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A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 30087

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Eduardo Gomes

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Guest Editor

Centre for Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon, R. Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: geographic information system; land-use science; collaborative simulation; spatial planning; complexity science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Eduarda Marques da Costa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Centre for Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon, R. Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: spatial planning; regional and urban planning; evaluation of public policies; data collection and monitoring systems; health cities
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Patrícia Abrantes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Centre for Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon, R. Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: spatial planning; planning systems; food planning; geographic information systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Socioeconomic, demographic, climatic, cultural or political drivers have been recognized as major forces shaping the landscape around the world, affecting both the natural and physical structure of the landscape. The competition for land use has led to a continuous loss of natural and semi-natural land to impervious surfaces, contributing to the increase in land fragmentation, the loss of biodiversity and wildlife habitats, and land degradation.

Spatial planning and land-use management instruments play an important role in managing the trade-offs between improving the quality of life of populations and addressing the protection of the environment and natural resource management. Furthermore, they contribute to recognizing alternatives for land use to meet socioeconomic, cultural and environmental demands and ensure the protection of populations, addressing the principles of efficiency, equity and sustainability. However, it is in an “unstable equilibrium” driven by the physical structures of places and how they interact, by the articulation between the different policies and by the socioeconomic agent’s behavior. As spatial planning and land-use management instruments have long-term impacts that will affect the future development of societies, it is critical to develop optimal spatial planning systems and instruments today. This is even more critical in regions where the demand for housing, infrastructures, services or food is expected to grow fast. Some of the measures that could be implemented could be redirected to a more inclusive and system-oriented territorial development (e.g., by adapting the instruments to the different interests of socioeconomic actors while establishing good resource management and a low-carbon future).

Therefore, an improvement in spatial planning and land-use management (by reversing or anticipating potential negative impacts on land-use changes) is critical and can contribute to supporting policymakers in a better decision-making process. In this Special Issue, we would like to invite you to submit regular research articles and reviews articles on one or more of the following topics of interest (but you are not limited to these):

- Spatial planning, land-use management, and decision making to contribute to, for example, the Sustainable Development Goals 2030, The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030), and the Paris Climate Agreement: green infrastructure, urban health, coastal pressures, periurban systems, and rural–urban interactions.

- Past and/or future land-use/land-cover change analysis and modeling (using, for example, geocomputation methods).

- Participatory land-use planning (using methods and tools to support multi-stakeholder planning approaches) and systemic thinking.

- Land-use impact analysis and future scenario building.

- Land-use conflicts in future scenarios (e.g., new roles for periurban and rurban territories; increasing water consumption in a context of local agricultural systems).

- Land-use and circular-economy planning options.

- Land-use changes and accessibility patterns.

Dr. Eduardo Gomes
Dr. Eduarda Marques da Costa
Dr. Patrícia Abrantes
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Spatial planning
Land-use management
Land-use/land cover
Participatory planning
System thinking planning
Future scenarios
Land-use conflicts
Accessibility
Periurban and rurban territories
Sustainable development goals
Geospatial modeling
Remote sensing

Related Special Issue

Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management II in Land (1 article)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

6 pages, 204 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management

by Eduardo Gomes, Eduarda Marques da Costa and Patrícia Abrantes

Land 2024, 13(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13010094 - 15 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1445

Abstract

Preserving natural and semi-natural areas has become a crucial consideration for policymakers, with several drivers recognized as pivotal forces that shape landscapes globally [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

28 pages, 7269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in High Nature Value Farmland and Ecosystem Services Valuation: A Bibliometric Review

by Inês Girão, Eduardo Gomes, Paulo Pereira and Jorge Rocha

Land 2023, 12(10), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101952 - 22 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1782

