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Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System
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Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 January 2023) | Viewed by 25412

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Marco Altosole

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Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy
Interests: marine propulsion systems; ship energy efficiency; offshore vessels; marine simulation
Dr. Maria Acanfora

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Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy
Interests: ship dynamics; wave loads; autonomous vessels
Dr. Flavio Balsamo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy
Interests: marine plants automation; hybrid and full electric propulsion systems; marine simulation; marine fuels
Dr. Bowen Xing

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
Interests: unmanned surface vehicles; ship motion control; path planning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Smart technologies are rapidly spreading in all fields, including the maritime sector. Nowadays, the smart ship concept is a key factor, as the marine industry works to become increasingly digital, greener, and sustainable. Fully electric propulsion, together with the development of innovative hybrid propulsion systems for ships, can represent a way towards the objective. However, the peculiar environment where ships operate demands dedication in the smart control design of increasingly sophisticated propulsion systems, aimed at high efficiency and safety but that also consider weather routing applications.

The main scope of the invited Special Issue is to publish research covering the above subjects and to provide free dissemination of articles for everyone interested in the abovementioned topics. The rapid turn-around time regarding reviewing and publishing ensures the up-to-date availability of papers for research, teaching, and reference purposes.

High-quality papers are encouraged for publication, directly related to the various topics listed below.

Novel numerical techniques in the ship propulsion control design are encouraged too.

  • Smart control of ship propulsion systems;
  • Ship propulsion control issues;
  • Simulation-based design of marine power systems;
  • Propeller and engine modelling for control purposes;
  • Adaptive controls to environmental conditions and whole plant demand;
  • Marine hybrid propulsion systems;
  • Dynamic positioning;
  • Guidance and control of autonomous vessels;
  • Ship control in weather routing applications;
  • System vulnerability early detection.

Prof. Dr. Marco Altosole
Dr. Maria Acanfora
Dr. Flavio Balsamo
Dr. Bowen Xing
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Automation
  • Autonomous guidance
  • Green propulsion technologies
  • Marine engine
  • Safety and efficiency
  • Ship propulsion dynamics
  • Simulation
  • Smart control
  • Optimization
  • Weather routing

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 166 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System
by Bowen Xing, Marco Altosole, Maria Acanfora and Flavio Balsamo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(12), 2254; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122254 - 29 Nov 2023
Viewed by 643
Abstract
Currently, smart technologies are rapidly gaining popularity in various industries, including the maritime sector [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

