Editorial

4 pages, 190 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

by Young-Soo Park, Jung-Sik Jeong and Yusuf Volkan Aydogdu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111721 - 10 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1400

Due to the nature of business, maritime safety plays a paramount role in preventing damage to property and danger to life in the maritime industry [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

Research

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12 pages, 2962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Full-Mission Ship-Handling Simulators for Navigational Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Large Vessel Passage through the Istanbul Strait

by Yusuf Volkan Aydogdu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050659 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2134

Abstract

The MV Ever Given accident, which took place in the Suez Canal in March 2021, showed the financial consequences of marine accidents in narrow channels as vessel sizes increase continuously. Fortunately, this incident did not threaten life nor the environment. Nevertheless, it has [...] Read more.

The MV Ever Given accident, which took place in the Suez Canal in March 2021, showed the financial consequences of marine accidents in narrow channels as vessel sizes increase continuously. Fortunately, this incident did not threaten life nor the environment. Nevertheless, it has shown the need for a thorough investigation of large vessel passages through narrow channels and confined waterways. In this study, the utilization of a bridge simulator for risk assessment and determining safety criteria through the Istanbul Strait, which is one of the most critical and difficult waterways to navigate in the world, is given as a case study. In the literature, there are some studies illustrating the navigational difficulties and proposed countermeasures. However, there has been no study conducted to determine the safe passage conditions of large vessels in the Istanbul Strait. Hence, a Full-Mission Ship-Handling Simulator (FMSHS) was used to simulate the passage of large vessels in the Istanbul Strait. Scenarios were prepared and executed together with Strait Maritime Pilots to ensure the realism. After the scenarios were simulated, the outputs of each scenario were analyzed using the Environmental Stress (ES) model to highlight levels of risk that occur during the passage of large vessels, and finally, the necessary measures are recommended to mitigate the risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

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22 pages, 3928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emergency Situation Safety Evaluation of Marine Ship Collision Accident Based on Extension Cloud Model

by Yiyang Zou, Yingjun Zhang and Zhihong Ma

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(12), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121370 - 02 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3068

Abstract

After collisions at sea, situation evaluation and analysis are very important to follow-up rescue operations. At present, there are few ways give weights in the current situational safety evaluation methods after collisions of marine ships. Most safety evaluation models ignore the blurred boundaries [...] Read more.

After collisions at sea, situation evaluation and analysis are very important to follow-up rescue operations. At present, there are few ways give weights in the current situational safety evaluation methods after collisions of marine ships. Most safety evaluation models ignore the blurred boundaries of evaluation grades. To solve these issues, this paper identifies the safety evaluation indicator system and evaluation standards, and establishes an after-collisions safety evaluation model of maritime ships based on the extension cloud theory. This model combines the extension cloud model, the analytic hierarchy process, the entropy weight method, and game theory. Using this model, the situation safety of two collisions was evaluated. The evaluation results reflect the effectiveness of the model. In order to ensure the safety of the lives and property of marine personnel, suggestions have been made to strengthen crew training, improve ship’s self-rescue ability at sea, and establish a complete marine emergency response rescue system. Full article

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14 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Noise and Work Reduction through Remodeling of Stern Tube Assembly in a Shipbuilding Process by Applying TRIZ Theory

by Chia-Nan Wang, Hector Tibo and Chao-Jie You

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(10), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101059 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4031

Abstract

This study focuses on the installation of a stern tube which is one of the tasks in shafting installation. The traditional way to set up a stern tube needs more labor input in terms of manpower, work schedule and cost. Not only that, [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the installation of a stern tube which is one of the tasks in shafting installation. The traditional way to set up a stern tube needs more labor input in terms of manpower, work schedule and cost. Not only that, during processing, it requires large boring machinery which generates noise which is harmful to workers’ physical and mental conditions. This study first utilizes problem hierarchy analysis in redefining the problem before finding out the solutions using technical contradiction to work out the feasible solutions. Then, after refining and analyzing the feasible solutions, the feasible solutions were carried out and then an “integrated Stern Tube” was created, which decreased 49% of the cost and 71% of the work period in a dock. This means that the new technique makes it possible for a shipyard to enhance its capacity of building vessels as well as lower the noise effectively. As a result, these improvements add up to a friendlier working environment and lead to a win-win situation between workers and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

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22 pages, 8509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ship Trajectory Prediction Based on Bi-LSTM Using Spectral-Clustered AIS Data

by Jinwan Park, Jungsik Jeong and Youngsoo Park

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(9), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091037 - 21 Sep 2021

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 4552

Abstract

According to the statistics of maritime accidents, most collision accidents have been caused by human factors. In an encounter situation, the prediction of ship’s trajectory is a good way to notice the intention of the other ship. This paper proposes a methodology for [...] Read more.

