Editorial

4 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Subsea Pipelines

by Bai-Qiao Chen and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061249 - 19 Jun 2023

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A subsea pipeline (also known as an offshore pipeline or submarine pipeline) is a pipeline that is laid on the seabed or inside a specially constructed trench [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsea Pipelines)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

20 pages, 14915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bending Deformation and Ultimate Moment Calculation of Screen Pipes in Offshore Sand Control Completion

by Yudan Peng, Guangming Fu, Baojiang Sun, Xiaohui Sun, Jiying Chen and Segen F. Estefen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040754 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

Horizontal wells, extended-reach wells, and multi-branch wells were often used to exploit subsea oil and gas efficiently. However, during the sand control screen completion of those wells, the sand control screen pipe was easily deformed. Failure occurred when passing through the bending section [...] Read more.

Horizontal wells, extended-reach wells, and multi-branch wells were often used to exploit subsea oil and gas efficiently. However, during the sand control screen completion of those wells, the sand control screen pipe was easily deformed. Failure occurred when passing through the bending section due to the large bending section in the wellbore trajectory. A parametric analysis model of the screen pipe was established based on ABAQUS and Python software under pure bending load first. Then, deformation patterns and mechanisms were identified and discussed. The effects of parameters on the screen pipe bending deformation patterns and the ultimate moment were analyzed. Finally, an empirical formula for calculating the ultimate moment of the screen pipe was established. The results showed that the deformation of the screen pipe was complex, and three deformation patterns were related to the hole parameters. Due to an increase in the diameter and number of circumferential and axial holes, the ultimate moment of the screen pipe gradually decreased, and the circumferential holes had a more significant effect on the ultimate moment than the axial holes. The established empirical formula could accurately calculate the ultimate moment of the screen pipe, and the average difference between the formula and numerical simulation results was 3.25%. Full article

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16 pages, 3279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Equation of Buckle Propagation Pressure for Pipe-in-Pipe Systems

by Ruoxuan Li, Bai-Qiao Chen and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030622 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1276

Abstract

This paper focuses on the buckle propagation pressure of a pipe-in-pipe system under uniform external pressure. After the validation of the finite element model used in this research, several effects were studied. At first, the effects of the initial imperfection of the inner [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the buckle propagation pressure of a pipe-in-pipe system under uniform external pressure. After the validation of the finite element model used in this research, several effects were studied. At first, the effects of the initial imperfection of the inner pipe, including the ovality and eccentricity, were checked out. Second, the influence of the scantling of the inner and outer pipes was tested. It was found that the dominant factor which affects the buckle propagation mode is changeable. Then, the boundary value of the above factor was investigated by varying the ratio of the outer and inner diameters. Finally, after a summary of the calculation results, an empirical formula was proposed to illustrate the relationship between the buckle propagation pressure and the geometrical parameters of the pipe-in-pipe system. Utilizing this formula, the buckle propagation pressure of the pipe-in-pipe system can be estimated rapidly with good accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsea Pipelines)

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19 pages, 4841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Reliability Analysis of Submarine Pipelines Using the Bayesian Approach

by Arman Kakaie, C. Guedes Soares, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin and Wonsiri Punurai

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030580 - 08 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2120

Abstract

A fracture mechanics-based fatigue reliability analysis of a submarine pipeline is investigated using the Bayesian approach. The proposed framework enables the estimation of the reliability level of submarine pipelines based on limited experimental data. Bayesian updating method and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation [...] Read more.

A fracture mechanics-based fatigue reliability analysis of a submarine pipeline is investigated using the Bayesian approach. The proposed framework enables the estimation of the reliability level of submarine pipelines based on limited experimental data. Bayesian updating method and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation are used to estimate the posterior distribution of the parameters of a fracture mechanics-based fatigue model regarding different sources of uncertainties. Failure load cycle distribution and the reliability-based performance assessment of API 5L X56 submarine pipelines as a case study are estimated for three different cases. In addition, the impact of different parameters, including the stress ratio, maximum load, uncertainties of stress range and initial crack size, corrosion-enhanced factor, and also the correlation between material parameters on the reliability of the investigated submarine pipeline has been indicated through a sensitivity study. The applied approach in this study may be used for uncertainty modelling and fatigue reliability-based performance assessment of different types of submarine pipelines for maintenance and periodic inspection planning. Full article

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19 pages, 3850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncertainty in the Estimation of Partial Safety Factors for Different Steel-Grade Corroded Pipelines

by Utkarsh Bhardwaj, Angelo Palos Teixeira and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010177 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

This paper assesses the uncertainty of the partial safety factors for the design of corroded pipelines against burst failure due to the variability associated with the strength model selection. First, 10 calibrated burst pressure prediction models for corroded pipelines are adopted and duly [...] Read more.

