Submit to Land Review for Land Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Published Papers

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 15951

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hongsheng Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Interests: urbanization; migration; urban planning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Yang Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Interests: built environment; spatial assessment; social health; community governance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Mengqiu Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Architecture and Cities, University of Westminster, London NW1 5LS, UK
Interests: transport planning; urban mobility; sustainable urban infrastructure and economics; urban planning; sustainable cities
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metropolitan fringe areas tend to have complex patterns of land use and social spaces. In most developing countries, metropolitan areas are the pillars on which national economic growth is built. Increasing numbers of people migrate to these metropolitan areas, which has led to them playing a more important role economically and to the creation of new social spaces. Both central and local governments have introduced special policies to promote land development and utilization in metropolitan areas, which has served to reinforce the centrality of metropolitan areas. As metropolitan areas expand, their internal spatial structure also evolves. For example, high-tech enterprises are more likely to move to the fringe areas of metropolises, thereby boosting their prosperity (e.g., the phenomena of so-called technoburbs and edge city). However, on a less positive note, lenient environmental regulations have encouraged more polluters to move to metropolitan fringe areas, which has had the effect of exacerbating the current ecological, economic, and social crisis. Furthermore, in such cities, there has been an increasing tendency for the central area to strengthen its control over the fringe areas, making the fringe areas very dependent on the central area, which has a direct effect on land development and the socio-spatial structure of the metropolitan fringe areas.

It is therefore essential to try to maintain and promote the sustainable development and utilization of land in metropolitan fringe areas from a social equity perspective. Consequently, this Special Issue primarily focuses on land development and socio-spatial differentiation in metropolitan fringe areas. The foci of the proposed issue will include but not be limited to the following:

Evolution of land development in metropolitan fringe areas;
Assessment of sustainability of land use in metropolitan fringe areas;
The social-spatial structure of metropolitan fringe areas;
The social consequences of land development in metropolitan fringe areas;
Equitable land development in metropolitan fringe areas;
Policies to promote sustainable land use and social development in metropolitan fringe areas;
The association between land use planning and transport development;
The effects of infrastructure investment, urban regeneration, and displacement on socio-spatial inequalities;
The development of streets, the built environment, public spaces, and urban design;
Sustainable city and neighborhood development in metropolitan fringe areas;
Architecture, land use, and town/country planning in metropolitan fringe areas.

Full manuscripts should be submitted before the proposed deadline of 31 July 2023. Accepted papers will be published in the journal (as soon as they are accepted) and will be listed on the Special Issue website. Research articles, review articles, as well as shorter pieces, are all welcome.

Dr. Hongsheng Chen
Dr. Yang Xiao
Dr. Mengqiu Cao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

24 pages, 30930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Sustainable Mechanisms of Poverty Alleviation Resettlement in China’s Developed Regions under the Background of Land Relocation: Drivers, Paths and Outcomes

by Kang Cao, Ronglu Yang, Pengyu Zhu, Xingman Zhang, Keyu Zhai and Xing Gao

Land 2024, 13(3), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13030380 - 17 Mar 2024

Viewed by 716

Abstract

In the context of land relocation, poverty alleviation resettlement (PAR) is considered an effective approach to improve the man–land relationship and development issues. However, current studies pay little attention to PAR and its spillover effects within developed regions. Furthermore, the complete mechanism chain has received little research concentration. Thus, employing a qualitative survey, this study aims to investigate the overall mechanisms of developed regions’ PAR in the context of land relocation. The study will deal with the following questions: Why does PAR occur in developed regions? How does the resettlement approach to poverty alleviation (i.e., paths)? What are the effects of resettlement on poverty alleviation, including its own effects and spillover effects? Through answering these questions, this study will highlight PAR in developed regions and investigate the spillovers from social, economic and ecological perspectives. Particularly, a comprehensive mechanism analysis framework for PAR will be presented to motivate future studies. Results indicate that PAR is generally caused by ecological poverty alleviation, geological disaster prevention and county town urbanisation promotion and that emigration and resettlement are the paths to PAR. In addition, the direct outcome is the overall rise in the number of resettlers over time, and the spillovers show the sustainable collaboration of economic, social and ecological dimensions. These findings will influence future land reform and housing initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 8597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterogeneity, Differentiation Mechanisms and Social Effects of Urban Residential Space in China’s Large Cities: A Case Study of Wuhan

by Wenjie Cai and Zhiqi Shen

Land 2024, 13(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13010085 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 713