24 pages, 5593 KiB  
Article
Research on Multi-Energy Integrated Ship Energy Management System Based on Hierarchical Control Collaborative Optimization Strategy
by Yuanjie Ren, Lanyong Zhang, Peng Shi and Ziqi Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101556 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2018
Abstract
The propulsion systems of hybrid electric ship output and load demand have substantial volatility and uncertainty, so a hierarchical collaborative control energy management scheme of the ship propulsion system is proposed in this paper. In a layer of control scheme, the traditional perturbation [...] Read more.
The propulsion systems of hybrid electric ship output and load demand have substantial volatility and uncertainty, so a hierarchical collaborative control energy management scheme of the ship propulsion system is proposed in this paper. In a layer of control scheme, the traditional perturbation algorithm is improved. Increasing the oscillation detection mechanism and establishing the dynamic disturbance step length realizes the real-time stability of maximum power point tracking control. In the second-layer control scheme, the power sensitivity factor and voltage and current double closed-loop controller is introduced. By designing a two-layer coordinated control strategy based on the dynamic droop coefficient, the problem of voltage and frequency deviation caused by load switching is solved. In the third-layer control scheme, due to the need of the optimal scheduling function, the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm was improved through three aspects: introducing the mutation factor, improving the speed formula, and re-initializing the strategy. Compared with other algorithms, this algorithm proves its validity in day-ahead optimal scheduling strategy. The superiority of the hierarchical collaborative optimization control schemes proposed was verified, in which power loss was reduced by 39.3%, the overall tracking time was prolonged by 15.4%, and the environmental cost of the diesel generator was reduced by 8.4%. The control strategy solves the problems of the steady-state oscillation stage and deviation from the tracking direction, which can effectively suppress voltage and frequency fluctuations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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16 pages, 3028 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Modeling and Simulation for Shipboard Power System Considering High-Power Pulse Loads Integration
by Wanlu Zhu, Chunpeng Jin and Zhengzhuo Liang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101507 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
The complex dynamic characteristics of a shipboard power system (SPS) are not only related to its continuous dynamics but also influenced by discrete control behavior. Especially, during combat mission execution of high-power pulse loads (HPPLs), their operation plan as a sequence of discrete [...] Read more.
The complex dynamic characteristics of a shipboard power system (SPS) are not only related to its continuous dynamics but also influenced by discrete control behavior. Especially, during combat mission execution of high-power pulse loads (HPPLs), their operation plan as a sequence of discrete control events will cause successive abrupt changes in the continuous dynamics of SPS due to the sudden and intermittent nature of the external attacks, which requires overall comprehension of the hybrid dynamics evolution process driven by discrete events. In this paper, considering the zonal distribution structure of SPS and the influences of extreme events on the discrete dynamics of each zone, the extended hybrid models for each zone, including normal operation configuration and fault configuration, are obtained based on the hybrid automata theory. Then, the global hybrid model of SPS is developed. The mapping relationship of discrete state transition to the continuously controlled system is analyzed to reconstruct the set of differential equations model of the continuous system for the purpose of simulation. Two case studies are carried out to perform the simulation under the proposed hybrid model. It is demonstrated that this proposed method can reveal the operating characteristics of the hybrid dynamic evolution process driven by discrete events, both in normal operation and pulse loads operation. Although the precise measure of discrete states of SPS can be challenging to obtain, especially during the confrontation phase, the proposed method still provides valuable insights on evaluating the sophisticated dynamics of an SPS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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19 pages, 8407 KiB  
Article
Study of the LQRY-SMC Control Method for the Longitudinal Motion of Fully Submerged Hydrofoil Crafts
by Hongdan Liu, Yunxing Fu and Bing Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101390 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1590
Abstract
The control system is one of the important components of the hydrofoil craft. By adjusting the navigation attitude of the craft, the hydrofoil craft can navigate stably and safely in the turbulent environment. Aiming at the problem that existing control algorithms have poor [...] Read more.
The control system is one of the important components of the hydrofoil craft. By adjusting the navigation attitude of the craft, the hydrofoil craft can navigate stably and safely in the turbulent environment. Aiming at the problem that existing control algorithms have poor stability in the longitudinal motion control of hydrofoil craft, the longitudinal motion reduction is limited, and there are excessive requirements for accurate disturbance wave data. Based on the fully submerged hydrofoil craft model, this article proposes a joint control method LQRY-SMC combining linear-quadratic optimal control with output regulation (LQRY) and sliding-mode control (SMC), and adds genetic algorithm to optimize the weighting matrix parameters, get better control-feedback gain, improve the global optimal-control stability, thus improving the comfort of the crew, and prevent the attack of the hull, deck wetness and damage to instruments. The simulation results show that compared with the existing methods, the heave displacement and pitch angle obtained by LQRY-SMC under the turbulent flow of different significant wave heights are reduced by about 50%, and the influence of longitudinal motion on hydrofoil crafts is avoided to a large extent, which proves the effectiveness and superiority of the method proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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13 pages, 5204 KiB  
Article
Power Tracking Control of Marine Boiler-Turbine System Based on Fractional Order Model Predictive Control Algorithm
by Shiquan Zhao, Sizhe Wang, Ricardo Cajo, Weijie Ren and Bing Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091307 - 15 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1652
Abstract