This paper assesses the uncertainty of the partial safety factors for the design of corroded pipelines against burst failure due to the variability associated with the strength model selection. First, 10 calibrated burst pressure prediction models for corroded pipelines are adopted and duly categorised under low-, medium- and high-grade steel classes. The probabilistic characteristics of the pipe burst strength are studied using Monte Carlo simulation for the selected models. Model uncertainty factors are used to correct the burst pressure predictions by the design equations. Model strength factors are derived for models in each category that will provide coherent reliability. The first-order reliability method is employed to estimate the partial safety factors and their uncertainty as a function of operational time. Finally, the influence of the corrosion growth model on the evaluation of partial safety factors is assessed. The results obtained in this study can provide vital guidance regarding the design and maintenance of different steel-grade pipelines. Full article

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13 pages, 3956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Strength Assessment of Single-Sided Girth Welds in Offshore Pipelines Subjected to Start-Up and Shut-Down Cycles

by Yan Dong, Guanglei Ji, Lin Fang and Xin Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121879 - 03 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1126

Abstract

During the service life of offshore pipelines, many start-up and shut-down cycles take place, possibly leading to significant cyclic loads. Fatigue failure may occur, resulting in serious environmental pollution and loss of property. The study aims to assess the fatigue strength of single-sided [...] Read more.

During the service life of offshore pipelines, many start-up and shut-down cycles take place, possibly leading to significant cyclic loads. Fatigue failure may occur, resulting in serious environmental pollution and loss of property. The study aims to assess the fatigue strength of single-sided girth welds in offshore pipelines under these specific fatigue loads. The longitudinal stress range caused by the variation of the pipeline’s internal pressure and temperature is calculated. The effective notch strain approach is used to assess the fatigue strength of welds. The plastic behaviour of the weld root is investigated for a study case to justify the use of low-cycle fatigue assessment approaches. The effect of weld root geometry on the notch stress factor is studied to identify the dominant geometrical parameters. The fatigue strength of the study case is assessed, and some limitations of the assessment are discussed. The results show that the plastic behaviour of the weld root is only significant for severe local stress concentrations, which is mainly governed by the axial misalignment, weld root angle and the weld root bead width. If the fatigue damage at failure is 0.1, a limited number of start-up and shut-down cycles are allowed during the service life of the pipeline for the study case, indicating the necessity of fatigue strength assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsea Pipelines)

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25 pages, 5596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Response of DP Offshore Platform-Riser Multi-Body System Based on UKF-PID Control

by Dapeng Zhang, Bowen Zhao, Yong Bai and Keqiang Zhu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111596 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1402

Abstract

The coupling effect between the offshore platform and the riser in the offshore platform-riser multi-body system might be greatly increased under heavy external maritime stresses. The system will become significantly more nonlinear. The partial secondary development of OrcaFlex is carried out considering the [...] Read more.

The coupling effect between the offshore platform and the riser in the offshore platform-riser multi-body system might be greatly increased under heavy external maritime stresses. The system will become significantly more nonlinear. The partial secondary development of OrcaFlex is carried out considering the strong non-linearity of the dynamic positioning (DP) offshore platform-riser multi-body system, combined with the actual offshore construction engineering background and the lumped mass method, based on Python-language embedded programming with the basis of the operation principle of the application program interface (API) and the composition of its modules. To regulate the dynamic positioning of the offshore platform-riser multi-body coupling system, a UKF-PID control approach based on an unscented Kalman filter is presented. Based on the procedures described above, a classical calculation model is created, and the model’s calculation results are compared to those of relevant references, confirming the method’s validity and viability. Finally, the model of the PID-controlled dynamic positioning offshore platform-riser rigid–flexible multi-body system is developed, and a dynamic simulation is performed under specified sea conditions. The findings have implications for engineering practice. Full article

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10 pages, 5024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in Vortex-Induced Vibration Phenomenon Due to Surface Roughness on Low- and High-Mass-Ratio Circular Cylinders: A Numerical Study

by Muhammad Usman Anwar, Niaz Bahadur Khan, Muhammad Arshad, Adnan Munir, Muhammad Nasir Bashir, Mohammed Jameel, Muhammad Faisal Rehman and Sayed M. Eldin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1465; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101465 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

Fluid–structure interaction has been widely studied in the last few decades due to its wide range of applications in engineering fields. This phenomenon plays an important design role, for example, in offshore risers, high slender buildings, chimney stacks and heat exchangers. The vortex [...] Read more.