According to the statistics of maritime accidents, most collision accidents have been caused by human factors. In an encounter situation, the prediction of ship’s trajectory is a good way to notice the intention of the other ship. This paper proposes a methodology for predicting the ship’s trajectory that can be used for an intelligent collision avoidance algorithm at sea. To improve the prediction performance, the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) has been used to recognize the pattern of the ship trajectory. Since the DBSCAN is a clustering algorithm based on the density of data points, it has limitations in clustering the trajectories with nonlinear curves. Thus, we applied the spectral clustering method that can reflect a similarity between individual trajectories. The similarity measured by the longest common subsequence (LCSS) distance. Based on the clustering results, the prediction model of ship trajectory was developed using the bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM). Moreover, the performance of the proposed model was compared with that of the long short-term memory (LSTM) model and the gated recurrent unit (GRU) model. The input data was obtained by preprocessing techniques such as filtering, grouping, and interpolation of the automatic identification system (AIS) data. As a result of the experiment, the prediction accuracy of Bi-LSTM was found to be the highest compared to that of LSTM and GRU. Full article

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13 pages, 2713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Relationship between GM and IMO Intact Stability Parameters to Propose Simple Evaluation Methodology

by Donghan Woo, Hun Choe and Nam-Kyun Im

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(7), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070735 - 02 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2666

Abstract

Securing a ship’s safe stability is essential. Thus, monitoring the stability parameters of the IMO requirements is required to provide an alert about the risk of the safety of ships’ stability to the captain, officers, and the crew of a ship. However, calculating [...] Read more.

Securing a ship’s safe stability is essential. Thus, monitoring the stability parameters of the IMO requirements is required to provide an alert about the risk of the safety of ships’ stability to the captain, officers, and the crew of a ship. However, calculating all ships’ intact stability parameters is complex without ship loading software or equipment. To evaluate ships’ intact stability parameters, a convenient methodology to simply calculate them is necessary as a supplementary method for ships in the absence of loading software or equipment. In the present study, the Simple Evaluation Methodology for Intact Stability (SEMIS) is proposed. SEMIS is introduced for simply evaluating the safety of ships’ stability according to GM. Based on the stability parameters of 336 loading conditions of 19 model ships, empirical formulas of SEMIS are derived. To verify the proposed methodology, the stability parameters of two model ships in 28 loading conditions are calculated using the proposed empirical formulas and the principal calculation methods, respectively, and then compared. The developed SEMIS efficiently evaluates the ships’ stability using only GM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

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19 pages, 5038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment

by Dracos Vassalos and M. P. Mujeeb-Ahmed

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060667 - 16 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3004

Abstract

The paper provides a full description and explanation of the probabilistic method for ship damage stability assessment from its conception to date with focus on the probability of survival (s-factor), explaining pertinent assumptions and limitations and describing its evolution for specific application to [...] Read more.

The paper provides a full description and explanation of the probabilistic method for ship damage stability assessment from its conception to date with focus on the probability of survival (s-factor), explaining pertinent assumptions and limitations and describing its evolution for specific application to passenger ships, using contemporary numerical and experimental tools and data. It also provides comparisons in results between statistical and direct approaches and makes recommendations on how these can be reconciled with better understanding of the implicit assumptions in the approach for use in ship design and operation. Evolution over the latter years to support pertinent regulatory developments relating to flooding risk (safety level) assessment as well as research in this direction with a focus on passenger ships, have created a new focus that combines all flooding hazards (collision, bottom and side groundings) to assess potential loss of life as a means of guiding further research and developments on damage stability for this ship type. The paper concludes by providing recommendations on the way forward for ship damage stability and flooding risk assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

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14 pages, 2567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Estimation of Ship Collision Risk Based on Relevance Vector Machine

by Jinwan Park and Jung-Sik Jeong

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(5), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050538 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2522

Abstract

According to the statistics of maritime collision accidents over the last five years (2016–2020), 95% of the total maritime collision accidents are caused by human factors. Machine learning algorithms are an emerging approach in judging the risk of collision among vessels and supporting [...] Read more.

