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The Strategy of Smart Port
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The Strategy of Smart Port

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2021) | Viewed by 21880

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Nam Kyu Park

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Former Professor, International Port and Logistics Department, Tongmyung University, Busan 48520, Republic of Korea
2. Logi AI Innovation Lab, T2L, Koyang 1545, Republic of Korea
Interests: port automation; port capacity; container terminal automation; port productivity; port environment, energy, port information system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The smart concept has become an essential function for port organizations to act as intelligent hubs in the global transport network. Recently opened ports are making investments that enable meeting the conditions of smart ports. Ports are introducing ecofriendly energy sources, such as LNG and batteries, in place of diesel fuel. Automation terminals are being built to reduce operating costs and for safe operation. In addition, ports are dramatically changing the way information is gathered, analyzed, predicted, and optimized to accommodate the fourth industrial revolution. This SI aims to discuss all the prerequisites that must be prepared in advance to effectively build smart ports.


Prof. Dr. Nam Kyu Park
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • container terminal automation
  • port equipment
  • port facility
  • port information platform
  • port productivity
  • port environment
  • port energy
  • port information system

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3832 KiB  
Article
Rescheduling Strategy for Berth Planning in Container Terminals: An Empirical Study from Korea
by Armi Kim, Hyun-Ji Park, Jin-Hyoung Park and Sung-Won Cho
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(5), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050527 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3805
Abstract
The rapid increase in international trade volume has caused frequent fluctuation of the vessels’ arrival time in container terminals. In order to solve this problem, this study proposes a methodology for rescheduling berth and quay cranes caused by updated information on the arrival [...] Read more.
The rapid increase in international trade volume has caused frequent fluctuation of the vessels’ arrival time in container terminals. In order to solve this problem, this study proposes a methodology for rescheduling berth and quay cranes caused by updated information on the arrival time of vessels. A mixed-integer linear programming model was formulated for the berth allocation and crane assignment problem, and we solved the problem using a rolling-horizon approach. Numerical experiments were conducted under three scenarios with empirical data from a container terminal located in Busan, Korea. The experiments revealed that the proposed model reduces penalty costs and overall delayed departure time compared to the results of the terminal planner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Strategy of Smart Port)
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23 pages, 2865 KiB  
Article
Economic Analysis for Investment of Public Sector’s Automated Container Terminal: Korean Case Study
by Yohan An and Namkyu Park
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(5), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050459 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2225
Abstract
The purpose of this case study is to conduct an economic analysis to calculate the proper terminal capacity of automated container terminal (ACT) investment from the perspective of the public sector. As a key element of smart port, the ACT is an important [...] Read more.
The purpose of this case study is to conduct an economic analysis to calculate the proper terminal capacity of automated container terminal (ACT) investment from the perspective of the public sector. As a key element of smart port, the ACT is an important terminal operating facility for import/export and transshipment cargo between countries and must have facilities with sufficient capacity to load/unload export/import cargo in a timely manner according to the user’s request. Recently, the method of calculating the capacity of seaport infrastructure is changing from the method of applying the maximum capacity to the method of applying the proper capacity. Therefore, it is desirable to expand port facilities by investigating proper capacity rather than expanding port facilities based on the maximum performance. This study is a case study focusing on the new port of Busan introducing the ACT. From the perspective of national fiscal income and national economy from the ACT investment, this study determines the proper terminal capacity for each berth. As a result of economic analysis, the break-even terminal capacity to secure economic feasibility is from 544,272TEU of the nine berths to 600,138TEU of two berths applying a 2.96% discount ratio. In a sensitivity analysis considering the social discount rate and the change in the size of berths, the net present value has a positive value from a minimum of 530,000 TEU (nine berths with 1.96% social discount ratio) to a maximum of 620,000 TEU (three berths with 3.46% social discount ratio). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Strategy of Smart Port)
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19 pages, 4690 KiB  
Article
PoC (Proof of Concept) for Performance Monitoring Platform of Container Terminals
by Nam Kyu Park and Jung Hun Lee
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(12), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8120971 - 28 Nov 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4105
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to prove the concept of the performance monitoring system of container terminals. PoC (Proof of Concept) is a realization of a certain method or idea in order to demonstrate its feasibility. The port authorities, such as government [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to prove the concept of the performance monitoring system of container terminals. PoC (Proof of Concept) is a realization of a certain method or idea in order to demonstrate its feasibility. The port authorities, such as government or local authority, are continually checking the performance of the terminals they invested in and want to reflect it in the development policy. They also want to increase competitiveness by checking performance levels, such as port handling volume, calling ships, resource utilization, and congestion. PPI (Port performance indicators) are classified into four categories: output (production), productivity, utilization, and service. In this study, 15 monitoring indicators for each stage by dividing the process from the ship’s entry to departure are defined. Four indicators, such as ship waiting ratio at anchorage, berth occupancy, storage occupancy, and truck turnaround time, are selected as PoC of monitoring platform. In addition, a method of collecting, processing, and expressing data on these four indicators in real time is presented. There are three steps to create PPI on monitoring platform. The information required for PPI is to be collected from the Port-MIS (Management Information System) and TOS (Terminal Operating System) databases. Second, the collected data from external entities are stored into the database after verification and classification. Third, descriptive PPI, predictive PPI are generated based on the input data. This study provides a 4-tier framework from the conceptual platform with the key elements of data presentation, data process and data interface and middleware. As a result of the study, it is proved to select monitoring indicators, define external entities, define internal elements of the system, develop systems, and present indicator results. However, in the process of collecting data outside the system, we have found there is confidential data of individual terminals. To this end, it is important to establish a mutual cooperation system for data collection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Strategy of Smart Port)
