Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (21 April 2023) | Viewed by 20908

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Germany and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53127 Bonn, Germany
Interests: microglia; neuroinflammation; alpha-synuclein; tunneling nanotubes; synucleinopathies; tauopathies; mitochondria

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
Interests: mitochondria; epigenetics; aging; neurodegeneration; microglia; neurons

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease affect millions of people worldwide with an increasing prevalence in our aging society. The social burden of chronic non-communicable diseases is enormous, and it is therefore a global prerogative to develop effective interventions against the increasing number of age-related disorders. Although various therapeutic approaches can help to manage disease symptoms, there is still a lack of disease modifiers that halt or delay disease progression. In this regard, innovative experimental research on age-related neurodegenerative processes represents a priority, which requires “out-of-the-box” approaches to unravel the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and to identify novel treatment strategies.

Virtually all neurodegenerative diseases involve (mis)operating cellular processes, including protein misfolding, cellular stress, protein and organelle degradation, mitochondrial biology, immune response, and lysosomal function. In this context, mounting evidence suggests that oxidative stress and inflammation in particular, can initiate a feedforward loop that drives aberrant disease-causing biochemical, metabolic, functional, and structural changes. Uncovering the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that trigger pathogenic processes related to neurodegeneration is therefore of great importance for understanding disease dynamics.

In this Special Issue, we aim to focus on the latest research on intra- and intercellular mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration. We aim to highlight novel research findings and collect therapeutic advances that may ameliorate disease progression. Research papers, review articles, or shorter perspective articles on related aspects of cellular and molecular mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., failure of protein clearance, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell–cell communication to name just a few) are highly welcome.

The Special Issue is now open for submission. Female scientists are particularly encouraged to submit their research. We are looking forward to your contributions.

Dr. Hannah Scheiblich
Dr. Lena Wischhof
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • neuroinflammation
  • oxidative stress
  • mitochondria
  • glia
  • neurons
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • frontotemporal dementia
 
 
 
 

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 4278 KiB  
Article
RNA Foci Formation in a Retinal Glial Model for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7
by Rocío Suárez-Sánchez, Rodolfo Daniel Ávila-Avilés, J. Manuel Hernández-Hernández, Daniel Sánchez-Celis, Cuauhtli N. Azotla-Vilchis, Enue R. Gómez-Macías, Norberto Leyva-García, Arturo Ortega, Jonathan J. Magaña, Bulmaro Cisneros and Oscar Hernández-Hernández
Life 2023, 13(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010023 - 22 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1642
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia and retinopathy. SCA7 is caused by a CAG expansion in the ATXN7 gene, which results in an extended polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the encoded protein, the ataxin-7. PolyQ expanded ataxin-7 [...] Read more.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia and retinopathy. SCA7 is caused by a CAG expansion in the ATXN7 gene, which results in an extended polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the encoded protein, the ataxin-7. PolyQ expanded ataxin-7 elicits neurodegeneration in cerebellar Purkinje cells, however, its impact on the SCA7-associated retinopathy remains to be addressed. Since Müller glial cells play an essential role in retinal homeostasis, we generate an inducible model for SCA7, based on the glial Müller MIO-M1 cell line. The SCA7 pathogenesis has been explained by a protein gain-of-function mechanism, however, the contribution of the mutant RNA to the disease cannot be excluded. In this direction, we found nuclear and cytoplasmic foci containing mutant RNA accompanied by subtle alternative splicing defects in MIO-M1 cells. RNA foci were also observed in cells from different lineages, including peripheral mononuclear leukocytes derived from SCA7 patient, suggesting that this molecular mark could be used as a blood biomarker for SCA7. Collectively, our data showed that our glial cell model exhibits the molecular features of SCA7, which makes it a suitable model to study the RNA toxicity mechanisms, as well as to explore therapeutic strategies aiming to alleviate glial dysfunction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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9 pages, 287 KiB  
Article
Dementia and Risk Factors: Results from a Prospective, Population-Based Cohort Study
by Simona Villani, Ottavia Eleonora Ferraro, Tino Emanuele Poloni and Antonio Guaita
Life 2022, 12(7), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071055 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1225
Abstract
The incidence rate of dementia varies between studies. The influence of some sociodemographic factors is reasonably established, but less is known about the role of comorbidities, which are common in the elderly. The objectives of this study was to estimate the incidence of [...] Read more.
The incidence rate of dementia varies between studies. The influence of some sociodemographic factors is reasonably established, but less is known about the role of comorbidities, which are common in the elderly. The objectives of this study was to estimate the incidence of dementia in a population of Italian elders and evaluate the role of walking speed, comorbidity and ApoE-ɛ4 as well as various sociodemographic factors on the new onset of dementia. The InveCe.Ab study is a population-based longitudinal study in people born between 1935 and 1939 and resident in Abbiategrasso, Milan, Italy. After excluding subjects with a diagnosis of dementia and those without a definite diagnosis, 1103 individuals with a median follow-up time of 4.1 years were included in the analyses. The cumulative four-year incidence of dementia was 5.3%. Demographic factors such as old age, male, less educated, ApoE-ɛ4 carrier status and slower gait were risk factors for dementia onset in a cognitively healthy sub-cohort. Comorbidity did not influence the onset of dementia; instead, slow walking speed appears to be a strong predictor of dementia onset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