According to the statistics of maritime collision accidents over the last five years (2016–2020), 95% of the total maritime collision accidents are caused by human factors. Machine learning algorithms are an emerging approach in judging the risk of collision among vessels and supporting reliable decision-making prior to any behaviors for collision avoidance. As the result, it can be a good method to reduce errors caused by navigators’ carelessness. This article aims to propose an enhanced machine learning method to estimate ship collision risk and to support more reliable decision-making for ship collision risk. In order to estimate the ship collision risk, the conventional support vector machine (SVM) was applied. Regardless of the advantage of the SVM to resolve the uncertainty problem by using the collected ships’ parameters, it has inherent weak points. In this study, the relevance vector machine (RVM), which can present reliable probabilistic results based on Bayesian theory, was applied to estimate the collision risk. The proposed method was compared with the results of applying the SVM. It showed that the estimation model using RVM is more accurate and efficient than the model using SVM. We expect to support the reasonable decision-making of the navigator through more accurate risk estimation, thus allowing early evasive actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

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13 pages, 1959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Perceptual Differences in Maritime Safety Climate: A Case Study of Korean Seafarers

by Min Jung

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(4), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040381 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2574

Abstract

To ensure ship safety, safety culture is a critical factor in the organization of shipping companies. The safety climate has been evaluated to determine the level of a particular group’s safety culture. This study investigated South Korean seafarers’ safety culture awareness to compare [...] Read more.

To ensure ship safety, safety culture is a critical factor in the organization of shipping companies. The safety climate has been evaluated to determine the level of a particular group’s safety culture. This study investigated South Korean seafarers’ safety culture awareness to compare whether there are differences between those who work on ships engaged in domestic and international voyages. In the latter, reinforced international regulations are applied. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 261 Korean seafarers using seven indicators representing the safety climate used in the aviation and maritime fields. Results showed that seafarers engaged in ocean-going navigation had a higher awareness of management involvement, organizational commitment, learning, and reporting systems, which yielded more positive effects than those engaged in domestic navigation. However, this did not significantly affect communication or employee empowerment. The survey methodology in this study can be used as an effective measure to assess the maritime safety climate; thus, it is possible to prepare policies and educational programs aimed at improving maritime safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

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20 pages, 5027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Semi-Continuous Spatial Statistical Analysis Using AIS Data for Vessel Traffic Flow Characteristics in Fairway

by Jong Kwan Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(4), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040378 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2557

Abstract

As high vessel traffic in fairways is likely to cause frequent marine accidents, understanding vessel traffic flow characteristics is necessary to prevent marine accidents in fairways. Therefore, this study conducted semi-continuous spatial statistical analysis tests (the normal distribution test, kurtosis test and skewness [...] Read more.

As high vessel traffic in fairways is likely to cause frequent marine accidents, understanding vessel traffic flow characteristics is necessary to prevent marine accidents in fairways. Therefore, this study conducted semi-continuous spatial statistical analysis tests (the normal distribution test, kurtosis test and skewness test) to understand vessel traffic flow characteristics. First, a vessel traffic survey was conducted in a designated area (Busan North Port) for seven days. The data were collected using an automatic identification system and subsequently converted using semi-continuous processing methods. Thereafter, the converted data were used to conduct three methods of spatial statistical analysis. The analysis results revealed the vessel traffic distribution and its characteristics, such as the degree of use and lateral positioning on the fairway based on the size of the vessel. In addition, the generalization of the results of this study along with that of further studies will aid in deriving the traffic characteristics of vessels on the fairway. Moreover, these characteristics will reduce maritime accidents on the fairway, in addition to establishing the foundation for research on autonomous ships. Full article

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27 pages, 2051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Limiting Ship Accidents by Identifying Their Causes and Determining Barriers to Application of Preventive Measures

by Chong-Ju Chae, Kyung Hwan Kim and Suk Young Kang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(3), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030302 - 09 Mar 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6284

Abstract

When analyzing ship accidents, there may be doubts whether appropriate countermeasures had been taken to prevent known types of accidents. This study aimed to suggest possible solutions by investigating the status and issues associated with the implementation of countermeasures using importance–performance analysis (IPA), [...] Read more.