The marine boiler-turbine system is the core part for the steam-powered ships with complicated dynamics. To improve the power tracking performance and fulfill the requirement of high utilization rate of fossil energy, the control performance of the system should be improved. In this [...] Read more.
The marine boiler-turbine system is the core part for the steam-powered ships with complicated dynamics. To improve the power tracking performance and fulfill the requirement of high utilization rate of fossil energy, the control performance of the system should be improved. In this paper, a nonlinear model predictive control method is proposed for the boiler-turbine system with fractional order cost functions. Firstly, a nonlinear model of the boiler-turbine system is introduced. Secondly, a nonlinear extended predictive self adaptive control(EPSAC) method is designed to the system. Then, integer order cost function is replaced with a fractional order cost function to improve the control performance, and also the configuration of the cost function is simplified. Finally, the superiority of the proposed method is proved accordring to the comparison experiments between the fractional order model predictive control and the traditional model predictive control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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21 pages, 4947 KiB  
Article
Classification of Electrical Power Disturbances on Hybrid-Electric Ferries Using Wavelet Transform and Neural Network
by Aleksandar Cuculić, Luka Draščić, Ivan Panić and Jasmin Ćelić
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091190 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1311
Abstract
Electrical power systems on hybrid-electric ferries are characterized by the intensive use of power electronics and a complex usage profile with the often-limited power of battery storage. It is extremely important to detect faults in a timely manner, which can lead to system [...] Read more.
Electrical power systems on hybrid-electric ferries are characterized by the intensive use of power electronics and a complex usage profile with the often-limited power of battery storage. It is extremely important to detect faults in a timely manner, which can lead to system malfunctions that can directly affect the safety and economic performance of the vessel. In this paper, a power disturbance classification method for hybrid-electric ferries is developed based on a wavelet transform and a neural network classifier. For each of the observed power disturbance categories, 200 signals were artificially generated. A discrete wavelet transform was applied to these signals, allowing different time-frequency resolutions to be used for different frequencies. Three statistical parameters are calculated for each coefficient: Standard deviation, entropy and asymmetry of the signal, providing a total of 18 variables for a signal. A neural network with 18 input neurons, 3 hidden neurons, and 6 output neurons was used to detect the aforementioned perturbations. The classification models with different wavelets were analyzed based on accuracy, confusion matrices, and other parameters. The analysis showed that the proposed model can be successfully used for the detection and classification of disturbances in the considered vessels, which allows the implementation of better and more efficient algorithms for energy management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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24 pages, 3697 KiB  
Article
Improved Robust High-Degree Cubature Kalman Filter Based on Novel Cubature Formula and Maximum Correntropy Criterion with Application to Surface Target Tracking
by Tianjing Wang, Lanyong Zhang and Sheng Liu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(8), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081070 - 04 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1405
Abstract
Robust nonlinear filtering is an important method for tracking maneuvering targets in non-Gaussian noise environments. Although there are many robust filters for nonlinear systems, few of them have ideal performance for mixed Gaussian noise and non-Gaussian noise (such as scattering noise) in practical [...] Read more.
Robust nonlinear filtering is an important method for tracking maneuvering targets in non-Gaussian noise environments. Although there are many robust filters for nonlinear systems, few of them have ideal performance for mixed Gaussian noise and non-Gaussian noise (such as scattering noise) in practical applications. Therefore, a novel cubature formula and maximum correntropy criterion (MCC)-based robust cubature Kalman filter is proposed. First, the fully symmetric cubature criterion and high-order divided difference are used to construct a new fifth-degree cubature formula using fewer symmetric cubature points. Then, a new cost function is obtained by combining the weighted least-squares method and the MCC loss criterion to deal with the abnormal values of non-Gaussian noise, which enhances the robustness; and statistical linearization methods are used to calculate the approximate result of the measurement process. Thus, the final fifth-degree divided difference–maximum correntropy cubature Kalman filter (DD-MCCKF) framework is constructed. A typical surface-maneuvering target-tracking simulation example is used to verify the tracking accuracy and robustness of the proposed filter. Experimental results indicate that the proposed filter has a higher tracking accuracy and better numerical stability than other common nonlinear filters in non-Gaussian noise environments with fewer cubature points used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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19 pages, 4078 KiB  
Article
Performance Simulation of Marine Cycloidal Propellers: A Both Theoretical and Heuristic Approach
by Marco Altosole, Silvia Donnarumma, Valentina Spagnolo and Stefano Vignolo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040505 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2153
Abstract
The importance of mathematical and numerical simulation in marine engineering is growing together with the complexity of the designed systems. In general, simulation a makes it possible to improve the engineering design, reducing working time and costs of production as well. In this [...] Read more.
The importance of mathematical and numerical simulation in marine engineering is growing together with the complexity of the designed systems. In general, simulation a makes it possible to improve the engineering design, reducing working time and costs of production as well. In this respect, the implementation of a simulation model for cycloidal propellers is presented. Cycloidal thrusters are being increasingly used in marine applications. Their best performance concerns low-speed applications, due to their ability to steer thrust in any direction. The proposed simulator is able to assess the performance of cycloidal propellers in terms of the generated thrust and torque, without resorting to consuming and demanding computational tools, such as CFD methods. This feature makes the presented model particularly suitable for the simulation in the time domain of the maneuverability of surface units, equipped with cycloidal propellers. In this regard, after embodying the implemented model in an already existing simulation platform for maneuverability, we show the most significant outputs concerning some simulated maneuvers, performed at cruise speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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14 pages, 3419 KiB  