Review

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38 pages, 4165 KiB  
Review
Spinal Cord Organoids to Study Motor Neuron Development and Disease
by Felix Buchner, Zeynep Dokuzluoglu, Tobias Grass and Natalia Rodriguez-Muela
Life 2023, 13(6), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13061254 - 25 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5313
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the cranial and/or spinal motor neurons (spMNs), spinal sensory neurons and the muscular system. Although they have been investigated for decades, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular [...] Read more.
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the cranial and/or spinal motor neurons (spMNs), spinal sensory neurons and the muscular system. Although they have been investigated for decades, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms; and therefore, efficacious therapies are scarce. Model organisms and relatively simple two-dimensional cell culture systems have been instrumental in our current knowledge of neuromuscular disease pathology; however, in the recent years, human 3D in vitro models have transformed the disease-modeling landscape. While cerebral organoids have been pursued the most, interest in spinal cord organoids (SCOs) is now also increasing. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based protocols to generate SpC-like structures, sometimes including the adjacent mesoderm and derived skeletal muscle, are constantly being refined and applied to study early human neuromuscular development and disease. In this review, we outline the evolution of human PSC-derived models for generating spMN and recapitulating SpC development. We also discuss how these models have been applied to exploring the basis of human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we provide an overview of the main challenges to overcome in order to generate more physiologically relevant human SpC models and propose some exciting new perspectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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21 pages, 3414 KiB  
Review
Gut Microbiota in Autophagy Regulation: New Therapeutic Perspective in Neurodegeneration
by Sarmistha Mitra, Yeasmin Akter Munni, Raju Dash, Toma Sadhu, Largess Barua, Md. Ariful Islam, Dipannita Chowdhury, Debpriya Bhattacharjee, Kishor Mazumder and Il Soo Moon
Life 2023, 13(4), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040957 - 06 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2315
Abstract
Gut microbiota and the brain are related via a complex bidirectional interconnective network. Thus, intestinal homeostasis is a crucial factor for the brain, as it can control the environment of the central nervous system and play a significant role in disease progression. The [...] Read more.
Gut microbiota and the brain are related via a complex bidirectional interconnective network. Thus, intestinal homeostasis is a crucial factor for the brain, as it can control the environment of the central nervous system and play a significant role in disease progression. The link between neuropsychological behavior or neurodegeneration and gut dysbiosis is well established, but many involved pathways remain unknown. Accumulating studies showed that metabolites derived from gut microbiota are involved in the autophagy activation of various organs, including the brain, one of the major pathways of the protein clearance system that is essential for protein aggregate clearance. On the other hand, some metabolites are evidenced to disrupt the autophagy process, which can be a modulator of neurodegeneration. However, the detailed mechanism of autophagy regulation by gut microbiota remains elusive, and little research only focused on that. Here we tried to evaluate the crosstalk between gut microbiota metabolites and impaired autophagy of the central nervous system in neurodegeneration and the key to future research regarding gut dysbiosis and compromised autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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20 pages, 1654 KiB  
Review
Neurotrophins and Other Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
by Tadahiro Numakawa and Ryutaro Kajihara
Life 2023, 13(3), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030647 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2509
Abstract
The involvement of the changed expression/function of neurotrophic factors in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has been suggested. AD is one of the age-related dementias, and is characterized by cognitive impairment with decreased memory function. Developing evidence demonstrates that [...] Read more.
The involvement of the changed expression/function of neurotrophic factors in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has been suggested. AD is one of the age-related dementias, and is characterized by cognitive impairment with decreased memory function. Developing evidence demonstrates that decreased cell survival, synaptic dysfunction, and reduced neurogenesis are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. On the other hand, it is well known that neurotrophic factors, especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor TrkB, have multiple roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal maintenance, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis, which are closely linked to learning and memory function. Thus, many investigations regarding therapeutic approaches to AD, and/or the screening of novel drug candidates for its treatment, focus on upregulation of the BDNF/TrkB system. Furthermore, current studies also demonstrate that GDNF, IGF1, and bFGF, which play roles in neuroprotection, are associated with AD. In this review, we introduce data demonstrating close relationships between the pathogenesis of AD, neurotrophic factors, and drug candidates, including natural compounds that upregulate the BDNF-mediated neurotrophic system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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15 pages, 1508 KiB  
Review
Mechanisms behind the Development of Chronic Low Back Pain and Its Neurodegenerative Features
by Abdullah Mosabbir
Life 2023, 13(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010084 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6886
Abstract
Chronic back pain is complex and there is no guarantee that treating its potential causes will cause the pain to go away. Therefore, rather than attempting to “cure” chronic pain, many clinicians, caregivers and researchers aim to help educate patients about their pain [...] Read more.
Chronic back pain is complex and there is no guarantee that treating its potential causes will cause the pain to go away. Therefore, rather than attempting to “cure” chronic pain, many clinicians, caregivers and researchers aim to help educate patients about their pain and try to help them live a better quality of life despite their condition. A systematic review has demonstrated that patient education has a large effect on pain and pain related disability when done in conjunction with treatments. Therefore, understanding and updating our current state of knowledge of the pathophysiology of back pain is important in educating patients as well as guiding the development of novel therapeutics. Growing evidence suggests that back pain causes morphological changes in the central nervous system and that these changes have significant overlap with those seen in common neurodegenerative disorders. These similarities in mechanisms may explain the associations between chronic low back pain and cognitive decline and brain fog. The neurodegenerative underpinnings of chronic low back pain demonstrate a new layer of understanding for this condition, which may help inspire new strategies in pain education and management, as well as potentially improve current treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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