Abstract

Different choices of living space for urban residents are concrete reflections of a social class divide. Emerging residential space differentiation is a critical issue in Chinese cities. This paper aims to explore the current situations and mechanisms of residential spatial differentiation, and reveal its social responses in Chinese cities. Taking Wuhan, the largest city in central China, as an example, this research divides the residential space based on social resource structures. It analyzes and compares spatial differentiation and influencing factors of different residential areas and houses with different prices in Wuhan by spatial differentiation indicators and geographic detector. The results show that residential areas are divergent due to differences in urban resource spatial structure, with few and concentrated high-quality residential areas. The spatial differentiation level of different residential areas also varies, with central location, landscape, educational resources, and other dominant scarce resources being the key to residential spatial differentiation in most of China’s big cities. In addition, residential spatial differentiation can lead to issues including housing wealth inequality, resource deprivation, and class identity solidification. In the end, this paper puts forward policy implications on alleviating residential spatial differentiation and optimizing allocation of residential resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 35764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Delineating and Characterizing the Metropolitan Fringe Area of Shanghai—A Spatial Morphology Perspective

by Weiting Xiong and Junyan Yang

Land 2023, 12(12), 2086; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122086 - 21 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 937

Abstract

The metropolitan fringe area is of great significance to a city’s future growth. However, relatively little attention has been paid to delineating and characterizing the metropolitan fringe area from a spatial morphology perspective, which contributes to the planning and design of metropolitan fringe areas. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a morphology–based method to delineate the metropolitan fringe area and investigate the characteristics of its spatial morphology. Drawing upon a large–scale dataset on the spatial morphology of Shanghai, this study finds that the metropolitan fringe area is generally circular in shape and is dominated by residential, industrial, agricultural and forestry land. The metropolitan fringe area accounts for 24.65% of the total area of Shanghai and is mainly located between its outer ring and suburban ring areas. The distributions of spatial characteristics of the metropolitan fringe area suggest that the area has a relatively lower level in terms of building height, building density, and development intensity. Furthermore, the metropolitan fringe area of Shanghai contains five key spatial elements, including residential and industrial clusters, shadow spaces accompanying clusters, corridor lines, green wedges, and surfaces. The interaction of the five spatial elements lays the foundation for the prototype of the spatial structure of the metropolitan fringe area of Shanghai, which is of great significance to understanding the heterogeneity within the metropolitan fringe area in terms of the distribution of spatial morphological characteristics. Such heterogeneity also needs to be considered in the planning and design of the metropolitan fringe area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 19919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution and Prediction of Urban Fringe Areas Based on Logistic–CA–Markov Models: The Case of Wuhan City

by Yan Long, Xi Liu, Shiqi Luo, Tianyue Luo, Siyu Hu, Yuqiao Zheng, Jingmei Shao and Xuejun Liu

Land 2023, 12(10), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101874 - 04 Oct 2023