When analyzing ship accidents, there may be doubts whether appropriate countermeasures had been taken to prevent known types of accidents. This study aimed to suggest possible solutions by investigating the status and issues associated with the implementation of countermeasures using importance–performance analysis (IPA), Borich’s needs assessment, and locus for focus models based on previously identified causes of the ship accidents. As a result, firstly, we confirmed that there is a need to enhance education and training on specific knowledge, understanding, and proficiency (KUP) regarding ship stability, emergency response, and type specific training. Secondly, we confirmed that there is a need for a system of monitoring a seafarer’s KUP even while onboard a vessel—that is, after completion of identified training. Additionally, it is necessary to improve the seafarers’ working environment, which is subject to regulations. Thirdly, difficulties in solving wrong practice parts of safety and efficiency, such as the costs associated with implementation of safety regulations, were identified as the main reasons for the causes of the “not amended yet” sector after accidents. Lastly, the tools that were employed in this analysis can be used to confirm the implementation status of the actions to be taken after a ship accident. Full article

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15 pages, 3294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Evacuation Planning on Cruise Ships Based on an Improved Ant Colony System (IACS)

by Linfan Liu, Huajun Zhang, Jupeng Xie and Qin Zhao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020220 - 19 Feb 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3214

Abstract

The emergency evacuation route planning of cruise ships directly affects the safety of all crew members and passengers during emergencies. Research on the planning of emergency evacuation routes for cruise ships is a frontier subject of maritime safety. This study proposes an improved [...] Read more.

The emergency evacuation route planning of cruise ships directly affects the safety of all crew members and passengers during emergencies. Research on the planning of emergency evacuation routes for cruise ships is a frontier subject of maritime safety. This study proposes an improved ant colony system (IACS) to solve the evacuation route planning of crowds on cruise ships. The IACS, which is different from common single-path ant colony system (ACS) evacuation algorithms, is used to solve the multipath planning problem of crowd evacuation from cruise ships by considering crowd density and speed in the model. An increasing flow method is introduced into the IACS to improve the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Numerical experiments show that this method meets the requirements of evacuation analysis guidelines for new and existing passenger ships (MSC.1/Circ.1533)and can effectively and efficiently plan the emergency evacuation path for cruise ship crowd. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

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25 pages, 9548 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a Fuel Consumption Prediction Model Based on Machine Learning Using Ship In-Service Data

by Young-Rong Kim, Min Jung and Jun-Bum Park

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020137 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7380

Abstract

As interest in eco-friendly ships increases, methods for status monitoring and forecasting using in-service data from ships are being developed. Models for predicting the energy efficiency of a ship in real time need to effectively process the operational data and be optimized for [...] Read more.

As interest in eco-friendly ships increases, methods for status monitoring and forecasting using in-service data from ships are being developed. Models for predicting the energy efficiency of a ship in real time need to effectively process the operational data and be optimized for such an application. This paper presents models that can predict fuel consumption using in-service data collected from a 13,000 TEU class container ship, along with statistical and domain-knowledge methods to select the proper input variables for the models. These methods prevent overfitting and multicollinearity while providing practical applicability. To implement the prediction model, either an artificial neural network (ANN) or multiple linear regression (MLR) were applied, where the ANN-based models showed the best prediction accuracy for both variable selection methods. The goodness of fit of the models based on ANN ranged from

0.9709

to

0.9936

. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of the draught under normal operating conditions indicated an optimal draught of 14.79 m, which was very close to the design draught of the target ship, and provides the optimal fuel consumption efficiency. These models could provide valuable information for ship operators to support decision making to maintain efficient operating conditions. Full article

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22 pages, 8930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Case Study on the User Interface of GPS Plotters to Enhance Their Usability

by Jaewon Kim, Seojeong Lee and Min Jung

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010057 - 06 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2681

Abstract

In 2019, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) prescribed guidelines to standardize the user interface (UI) of navigation equipment such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR) and the electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS), which mandate the unification of various terminologies and icons [...] Read more.

In 2019, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) prescribed guidelines to standardize the user interface (UI) of navigation equipment such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR) and the electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS), which mandate the unification of various terminologies and icons to improve usability. However, comprehensive studies on the operability and standardization of global positioning system (GPS) plotters, which are auxiliary equipment installed across various domestic and commercial vessels for navigational purposes, have not been conducted. Therefore, we performed a case study to identify the user requirements for standardizing the UI of GPS plotters in South Korea. Additionally, we conducted a survey to ascertain the frequency of use of the navigational functions in a GPS plotter, in which, several deck officers and captains participated. The frequently used navigational functions that were subsequently identified confirmed the need for standardization of the UI. Furthermore, the users requested the standardization of the menus of these functions using Korean terminologies. Hence, we attempted to derive standardized items that can be applied to both the functions of the GPS plotters and the navigation information obtained, which can contribute to the improvement of the UI across the different types of plotters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Safety)

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