Fluid–structure interaction has been widely studied in the last few decades due to its wide range of applications in engineering fields. This phenomenon plays an important design role, for example, in offshore risers, high slender buildings, chimney stacks and heat exchangers. The vortex shedding generated from a bluff body can induce high-amplitude oscillations, known as vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs). This study presents a numerical analysis to investigate the impact of surface roughness on VIV in the crossflow direction of a circular cylinder. The study also investigates the impact of surface roughness with variation in mass ratio from 2.4 to 11 at a high Reynolds number (Re) = 10⁴ using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The study concludes that roughness on a cylinder results in a reduction in amplitude response. Furthermore, the lock-in region is narrower compared to that of a smooth cylinder, irrespective of the mass ratio. However, it is observed that the impact of surface roughness is more significant in high-mass-ratio cylinders where the lock-in region is more squeezed and shifted toward lower reduced velocities. Furthermore, the vortex mode beyond reduced velocities Ur = 5.84 and 7.52 was observed to be 2S for high and low mass ratios, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsea Pipelines)

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25 pages, 6596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Collapse Design and Safety Assessment of Sandwich Pipelines

by Utkarsh Bhardwaj, Angelo Palos Teixeira and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101435 - 05 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

This paper presents an approach for probabilistic design and safety assessment of sandwich pipelines under external pressure. The methodology consists of the categorisation of sandwich pipeline collapse strength models based on interlayer adhesion conditions. The models are validated by comparing their predictions against [...] Read more.

This paper presents an approach for probabilistic design and safety assessment of sandwich pipelines under external pressure. The methodology consists of the categorisation of sandwich pipeline collapse strength models based on interlayer adhesion conditions. The models are validated by comparing their predictions against collapse test data of sandwich pipelines. The accuracy of the strength models and their prediction uncertainty are used to select the best model in each category. Regarding interlayer adhesion categories, uncertainty propagation of models’ predictions over a wide range is assessed by the Monte Carlo simulation method. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a case study of a sandwich pipeline with adequate probabilistic modelling of the basic random variables. Different limit states are defined for three categories of sandwich pipelines, based on which structural reliability indices are estimated. In employing the First Order Reliability Method for sensitivity analysis, the importance of basic variables of the limit states is evaluated. Later, a parametric analysis is conducted, presenting reliability variations for several design and operational scenarios of sandwich pipelines. Finally, to achieve a uniform level of structural reliability of sandwich pipelines, a few suggestions are provided, and practical partial safety factors are calculated. The results of the present analysis can provide guidance on the probabilistic design and operational safety assessment of sandwich pipelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsea Pipelines)

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17 pages, 7670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Test System Development and Experimental Study on the Fatigue of a Full-Scale Steel Catenary Riser

by Jianxing Yu, Fucheng Wang, Yang Yu, Xin Liu, Pengfei Liu and Yefan Su

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091325 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1401

Abstract

This paper presents a full-scale deep-water steel catenary riser fatigue test system. The proposed system can carry out fatigue tests on steel catenary risers, hoses, and subsea pipelines up to 21 m in length, ranging from 8 to 24 inches in diameter. The [...] Read more.

This paper presents a full-scale deep-water steel catenary riser fatigue test system. The proposed system can carry out fatigue tests on steel catenary risers, hoses, and subsea pipelines up to 21 m in length, ranging from 8 to 24 inches in diameter. The test system was realized by mechanical loading with loading control systems, and could carry out axial tension and compression, bending moment, torsion, and internal pressure to simulate all load types on deep-water steel catenary risers or subsea pipelines. The counterforce was sustained by a counterforce frame. Through mechanical simulation analysis, the authors determined the size of the counterforce frame and designed the connection form of the counterforce frame and loading system. According to the required loading capacity, the appropriate cylinder thickness and diameter were obtained through calculation. After the design and construction of the test system, the authors designed a fatigue test to confirm the loading capacity and accuracy of the test system. The authors performed full-scale testing to assess the fatigue performance of pipe-to-pipe mainline 5G girth welds fabricated to BS 7608. This test was designed according to the stress level of pipelines in the Lingshui 17-2 gas field, and the test results were compared with the calculation results of the S–N curve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsea Pipelines)