Abstract

High Nature Value farmland (HNVf) represents a rural landscape characterized by extensive farming practices. These lands not only deliver vital ecosystem services (ES) but also serve as significant harbors of biodiversity, underscoring their critical conservation status. Consequently, European Union countries have prioritized the identification, monitoring, and enhancement of HNVf systems in their policies. As governments and international organizations increasingly lean on green subsidies to promote sustainable environmental practices, the valuation of ecosystem services (VES) emerges as a crucial tool. This valuation offers both an economic rationale for conservation and aids in determining the optimal allocation of these subsidies for maximum environmental and economic return on investment. Given the potential for such valuations to shape and justify conservation subsidies, there is a growing imperative to understand the research trends and knowledge gaps in this realm. This article, through a bibliometric review, seeks to illuminate the size, growth trajectory, and thematic tendencies within HNVf and VES literature. Bibliometric analysis is recognized as promising in identifying research trends; thus, this article consists of a bibliometric review of HNVf and VES research. The objective is to identify the size, growth trajectory, and geographic distribution of HNVf and VES literature between the first publication until 2022, while assessing the critical publishing journals, authors, documents, and conceptual structure of the research fields (e.g., economic, social, and environmental). The analysis revealed a predominant concentration of research on HNVf in Europe, with limited studies conducted outside this continent. The primary focus of these studies revolved around subject areas such as environmental science, agriculture, and biological sciences. Conversely, regarding research on VES, there was no clear regional concentration. VES research publications mainly covered the interdisciplinary fields of economics, biology, and policymaking. As the fields of HNVf and VES have evolved, it is evident that there has been a stronger push towards data-driven approaches, emphasizing the need for tangible assessments and precise understanding. In examining the overlap between topics, the analysis revealed a gap between methodologies for HNVf monitoring and conservation and VES, highlighting the need for further development in crafting an integrated approach encompassing both areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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26 pages, 11528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scenario Land Use Simulation and Land Use Conflict Assessment Based on the CLUMondo Model: A Case Study of Liyang, China

by Xiangnan Fan, Yuning Cheng and Yicheng Li

Land 2023, 12(4), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040917 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1468

Abstract

By predicting and analyzing regional land use conflicts (LUCs), the contradictory relationship between urban development and land resources can be revealed, which can assist in achieving the rational use of land resources. Taking Liyang as a case study, this paper simulated land use in 2030 under three scenarios, namely, the natural growth scenario (NGS), economic development scenario (EDS), and ecological protection scenario (EPS), using the CLUMondo model. The ecological risk assessment model was used to measure the LUCs under each scenario. Through the comprehensive analysis of land use conversion, spatial distribution, and the change characteristics of LUCs, optimization strategies for future land use are proposed. The results indicate that (1) the intensity of land conversion under the three scenarios is ranked as EDS > NGS > EPS; (2) there is little change in the LUCs under the EPS, while significant deterioration is observed under the NGS and EDS; (3) the intensity of LUCs is positively correlated with the degree of land use conversion; and (4) in the future, particular attention should be paid to areas around the city center, the Caoshan Development Zone in the northwest, and Nanshan Bamboo Sea in the south, where high-intensity land use conflicts may occur. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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27 pages, 9508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiscenario Simulation of Land-Use Change in Hubei Province, China Based on the Markov-FLUS Model

by Kai Zhu, Yufeng Cheng, Weiye Zang, Quan Zhou, Youssef El Archi, Hossein Mousazadeh, Moaaz Kabil, Katalin Csobán and Lóránt Dénes Dávid

Land 2023, 12(4), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040744 - 25 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

A goal of land change modelers should be to communicate scenarios of future change that show the variety of possible future landscapes based on the consequences of management decisions. This study employs the Markov-FLUS model to simulate land-use changes in Hubei Province in multiple scenarios that consider social, economic, and ecological policies using 18 driving factors, including point-of-interest data. First, the Markov-FLUS model was developed and validated with historical data from 2000 to 2020. The model was then used to simulate land-use changes from 2020 to 2035 in four scenarios: natural development, economic priority, ecological protection, and cultivated land protection. The results show that the Markov-FLUS model effectively simulates the land-use change pattern in Hubei Province, with an overall accuracy of 0.93 for land use simulation in 2020. The Kappa coefficient and FOM index also achieved 0.86 and 0.139, respectively. In all four scenarios, cultivated land remained the primary land use type in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2035, while construction land showed an increasing trend. However, there were large differences in the simulated land use patterns in different scenarios. Construction land expanded most rapidly in the economic priority scenario, while it expanded more slowly in the cultivated land protection scenario. We designed the protection scenario to restrict the rapid expansion of construction land. In the natural development and economic priority scenarios, construction land expanded and encroached on cultivated land and forests. In contrast, in the ecological protection scenario, forests and water areas were well-preserved, and the decrease in cultivated land and the increase in construction land were effectively suppressed, resulting in a large improvement in land use sustainability. Finally, in the cultivated land protection scenario, the cultivated land showed an increasing trend. The spread and expansion of construction land were effectively curbed. In conclusion, the Markov-FLUS model applied in this study to simulate land use in multiple scenarios has substantial implications for the effective utilization of land resources and the protection of the ecological environment in Hubei Province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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23 pages, 6044 KiB