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18 pages, 1078 KiB  
Article
Financial Analysis of Automated Container Terminal Capacity from the Perspective of Terminal Operating Company
by Nam Kyu Park and Yohan An
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(11), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110954 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4049
Abstract
This study examines the financially feasibility of the proper terminal capacity by each berth size of the automatic container terminal (ACT) from the perspective of Terminal Operating Company (TOC). ACT is a highly productive and eco-friendly port facility, but it requires a lot [...] Read more.
This study examines the financially feasibility of the proper terminal capacity by each berth size of the automatic container terminal (ACT) from the perspective of Terminal Operating Company (TOC). ACT is a highly productive and eco-friendly port facility, but it requires a lot of capital investment. Thus, the investment of ACT should consider the TOC’s operating profit preservation to determine the proper terminal capacity. In this study, we attempt to conduct financial analysis using the net present value method and estimate breakeven handling volume of five berth sizes (nine, five, four, three, and two berths). In particular, as the aim of this study is to propose a capacity model of ACT, the model must be able to adapt to a variety of situations reflecting the number of berths and financial discount rate. The case study focused on the new port of Busan, introducing ACT. As a result, the breakeven terminal capacity changes from 560,421 TEU of the 9-berth model to 633,102 TEU of the 2-berth model, applying a 4.5% standard discount ratio. In a sensitivity test considering the change in discount rate and the size of the berth at the same time, the net present value (NPV) has a positive value at the level of at least 550,000 TEU (nine berths and 3.5% discount rate) and up to 650,000 TEU (two berths and 5.5% discount rate). The method of optimizing financial efficiency by analyzing the appropriate loading capacity will be an important support tool in decision-making by providing the analysis results and reasonable information obtained during the analysis process to the TOC, the main stakeholder in the adoption of ACT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Strategy of Smart Port)
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27 pages, 2302 KiB  
Article
The Optimization Process for Seaside Operations at Medium-Sized Container Terminals with a Multi-Quay Layout
by Neven Grubisic, Tomislav Krljan and Livia Maglic
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(11), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110891 - 08 Nov 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3501
Abstract
The optimization of seaside operations at container terminals includes solving standard berth and crane allocation problems. The question arises about the efficiency of such optimizations in small and medium-sized container terminals, with different quay designs or different terminal layouts. This paper focuses on [...] Read more.
The optimization of seaside operations at container terminals includes solving standard berth and crane allocation problems. The question arises about the efficiency of such optimizations in small and medium-sized container terminals, with different quay designs or different terminal layouts. This paper focuses on developing an integrated model that would apply to medium-sized terminals with a multi-quay layout. The main objectives are determining the shortest possible vessel stay at the port and providing a high-reliability service to ship operators. The developed integrated model includes the optimization process in three stages: initiation, assignment, and adjustment. The model’s main feature is generating operational scenarios based on the cargo distribution onboard and integrated berth and crane allocation. The aim is to choose the most favorable option to optimize ships’ overall processing time in the planning horizon. The experiment was conducted to test the model’s functionality and justify the results by comparing the results obtained by the integrated model with the classical approach of berth and crane allocation in a multi-quay environment. The results show significant improvements in peak periods when ships’ arrivals are concentrated in smaller time intervals by applying the integrated model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Strategy of Smart Port)
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11 pages, 2293 KiB  
Article
Vessel Trajectory Analysis in Designated Harbor Route Considering the Influence of External Forces
by Ho Namgung and Joo-Sung Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(11), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110860 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1851
Abstract
A vessel must navigate along designated routes within a harbor area to ensure navigation safety. The impact of strong currents is one of the most dangerous factors in coastal navigation. However, it is challenging to determine the deviation of a ship in advance [...] Read more.
A vessel must navigate along designated routes within a harbor area to ensure navigation safety. The impact of strong currents is one of the most dangerous factors in coastal navigation. However, it is challenging to determine the deviation of a ship in advance from the ship’s position data in the case of a marine accident. In this study, to support the decision-making of ship navigators and vessel traffic service (VTS) operators in track monitoring tasks, tracks were classified according to the tidal stream, and the track distribution was analyzed according to the tidal current situations. Marine accident analysis was performed to investigate the tidal influence on ship tracks. Track data were collected for 12 months from a VTS center in Korea, and tidal information was collected through a meteorological observation buoy. Representative tracks were extracted from the track data using the support vector regression (SVR) seaway model. K-fold cross-validation and a grid search were performed to determine the optimal parameters. The ship tracks appeared in specific patterns according to the forces and directions of tidal currents, and specific deviation patterns were observed. This study is expected to contribute to the reduction of marine accidents by predicting ship trajectories according to the tidal situations in advance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Strategy of Smart Port)
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