid side-streams from food industries can be processed and used in food applications and contribute to reduce the environmental footprint of industries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of protein and phosphorus separation processes, namely microfiltration, ultrafiltration and flocculation, using protein-rich process waters with low (LS) and high (HS) salt content from the processing of salted cod (Gadus morhua). The application of different flocculants (chitosan lactate and Levasil RD442) were evaluated at different concentrations and maturation periods (0, 1 or 3 h). The results showed that different flocculation treatments resulted in different recoveries of the nutrients from LS and HS. Proteins in LS could be most efficiently recovered by using Levasil RD442 0.25% and no maturation period (51.4%), while phosphorus was most efficiently recovered when using Levasil RD442 1.23% and a maturation period of 1 h (34.7%). For HS, most of its protein was recovered using Levasil RD442 1.23% and a maturation period of 1 h (51.8%), while phosphorus was recovered the most using Levasil 1.23% and no maturation period (47.1%). The salt contents allowed interactions through intermolecular forces with Levasil RD442. The ultrafiltration method was effective on HS since it recovered higher percentages of nutrients in the retentate phase (57% of the protein and 46% of the phosphorus) compared to LS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)
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Review

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26 pages, 1891 KiB  
Review
Fish Skin Mucus Extracts: An Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Agents
by Rocío Díaz-Puertas, Mikolaj Adamek, Ricardo Mallavia and Alberto Falco
Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(6), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21060350 - 07 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6557
Abstract
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, [...] Read more.
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This review aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the potential of fish skin mucus as a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)
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