Article
Simulation Modeling of a Ship Propulsion System in Waves for Control Purposes
by Maria Acanfora, Marco Altosole, Flavio Balsamo, Luca Micoli and Ugo Campora
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010036 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3545
Abstract
The article deals with a simulation approach to the representation of the ship motions in waves, interacting with the propulsion system behavior (diesel engine and propeller). The final goal is the development of a simulator, as complete as possible, that allows the analysis [...] Read more.
The article deals with a simulation approach to the representation of the ship motions in waves, interacting with the propulsion system behavior (diesel engine and propeller). The final goal is the development of a simulator, as complete as possible, that allows the analysis of the main engine thermodynamics in different sea conditions, also in the unfavorable event of dynamic instability of the hull, and the correct management of the other propulsion components. This latter aspect is particularly interesting in some of the last new energy solutions for decarbonization of ships, concerning, for example, auxiliary electric motors, powered by batteries, to support the traditional diesel-mechanical propulsion (especially in heavy weather conditions). From this point of view, a proper analysis of the engine dynamic performance, affected by particular sea states, is fundamental for a smart management and control of shaft generators/auxiliary electric motors, batteries, etc. To this end, the work presents and highlights the main features of a ship simulator, suitable for the study of the new propulsion solutions that are emerging in maritime transport. Some representative results will point out the complex non-linear behavior of the propulsion plant in waves. Moreover, a parametric roll scenario will be investigated, in order to highlight the capability of the conceived simulator in modeling the effects of the dynamic instability of the hull on the propulsion plant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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16 pages, 2021 KiB  
Article
Marine Dual-Fuel Engines Power Smart Management by Hybrid Turbocharging Systems
by Marco Altosole, Flavio Balsamo, Ugo Campora and Luigia Mocerino
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(6), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060663 - 15 Jun 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3500
Abstract
The performance of a marine dual-fuel engine, equipped with an innovative hybrid turbocharger producing electric power to satisfy part of the ship’s electric load, is presented by a simulation comparison with the traditional turbocharging technology. The two distinct fuel types, combined with the [...] Read more.
The performance of a marine dual-fuel engine, equipped with an innovative hybrid turbocharger producing electric power to satisfy part of the ship’s electric load, is presented by a simulation comparison with the traditional turbocharging technology. The two distinct fuel types, combined with the hybrid turbocharger, involve a substantial change in the engine control modes, resulting in more flexible and efficient power management. Therefore, the investigation requires a numerical analysis depending on the engine load variation, in both fuelling modes, to highlight different behaviours. In detail, a dual-fuel engine simulation model is validated for a particular application in order to perform a complete comparison, reported in tabular and graphical form, between the two examined turbocharging solutions. The simulation analysis is presented in terms of the engine working data and overall energy conversion efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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26 pages, 1845 KiB  
Article
Parameter Identification of a Model Scale Ship Drive Train
by Arthur Vrijdag and Michele Martelli
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(3), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030268 - 02 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1845
Abstract
Simulation models of the ship propulsion system play an increasingly important role, for instance in controller design and condition monitoring. However, creation of such simulation models requires significant time and effort. In this paper, the application of deterministic identification techniques on a DC-electric [...] Read more.
Simulation models of the ship propulsion system play an increasingly important role, for instance in controller design and condition monitoring. However, creation of such simulation models requires significant time and effort. In this paper, the application of deterministic identification techniques on a DC-electric ship drive train is explored as an alternative for data-driven identification techniques that require extensive measured data sets collected over long periods of ship operation. First, a nonlinear and a linear simulation model that represent the dynamic behavior of the propulsion plant are developed, and the main parameters to be identified are defined. Then, a set of experiments on a model scale boat in the bollard pull condition are conducted using an ad hoc experimental setup and data acquisition system. Subsequently, various types of identification techniques are applied, aiming to determine the unknown model parameters. Eventually, a comparison is made between experimental and simulated results, using the different sets of the estimated parameters. The value of the demonstrated approaches lies in the fast determination of unknown system parameters. These parameters can be used in simulation models, which in turn can be used for various purposes such as system controller development and tuning. Furthermore, periodic determination of system parameters can support condition monitoring to detect faults or degradation of the system. The latter point directly deals with the condition-based maintenance issue; in fact, monitoring the propulsion plant parameters over time could allow for better management (and timing) of maintenance. Although the developed ideas are far from ready to be used on the full-scale, the authors believe that the methodologies are promising enough to be developed further towards a full-scale application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Control of Ship Propulsion System)
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