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20 pages, 13750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Investigation on Secondary Flow Characteristics in Double-Curved Subsea Pipelines with Different Spatial Structures

by Fenghui Han, Yuxiang Liu, Qingyuan Lan, Wenhua Li and Zhe Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091264 - 07 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2142

Abstract

Double-curved pipes are widely employed as essential components of subsea pipeline systems. Considering the layout flexibility and application diversity, there are various spatial structures for the double-curved combinations. However, few studies have compared the flow characteristics in different double-curved pipes. The dissipations of [...] Read more.

Double-curved pipes are widely employed as essential components of subsea pipeline systems. Considering the layout flexibility and application diversity, there are various spatial structures for the double-curved combinations. However, few studies have compared the flow characteristics in different double-curved pipes. The dissipations of the corresponding downstream flow have not been thoroughly investigated, which are crucial for the measurement accuracy and flow assurance. In this paper, the turbulent flow in double-curved pipes with different spatial structures (i.e., Z-, U-, and spatial Z- type) was numerically studied by employing the ω-Reynolds stress model. The major purpose was to develop an in-depth knowledge on the secondary flow characteristics in different double-curved pipes and quantify the dissipations of the downstream flow. The effects of the spatial angle and interval distance of the two curves on the flow fields are taken into consideration, and the swirl intensity S_i is introduced to evaluate the secondary flow dissipation. It is found that the secondary flows in the Z- and U-type structures are in opposite directions when the interval distance is short (3D), and the secondary flow in the spatial Z-type exhibits an oblique symmetric form. Only in the Z-type pipe with a short interval distance the secondary flow exhibits an exponential dissipation, and the fully developed flow is easier to achieve than the other cases. However, as the interval distance increases, the directions of the secondary flow in the U- and Z-type structures are the same, and the flow dissipations in all the structures return to the exponential types. The obtained dissipation rates for the secondary flow downstream of Z-, U-, and spatial Z-pipes with the 9D interval distance were 0.40, 0.25, and 0.20, respectively. The results are expected to guide the design of pipeline layouts and provide a reference for the arrangements of flowmeters in a complex subsea pipeline system. Full article

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19 pages, 5282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lateral Buckling of Subsea Pipelines Triggered by Sleeper with a Nonlinear Pipe–Soil Interaction Model

by Zhenkui Wang and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(6), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060757 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2434

Abstract

Buckle-initiation techniques, such as sleepers, are usually installed to trigger lateral buckling at pre-designated locations to release the axial compressive forces induced by thermal loading. Taking the nonlinear pipe–soil interaction model into account, a mathematical model is proposed to investigate the lateral buckling [...] Read more.

Buckle-initiation techniques, such as sleepers, are usually installed to trigger lateral buckling at pre-designated locations to release the axial compressive forces induced by thermal loading. Taking the nonlinear pipe–soil interaction model into account, a mathematical model is proposed to investigate the lateral buckling of subsea pipelines triggered by a sleeper. The numerical solution is validated by comparing the model with solutions in the literature, and the model shows good agreement. The discrepancy between them is analysed by presenting the effect of mobilisation distance during buckling. The influence of the breakout resistance, sleeper height, and sleeper friction coefficient on the buckled configuration, post-buckling behaviour, and minimum critical temperature difference is discussed parametrically. The results show that the deformation of the buckled pipeline shrinks, and both the minimum critical temperature difference and the maximum stress along the buckled pipeline enlarge when the nonlinear pipe–soil interaction model is incorporated. However, the influence of the nonlinear pipe–soil interaction reduces with increasing sleeper height. Full article

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16 pages, 6135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction Method and Validation Study of Tensile Performance of Reinforced Armor Layer in Marine Flexible Pipe/Cables

by Hualin Wang, Zhixun Yang, Jun Yan, Gang Wang, Dongyan Shi, Baoshun Zhou and Yanchun Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050642 - 08 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1972

Abstract

Marine flexible pipe/cables, such as umbilicals, flexible pipes and cryogenic hoses, are widely adopted in ocean engineering. The reinforcing armor layer in these pipe/cables is the main component for bearing loads, which is a typical multi-layer helically wound slender structure with different winding [...] Read more.