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Spatial Correlation between Urban Planning Patterns and Vulnerability to Flooding Risk: A Case Study in Murcia (Spain)

by Salvador García-Ayllón and Angela Franco

Land 2023, 12(3), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030543 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1963

Abstract

Cities in the Spanish Mediterranean regions have undergone an extensive process of urban growth in recent decades. This urban transformation has often failed to consider the variable of flooding in its planning. Such a situation, combined with the current meteorological changes derived from climate change phenomena that increasingly cause less frequent but more extreme rainfall events in this part of the planet, has caused a sharp increase in the vulnerability of many urban areas against flooding. This research aims to analyze, from a spatiotemporal approach, in the case study of Murcia, a Mediterranean city in southeastern Spain, the existing spatial statistical correlation between urban planning patterns of growth of the city and the increase in risk due to its current vulnerability to flooding. Using GIS-based multivariate indicators and geostatistical analysis, the behavior patterns of said correlation will be numerically evaluated, and possible future trends and scenarios for this problem will be raised. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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24 pages, 3435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Scenarios of LULC Changes Supporting Public Policies: The Case of Chapecó River Ecological Corridor, Santa Catarina/Brazil

by Juliana Mio de Souza, Paulo Morgado, Eduarda Marques da Costa and Luiz Fernando de Novaes Vianna

Land 2023, 12(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010181 - 05 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1668

Abstract

The studies of spatial-temporal land use and land cover (LULC) change patterns, supported by future scenarios and simulation methods based on the assumption of natural socio-economic and territorial driving forces, allow us to go beyond an accurate diagnosis of the dynamics that have occurred so far, providing a picture of possible alternative futures, and are fundamental in assisting with the planning and policy-making in the territory. In this paper, we use LULC maps and explanatory variables aggregated in five dimensions (physical/natural, economic, sociocultural, technological, and demographic) to identify which are the main drinving forces in the evolution process and the simulation of LULC dynamics for 2036, using as a case study the Chapecó River ecological corridor (Chapecó EC) area. The Chapecó EC was created by the state government in 2010 with the goal of combining nature conservation with local and regional development. In this region, in the last two decades, the loss of areas of natural grassland and forest was on average five times higher than the average recorded in the state. Based on scenario-building methods using artificial neural networks, six predictive scenarios were elaborated, based on three socioeconomic scenarios (current conditions, growth, and socioeconomic recession) and two territorial intervention options (actions). This includes an action based on maintaining the current LULC, and another action of a conservationist nature with the recovery of forest and natural grassland areas to the proportions of areas found in 1990. The results indicate that if the current LULC is maintained, forest, pasture and agriculture areas tend to increase, while silviculture and natural grassland areas decrease, driven by economic and physical/natural driving forces. If there is a conservationist action, natural grassland and pasture areas tend to increase and silviculture and agriculture tend to lose area due to economic, technological, and physical/natural driving forces. These trends have revealed that the natural grassland preservation/restoration, the encouragement of conservationist agricultural practices combined with economic strategies, and the technological development of the rural sector seem to form the basis of economic development combined with biodiversity conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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16 pages, 4942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Planning Compact City in Rapidly Growing Cities—An Estimation of the Effects of New-Type Urbanization Planning in Hangzhou City

by Meng Wang, Aleksandra Krstikj and Huan Liu

Land 2022, 11(11), 1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111907 - 27 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1565