Viewed by 841

Abstract

The urban fringe is the transitional area from rural form to urban form, and it is also the urban space reserve land in the Territorial Spatial Plan. However, few researchers predict its overall evolution and guide the implementation of the Territorial Spatial Plan. This study attempts to explore the dynamic evolution law of urban fringe, analyze its driving factors, predict its future development, and put forward management suggestions for the implementation of the Territorial Spatial Plan. In this paper, the land use data of Wuhan in 2000, 2010 and 2020 are applied to delimit the urban fringe area of Wuhan by means of a sliding t-test. Fifteen driving factors are selected from three dimensions, natural factors, socio-economic factors and traffic accessibility, and brought into the Logistic model to explore the driving factors of its spatial evolution. The CA–Markov model is used to predict the fringe area of Wuhan in 2035. The results show that the transformation of rural hinterland into urban fringe is obviously affected by the distance from railway stations, highways, commercial centers and urban main roads. It is predicted that the outer boundary of Wuhan’s fringe area in 2035 will be basically the same as the planned urban development boundary. In order to realize the intention of land space planning, the development and construction of the northwest of the Huangpi District, the East Lake Scenic Area, and the west side of the Jiangxia District should be restricted. From the perspective of the evolution of the fringe area, this paper puts forward some management suggestions for the implementation of the Territorial Spatial Plan and makes a beneficial attempt in theory and method to understand the development characteristics of the fringe area and promote the implementation of the Territorial Spatial Plan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 27739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Influencing Factors and Planning Strategies of Population Spatial Distribution in Urban Fringe Areas from the Perspective of Built Environment—The Case of Wuhan, China

by Yan Long, Zhengyuan Lu, Siyu Hu, Shiqi Luo, Xi Liu, Jingmei Shao, Yuqiao Zheng and Xuejun Liu

Land 2023, 12(9), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12091739 - 07 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 860

Abstract

Rationally relieving the population of urban centers in large cities, such as megacities and supercities, is one of the current goals of population development in China. The fringe area of a large city is a potential area to undertake the population of the central area. Studying the relationship between the population and the built environment in this area can help urban planners formulate targeted construction strategies to attract the population of the city center to move to the fringe areas. This paper takes the fringe areas of Wuhan in 2010 and 2020 as its specific research object and puts forward the “5D” index system of built environments that affects the spatial distribution of population based on population data and built environment data. The OLS model is used to screen the influencing factors. This paper analyzes the correlation between population and built environment using a multi-scale geographic weighted regression model as well. According to the results of the regression analysis combined with the development and construction of the fringe areas of remote urban areas in Wuhan over the past 20 years, some suggestions are put forward for the planning and construction of remote urban areas. The results show that the “5D” index system of the built environment covers the influencing factors of the spatial distribution of the population. MGWR reveals the correlation between the influencing factors and the spatial distribution of population in the marginal areas on the global scale and the local scale, respectively, which provides a clear direction for the development of planning and construction to improve the attractiveness of the non-central areas to the population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Land Use Changes in the Metropolitan Fringe Area: The Case of Shenzhen Metropolitan Area in China

by Shuhan Deng, Yihui Huang and Hongsheng Chen

Land 2023, 12(9), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12091724 - 05 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 888

Abstract

With the development of the regional economy, the metropolitan area has gradually shifted from the rapid development stage of concentrating on the central city to the stage of coordinated and integrated regional development. This trend has brought new development opportunities to the metropolitan fringe area; however, due to the differences in resource endowment and the complex relationship between different levels of government, the metropolitan fringe area inevitably has contradictions and imbalances in economic and social development. There has been extensive research on land use and urban governance in the metropolitan area, but less attention has been paid to the metropolitan fringe area, and it is difficult to quantitatively characterize the complex interactions between various forces in this area. This paper summarizes the spatial pattern and spatiotemporal characteristics of construction land use in the fringe area of Shenzhen metropolitan area based on the 30 m resolution land cover dataset from 2000 to 2020, and analyzes the driving factors affecting the changes of construction land use through logistic regression. The results show that the overall land use in the study area is shifting from cropland and forest land to urban and rural construction land. With different stages of development, the rate of land change varies greatly from one period to another. Three factors, population density, lighting index and distance to highway, have a significant correlation with the changes in built-up land across the region, while the boundary effects of administrative boundaries show some variation in the impact of urban land expansion at different economic levels. Finally, we put forward that reducing the negative impact of administrative divisions on the integration of resources in different cities is important for realizing the synergistic development of the Shenzhen metropolitan area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 11354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Walkability Perceptions and Gender Differences in Urban Fringe New Towns: A Case Study of Shanghai

by Wenjing Gong, Xiaoran Huang, Marcus White and Nano Langenheim

Land 2023, 12(7), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071339 - 04 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1652