Marine flexible pipe/cables, such as umbilicals, flexible pipes and cryogenic hoses, are widely adopted in ocean engineering. The reinforcing armor layer in these pipe/cables is the main component for bearing loads, which is a typical multi-layer helically wound slender structure with different winding angles for different devices. There has been no general theoretical methodology to describe the tensile performance of these flexible pipe/cables. This paper first introduces a theory to solve the tensile mechanical behavior of a helically wound structure. Based on the curved beam theory, a solution of the tensile stress of a helically wound slender is derived. Then, the deformation mechanism of the marine flexible pipe/cables structure with different winding angles is studied. Through comparing theoretical and numerical results, the deformation characteristic of the helically wound slender structure is further explained. It is found that a sectional torsional deformation generates when the structure with a larger winding angle is under tension condition, while the sectional deformation of the structure with a smaller winding angle is mainly tension. Finally, a couple types of marine flexible pipe/cables under the tension condition are provided to analyze the mechanical performance and compare the difference between different theoretical models. The research conclusion from this paper provides a useful reference for the structural analysis and design of marine flexible pipe/cables. Full article

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20 pages, 9429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFRP Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Inner Corroded Steel Pipelines under External Pressure

by Jianxing Yu, Weipeng Xu, Yang Yu, Fei Fu, Huakun Wang, Shengbo Xu and Shibo Wu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050589 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2105

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of pipelines repaired with carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) under external pressure. The repaired pipeline experienced defects in terms of thinning of its local inner wall. The three-dimensional finite element method was used to analyse [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of pipelines repaired with carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) under external pressure. The repaired pipeline experienced defects in terms of thinning of its local inner wall. The three-dimensional finite element method was used to analyse the collapse pressure of repaired pipes with internal corrosion defects. The traction–separation law and interlaminar damage criterion were applied to simulate the collapse process of repaired pipes. The results show that the collapse pressure of the composite-repaired pipe increased and the CFRP significantly reduced the strain in the defect region. It was observed that the ovality of the corrosion defect region was reduced and that the repair effectiveness mainly depended on the length, thickness, and interlayer cohesion. Full article

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10 pages, 3483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ovality Length on Collapse Strength of Imperfect Sandwich Pipes Due to Local Buckling

by Ruoxuan Li, Bai-Qiao Chen and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010012 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3011

Abstract

The effect of ovality length on imperfect sandwich pipes is investigated using the finite element method in the scenario of local buckling under external pressure. First, the finite element model of the imperfect sandwich pipelines is established in ANSYS and is validated by [...] Read more.

The effect of ovality length on imperfect sandwich pipes is investigated using the finite element method in the scenario of local buckling under external pressure. First, the finite element model of the imperfect sandwich pipelines is established in ANSYS and is validated by comparing the results from numerical simulation with those from experiments. Then, the effect of ovality features on the collapse strength of the sandwich pipes is studied. At last, based on the calculation results from 1200 cases, a prediction equation is proposed to represent the relationship between collapse strength and ovality length of imperfect sandwich pipes. Good agreement is achieved between the proposed equation and the calculation results, leading to the conclusion that the proposed simplified model can be an efficient tool in the evaluation of the local collapse strength of subsea sandwich pipes under external pressure. Full article

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Review

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19 pages, 3836 KiB

Open AccessReview

Opportunities and Challenges to Develop Digital Twins for Subsea Pipelines

by Bai-Qiao Chen, Paulo M. Videiro and C. Guedes Soares

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(6), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060739 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5127

Abstract

A vision of the digital twins of the subsea pipelines is provided in this paper, with a coverage of the current applications and the challenges of the digital twins in the design, construction, service life, and assessments of life extension. Digital twins are [...] Read more.

A vision of the digital twins of the subsea pipelines is provided in this paper, with a coverage of the current applications and the challenges of the digital twins in the design, construction, service life, and assessments of life extension. Digital twins are described as a paradigm combining multi-physics modelling with data-driven analytics, which are used to mirror the life of its corresponding twin. Realistic virtual models of structural systems are shown to bridge the gap between design and construction and to mirror the real and virtual worlds. Challenges in properly using the new tools and how to create accurate digital twins considering data acquired during the construction phase are discussed. The key opportunities for improved integrity management using the digital twin are data contextualization, standardization, automated anomaly detection, and learning through sharing. The collection, interpretation and sharing of data, and cyber-security are identified as some of the main challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsea Pipelines)

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