Abstract

The Chinese New-type Urbanization (NTU) Plan indicated a major shift in planning towards compact development. This study developed an integrated framework to estimate the effectiveness of planning in promoting compact development in rapidly growing cities. We analyzed the coherence and conformance of planning, as well as the development outcome from a multi-dimensional perspective of compactness. Spatial data of both private and public development projects and big data of POI were employed for analysis in the case of Hangzhou. The findings indicate that land development efficiency and intensive urban functions at the local scale were significantly promoted after NTU planning’s initiation. However, the planning was inefficient in leading a more centralized development at the city scale. This could be attributed to the inability of the planning to resolve conflicts between growth pressure and compact goals, which is reflected in the incoherent control between the master and local plans. The inefficiency is further underlined by the insufficient connection between city-wide and subject plans, as well as the permanent planning of the Urban Development Boundary without specific tools. Particularly, planning performed weaker in controlling public projects due to dual-track planning institution. These conclusions suggest the urgency of enacting a planning system that dynamically links plans of different scales and functions as a crucial element for implementing compact development in rapidly growing areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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15 pages, 5220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land-Use Change Dynamics of Agricultural Land within Belgrade–Novi Sad Highway Corridor: A Spatial Planning Perspective

by Jelena Živanović Miljković, Omiljena Dželebdžić and Nataša Čolić

Land 2022, 11(10), 1691; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101691 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1845

Abstract

At the global level, there is an awareness of the need to protect agricultural land from permanent physical loss through land-use change. Preservation of high-quality agricultural land is currently at the center of the international debates, including those of food safety. The main aim of this paper is to provide quantitative analysis of agricultural land-use change dynamics within the area of the Belgrade–Novi Sad highway corridor, as a distinct route that connects two largest cities in Serbia. The results in land-use change and the accompanying contextual aspects are observed between 1990 and 2018, i.e., within the four research periods: 1990–2000, 2000–2006, 2006–2012 and 2012–2018, using GIS-based analysis. The research methodology used Corine Land Cover and Urban Atlas data and revealed dynamics relating to the most influential land take directions during the ca. 30 years by the means of the land take indicator. The results were complemented with the qualitative content analysis of spatial and regulatory urban plans for the study area, as one of the land-use management instruments in Serbia. The findings indicate that the most intense agricultural land-use change to non-agricultural land occurred in the period 1990-2000 due to various drivers (vicinity of large cities, illegal construction, developed transport infrastructure), but also distinguish the role of spatial and urban planning documentation in promoting the new land take. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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21 pages, 1775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Obstacles to the Development of Integrated Land-Use Planning in Developing Countries: The Case of Paraguay

by Sonia Delphin, Katherine A. Snyder, Sophia Tanner, Karim Musálem, Stuart E. Marsh and José R. Soto

Land 2022, 11(8), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081339 - 18 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3386

Abstract

Land-use planning identifies the best land-use options by considering environmental, economic, and social factors. Different theoretical land-use plan models can be found in the literature; however, few studies focus on its practical application and particular challenges in different contexts, especially in the Global South. We use expert surveys to explore the feasibility and relevance of integrated land-use planning and data acquisition in developing countries using Paraguay as an example. We identify the challenges of developing land-use plans and strategies to navigate these barriers to speed up its implementation. The results show that it might be difficult to develop an integrated land-use plan in the context of developing countries, mainly due to data availability, lack of political will, lack of stakeholder engagement, and insufficient financial and human resources. We also highlight examples of creative ways in which previous land-use planning projects and studies navigated these challenges, including stakeholder consultations, use of simpler models that required less data, prioritization of data collection, and engagement of decision makers throughout the process. We provide crucial information to improve land-use planning processes in Paraguay and across the Global South in areas with similar contexts and challenges that aim to develop in a more sustainable way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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21 pages, 7839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decoupling Relationship between Industrial Land Expansion and Economic Development in China

by Junheng Qi, Mingxing Hu, Bing Han, Jiemin Zheng and Hui Wang

Land 2022, 11(8), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081209 - 31 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

Economic expansion has caused increasingly serious land resource problems, and the decoupling of urban industrial land expansion from economic development has become a big topic for intensive development. The current research has mainly concerned industrial land efficiency, a single, static indicator, compared to a decoupling model, which takes into account two variables and gives a full expression of the spatio-temporal dynamic characteristics. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between industrial land expansion and economic development in China from the perspective of decoupling. Based on a combination of Tapio‘s decoupling model and spatial analysis methods, this paper investigates the decoupling relationship between industrial land expansion and economic development in Chinese cities from 2010 to 2019. On that basis, we divided the study area into three policy zones and made differentiated policy recommendations. In addition, based on the decoupling model, we obtained the decoupling indices of the cities and grouped the cities into eight decoupling types. After the spatial autocorrelation analysis, we further verified the spillover effect of decoupling with the results of urban spatial differentiation. This paper draws the following conclusions: (1) Urban industrial land expansion and economic development exhibit marked and increasingly significant spatial heterogeneity and agglomeration. (2) Industry and economy are in weak decoupling in most cities, but there are a growing number of cities in negative decoupling. (3) Decoupled cities are shifting from the southeast coast to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, while negatively decoupled cities keep spreading from northeast and south China to their periphery, with clear signs of re-coupling. (4) It is necessary to develop urban industrial land supply and supervision policies according to local actuality and to implement differentiated control of industrial land for cities and industrial sectors with different decoupling types. To some extent, this paper reveals the evolution dynamics, performances, and strategies of industrial land, providing a decision basis for industrial land management policies and industrial planning in China and other countries at similar stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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28 pages, 6558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Effects of Transportation Supply on Mixed Land-Use at the Parcel Level

by Yunes Almansoub, Ming Zhong, Asif Raza, Muhammad Safdar, Abdelghani Dahou and Mohammed A. A. Al-qaness

Land 2022, 11(6), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060797 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3037

Abstract

The interactive relationship between transportation and land use has become more difficult to understand and predict, due to the economic boom and corresponding fast-paced proliferation of private transportation and land-development activities. A lack of coordination between transportation and land-use planning has created an imbalanced provision of transportation infrastructure and land-use patterns; this is indicated by places where a high-density land-development pattern is supported by a low-capacity transport system or vice versa. With this, literature suggests that Mixed Land-Use (MLU) developments have the potential to provide relevant solutions for urban sustainability, smart growth, inclusive public transit use, and efficient land-use. Therefore, this study employed deep neural network models—Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)—for forecasting the effect of transportation supply on the MLU pattern at the parcel level in the Jiang’an District, Wuhan, China. The findings revealed a strong relationship between the supply of public transportation and MLU. Moreover, the study results indicated that MLU is widely available in areas with high accessibility, high density, and proximity to the city center. The forecasting results from the MLP and LSTM models showed an average error of 5.55–7.36% and 3.62–4.28% for mixed use, respectively, while most of their 90th percentile errors were less than 13.73% and 10.46% for mixed use, respectively. The proposed models and the findings from this study should be useful for stakeholders and policy makers for more precise forecasting of MLU at the urban level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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24 pages, 3802 KiB

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Optimization of Land Use Based on the Source and Sink Landscape of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Fengdu County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

by Haozhe Zhang, Qingyuan Yang, Huiming Zhang, Lulu Zhou and Hongji Chen

Land 2021, 10(11), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10111242 - 13 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2404

Abstract

Promoting the preservation and appreciation of ecosystem services is an important value guide for land use optimization. In this research, Fengdu County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was selected as the focus of a case study. From the perspective of the source and sink landscape of ecosystem services, a MOP model and FLUS model were used to optimize the areas of various land use types and the spatial configurations of those land use types in the study area in 2035 under a strict ecological constraint (SEC) scenario, a moderate ecological constraint (MEC) scenario, and a relaxed ecological constraint (REC) scenario. We also superimposed and adjusted the results of land use optimization under the three ecological constraint scenarios, and obtained land use regionalization results that integrated multiple scenarios. The results indicated that (1) there were large differences in the areas and spatial distributions of the source and sink landscapes under the three scenarios. Under the SEC scenario, the important source landscapes (ISLs), common source landscapes (CSLs), and sink landscapes (SLs) areas covered 1676.62 km², 1190.43 km², and 33.81 km², respectively. A large area of the CSLs and a small area of the SLs were transformed into ISLs area, and the degree of fragmentation of the landscape was low. Under the MEC scenario, the ISLs, CSLs, and SLs areas covered 1609.22 km², 1241.60 km², and 49.74 km², respectively. The development of the source landscapes and sink landscapes was similar, and the degree of fragmentation was moderate. Under the REC scenario, the ISLs, CSLs, and SLs areas covered 1603.96 km², 1243.32 km², and 53.58 km², respectively. A large area of CSLs was transformed into SLs area, and the degree of fragmentation was high. (2) Fengdu County was divided into seven types of areas: ecological conservation area; agricultural production area; construction optimization area; construction-ecological area; ecological-agricultural area; agricultural-construction area; and integrated development area. The results of this study can provide references for the territorial spatial planning and management of ecological barrier zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management)

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