Abstract

Urban fringe areas, characterized by relatively larger community sizes and lower population densities compared to central areas, may lead to variations in walkability as well as gender differences, such as safety perception. While objective measurements have received considerable attention, further research is needed to comprehensively assess subjective perceptions of walking in the urban periphery. As a case study, we evaluated survey responses of community perceptions of “Imageability”, “Enclosure”, “Human scale”, “Complexity” and “Safety” of Shanghai’s five new towns, comparing these with responses from the central area in terms of gender difference, and analyzed influencing factors and prediction performance of machine learning (ML) models. We developed a TrueSkill-based rating system to dynamically collect audits of street view images (SVIs) from professional students and used the result to integrate with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Computer Vision (CV), Clustering analysis, and ML algorithm for further investigation. Results show that most of the new towns’ communities are perceived as moderately walkable or higher, with the city center’s community exhibiting the best walkability perceptions in general. Male and female perceptions of the “Human scale” and the factors that affect it differ little, but there are significant disparities in the other four perceptions. The best-performing ML models were effective at variable explanations and generalizations, with Random Forest Regression (RFR) performing better on more perception predictions. Responses also suggest that certain street design factors, such as street openness, can positively influence walkability perceptions of women and could be prioritized in new town development and urban renewal for more inclusive and walkable cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Built Environment on Older Adults’ Travel Time: Evidence from the Nanjing Metropolitan Area, China

by Jingrui Sun, Zhenjun Zhu, Ji Han, Zhanpeng He and Xinfang Xu

Land 2023, 12(6), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061264 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1304

Abstract

The built environment is among the critical factors in older adults’ travel behavior, and a favorable built environment can encourage them to travel and engage in various activities. Existing studies have mostly focused on exploring the correlation between the built environment and travel behavior, ignoring the heterogeneity between the two at different times of the day. In this study, we conducted structured, face-to-face interviews in the Nanjing (China) metropolitan area to investigate the time consumed per trip by older adults using various travel modes and used the structural equation and random forest models to explore the relationship between the built environment and older adults’ travel time. The results demonstrated that older adults had different perspectives on travel during different time periods. Different environments and the convenience of destinations affected their overall satisfaction during travel. We found a nonlinear relationship between the built environment and travel time. Metropolitan street connectivity initially had a positive effect on travel time until a certain threshold or peak, whereafter a gradual decline ensued. This nonlinear relationship also existed between the proportion of green space and the distance to subway stations. These results can guide the retrofitting and construction of age-friendly metropolitan infrastructure facilities that promote older adults’ mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Institutional Diversity or Isomorphism? Research on the Evolution of Collective-Owned Construction Land Marketization Reform since the 1990s—The Case of Shunde and Wujiang, China

by Gaofeng Xu and Jian Liu

Land 2023, 12(4), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040793 - 31 Mar 2023

Viewed by 963

Abstract

Collective-owned construction land (CCL) marketization is an important driving force for the rapid development of China’s rural economy and society. Recognizing the trends and logic of its institutional changes is important for better understanding the central-local interrelation and the new-round CCL reform. Throughout the process of rural land reform since China’s reform and opening up, together with the unified policy guidance from the central government, the diversity of local practices and the trend of convergence in the development process deserve attention. Based on the institutional isomorphism theory, this paper analyzes the evolution of the CCL system in Shunde, Guangdong Province, and Wujiang, Jiangsu Province, since the 1990s, empirically demonstrating the trend of convergence based on diversity and exploring the underlying influencing mechanisms. The study finds that the evolutionary practice is characterized by the trend of ephemeral convergence represented by the shared cooperative and the land reservation reform and that of coeval convergence represented by the construction land nationalization. Top-down coercive pressure, horizontal imitative learning pressure, and governance-embedded normative pressure jointly shape the evolutionary convergence. This paper argues that the diversity of local experiments should be allowed and encouraged based on local characteristics. Policy flexibility should be further considered by the central government when formulating uniform policies for local adaptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Rail Transit Makes a Difference in People’s Multimodal Travel Behaviours: An Analysis with the XGBoost Method

by Lixun Liu, Yujiang Wang and Robin Hickman

Land 2023, 12(3), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030675 - 13 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1288

Abstract

The rail transit system was developed in Chinese large cities to achieve more efficient and sustainable transport development. However, the extent to which the newly built rail transit system can facilitate people’s multimodality still lacks evidence, and limited research examines the interrelationship between trip stages within a single trip. This study aims to explore the interrelations between trip stage characteristics, socio-demographic attributes, and the built environment. It examines how rail transit is integrated as part of multimodal trips after it is introduced. The data are extracted from the Chongqing Urban Resident Travel Survey from 2014, three years after the new rail transit network was established. It applies an XGBoost model to examine the non-linear effect. As a result, the separate trip stage characteristics have more of an impact than the general trip characteristics. The non-linear effects revealed by the machine learning model show changing effects and thresholds of impact by trip stage characteristics on people’s main mode choice of rail transit. An optimal radius of facility distribution along the transit lines is suggested accordingly. Synergistic effects between variables are identified, including by groups of people and land use characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Associations between the Built Environment and Cycling Behaviour around Urban Greenways from a Human-Scale Perspective

by Yiwei Bai, Yihang Bai, Ruoyu Wang, Tianren Yang, Xinyao Song and Bo Bai

Land 2023, 12(3), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030619 - 05 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2571

Abstract

The incorporation of cycling as a mode of transport has been shown to have a positive impact on reducing traffic congestion, improving mental health outcomes, and contributing to the development of sustainable cities. The proliferation of bike-sharing systems, characterised by their wide availability and high usage rates, has made cycling in urban areas more accessible and convenient for individuals. While the existence of a relationship between cycling behaviour and the built environment has been established, few studies have specifically examined this connection for weekdays and weekends. With the emergence of new data sources, new methodologies have become available for research into this area. For instance, bike-sharing spatio-temporal datasets have made it possible to precisely measure cycling behaviour over time, while street-view images and deep learning techniques now enable researchers to quantify the built environment from a human perspective. In this study, we used 139,018 cycling trips and 14,947 street-view images to examine the connection between the built environment consisting of urban greenways and cycling behaviour. The results indicated that the greenness and enclosure of the level of greenway were positively correlated with increased cycling on both weekdays and weekends. However, the openness of the greenway appears to have opposing effects on cycling behaviour depending on the day of the week, with high levels of openness potentially promoting cycling on weekends but hindering it on weekdays. Based on the findings of this study, policymakers and planners should focus on the cycling environment and prioritise improving its comfort and safety to promote green transportation and bicycle-friendly cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land Use Multifunctions in Metropolis Fringe: Spatiotemporal Identification and Trade-Off Analysis

by Linlin Wang, Qiyuan Hu, Liming Liu and Chengcheng Yuan

Land 2023, 12(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010087 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1536

Abstract

As the transition zone between urban and rural, the metropolis fringe is an area where various functions permeate and compete fiercely with each other. Understanding land use functions (LUFs) and their relationships are crucial for both urban and rural sustainable development. In this study, we established a conceptual framework of land use multifunctions in the urban fringe and proposed an improved evaluation method to quantify LUFs at the grid scale. The bivariate spatial autocorrelation method was used to explore the trade-offs among LUFs. Taking Qingpu District in Shanghai as a case study, we found that LUFs displayed pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The economic- and social-dominated functional trade-off mainly occurred in the east part of Qingpu, whereas the ecological function dominated in the west. Human preference and corresponding policies were the key factors leading to these trade-offs. Additionally, land use function zoning was proposed to resolve existing conflicts. These findings can provide scientific information for efficient land use management in the metropolis fringe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Land Development and Socio-Spatial Differentiation in Metropolitan Fringe Areas

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Published Papers (12 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI