Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Coastal Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 61949

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A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

1. Environment, Coast and Ocean Research Laboratory (ECOREL-UPM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
2. Department of Civil Engineering, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
Interests: marine renewable energy; offshore wind; wave energy; maritime engineering; coastal engineering; offshore engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. Dept Hidráulica e Ambiente. Av. Do Brasil 101, 1700-075 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: maritime engineering; coastal engineering; maritime structures; ports and harbors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Coastal engineering is a discipline in continuous evolution, where it is essential to seek a balance between the natural character of the coastal zone and the integration to a greater or lesser extent of human activities in that space.

The present Special Issue aims to gather scientific articles dealing with any aspect of coastal engineering related to the sustainability or use of new technologies. All papers can be focused on the past, the present or what is expected in the future (short, medium, and long term). Papers must in some way show concepts related to sustainability or to the use of new technologies.

Examples of topics that are welcome in the Special Issue are environmental aspects related to maritime works (coastal, port, and offshore activities), coastal evolution, climate change, sea level rise and its influence in the design, construction, and/or maintenance of maritime infrastructures, sustainability aspects in the sea, marine renewable energies, including offshore wind, and novel aspects such as the use of new materials, the calculation of the carbon footprint, the use of neural networks, the use of BIM, etc.

This list is an example of the topics that are intended to be covered in the Special Issue, where innovative papers on coastal engineering are welcomed.

Dr. M. Dolores Esteban
Dr. José-Santos López-Gutiérrez
Dr. Vicente Negro
Dr. M. Graça Neves
Guest Editors

Keywords

  • Environmental aspects
  • Coastal engineering
  • Maritime engineering
  • Offshore engineering
  • Sustainability
  • Coastal evolution
  • Offshore wind
  • Marine renewable energies
  • New materials
  • Carbon footprint
  • Big data
  • Artificial intelligence
  • BIM

Published Papers (31 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 222 KiB  
Editorial
Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies
by M. Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro and M. Graça Neves
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(8), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11081562 - 07 Aug 2023
Viewed by 779
Abstract
Coastal engineering is a constantly evolving discipline, in which it is essential to seek a balance between the natural character of the coastal zone and the integration, to a greater or lesser extent, of human activities in that space [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 4528 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Reliability of the Location Transmitted by V-Pass Terminals: Prompt Rescue of Fishing Vessels
by Cheor-Hong Park, Bong-Kyu Jung and Won-Sam Choi
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051023 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1036
Abstract
Fishing boats are equipped to quickly rescue ships and save lives in the event of an incident at sea; therefore, determination of the incident location is imperative for a swift response. According to the 2021 marine accidents by ship use statistics, fishing and [...] Read more.
Fishing boats are equipped to quickly rescue ships and save lives in the event of an incident at sea; therefore, determination of the incident location is imperative for a swift response. According to the 2021 marine accidents by ship use statistics, fishing and non-fishing boats accounted for 64.6 and 35.4%, respectively, of the total 3053 ships involved in an accident. In addition to V-pass and the Automatic Identification System (AIS), several other types of terminals exist; however, approximately 91% of all registered fishing boats use V-pass terminals. Therefore, it is essential to know the exact location of fishing boats. However, little research has been conducted on V-pass equipment. Therefore, in this study, marine experiments were conducted using V-pass and AIS terminals that are mainly used in fishing boats. To determine the exact location of an incident and rapidly respond and rescue, this study compared the data saved in the terminals with the data received by the Vessel Traffic Service center. In the event of a maritime incident, the radio shadow areas and causes of the error in the location transmitter must be investigated to quickly rescue the fishing boat and to determine the root cause of the incident, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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18 pages, 4602 KiB  
Article
Study of Overtopping Flow Velocity and Overtopping Layer Thickness on Composite Breakwater under Regular Wave
by Made Narayana Adibhusana, Jong-In Lee, Young-Taek Kim and Yonguk Ryu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040823 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1418
Abstract
Overtopping flow velocity (OFV) and overtopping layer thickness (OTL) are essential parameters in breakwater design. Several empirical equations to predict these parameters are available in many works of literature, but most of the equations were derived based on impermeable structures such as sea [...] Read more.
Overtopping flow velocity (OFV) and overtopping layer thickness (OTL) are essential parameters in breakwater design. Several empirical equations to predict these parameters are available in many works of literature, but most of the equations were derived based on impermeable structures such as sea dikes. In this study, we experimented with overtopping waves over a composite breakwater with tetrapod armor units. In the experiments, wave overtopping was generated from regular waves. We used a digital image-based velocimetry method, bubble image velocimetry (BIV), to measure the OFV and digitize the corresponding image to obtain the OLT. The patterns of OFV and OTL with respect to time steps, wave conditions, and corresponding events were provided and discussed. The application of the widely used empirical equations for sea dike to breakwater was also tested by calibrating the coefficients. New empirical coefficients and roughness factors were suggested to reduce the difference between predicted and measured OFV and OLT on breakwater through the bootstrap resampling technique. This study provides modified empirical equations on wave overtopping, which is further applicable to breakwater design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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16 pages, 3273 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model of Calcareous Sand Strengthened by MICP
by Ziyu Wang, Xiangyu Zhao, Xin Chen, Peng Cao, Liang Cao and Wenjing Chen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040819 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1474
Abstract
To improve the mechanical properties of calcareous sand, it is proposed that microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology be used. A series of solidification tests were conducted in natural seawater and freshwater environments. The standard stress path static triaxial apparatus was used [...] Read more.
To improve the mechanical properties of calcareous sand, it is proposed that microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology be used. A series of solidification tests were conducted in natural seawater and freshwater environments. The standard stress path static triaxial apparatus was used to conduct shear tests on calcareous sand and solids under varying reinforcement conditions. The composite power-exponential (CPE) model is proposed to describe the stress–strain relationship curve of the solid, and the method for determining model parameters is presented. The experimental results showed that the strength of calcareous sand with solids increased with the increase in number of reinforcement times for both test environments. Owing to the high salinity of seawater, which inhibits the activity of urease in bacterial solutions, the reinforcement strength in the seawater environment was generally lower than that in the freshwater environment. The compactness had an evident effect on the strength of the added solids. With the increase in compactness, the strength of the sample also increased, but the rate of increase was reduced. The simulation results showed that the established constitutive model can accurately describe the stress–strain relationship of microbial-reinforced calcareous sand and verified the applicability of the model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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24 pages, 24015 KiB  
Article
Surveying of Nearshore Bathymetry Using UAVs Video Stitching
by Jinchang Fan, Hailong Pei and Zengjie Lian
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040770 - 31 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1146
Abstract
In this paper, we extended video stitching to nearshore bathymetry for videos that were captured for the same coastal field simultaneously by two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In practice, a video captured by a single UAV often shows a limited coastal zone with [...] Read more.
In this paper, we extended video stitching to nearshore bathymetry for videos that were captured for the same coastal field simultaneously by two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In practice, a video captured by a single UAV often shows a limited coastal zone with a lack of a wide field of view. To solve this problem, we proposed a framework in which video stitching and bathymetric mapping were performed in sequence. Specifically, our method listed the video acquisition strategy and took two overlapping videos captured by two UAVs as inputs. Then, we adopted a unified video stitching and stabilization optimization to compute the stitching and stabilization of one of the videos separately. In this way, we can obtain the best stitching result. At the same time, background feature points identification on the shore plays the role of short-time visual odometry. Through the obtained panoramic video in Shuang Yue Bay, China, we used the temporal cross-correlation analysis based on the linear dispersion relationship to estimate the water depth. We selected the region of interest (ROI) area from the panoramic video, performed an orthorectification transformation and extracted time-stack images from it. The wave celerity was then estimated from the correlation of the signal through filtering processes. Finally, the bathymetry results were compared with the cBathy. By applying this method to two UAVs, a wider FOV was created and the surveying area was expanded, which provided effective input data for the bathymetry algorithms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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21 pages, 13436 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study on the Effects of the Multiple Porous Medium Breakwaters on the Propagation of the Solitary Wave
by Kui Zhu, Runxiang Jiang, Zhaolong Sun, Hao Qin, Zeqi Cheng, Yang Wang and Enjin Zhao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030565 - 07 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1302
Abstract
Submerged breakwater, as an important marine engineering structure, can effectively absorb wave energy and is widely used in marine engineering protection. As a new type of breakwater, porous medium breakwater has a certain influence on wave propagation. However, the influence of multiple porous [...] Read more.
Submerged breakwater, as an important marine engineering structure, can effectively absorb wave energy and is widely used in marine engineering protection. As a new type of breakwater, porous medium breakwater has a certain influence on wave propagation. However, the influence of multiple porous medium submerged breakwaters on extreme waves remains to be studied. In the study, considering effects of extreme waves generated by hurricanes or tsunamis, the influence of the solitary wave on the multiple semi-circle porous medium breakwater is systematically investigated. According to the computational fluid dynamics theory, a numerical tank is established, in which the porous medium module is coupled. The computational capability of this model is verified first. Then, depending on the model, a series of cases are carried out to study the effects of different porous medium breakwaters on the propagation of the solitary wave. The results show that when the porosity is 0.8, the force on the submerged breakwaters is the smallest, and the water level and the velocity decrease seriously. With the increase in the diameter of the submerged breakwater, the wave profile gradually becomes flat. The higher the wave height, the more serious the wave deformation after passing through the submerged breakwater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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19 pages, 3324 KiB  
Article
Model Reference Adaptive Vibration Control of an Offshore Platform Considering Marine Environment Approximation
by Yun Zhang, Hui Ma, Jianliang Xu, Hao Su and Jing Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010138 - 07 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1501
Abstract
Adaptive control methods are suitable for offshore steel structures subject to harmful vibrations, as they employ reference models to adapt to coastal and nearshore physics. To decrease the dependence on the accurate characteristics of the offshore platform, a compensating measure containing the ocean [...] Read more.
Adaptive control methods are suitable for offshore steel structures subject to harmful vibrations, as they employ reference models to adapt to coastal and nearshore physics. To decrease the dependence on the accurate characteristics of the offshore platform, a compensating measure containing the ocean environment is proposed in the adaptive control scheme. With incomplete states as the driving input, external loads are approximated using a wavelet neural network frame. Numerical experiments are conducted on a platform model with varying parameters to test the performance of the proposed adaptive controller. It is shown that the adaptive weights derived from the chosen Lyapunov function are qualified both theoretically and practically. The system-output-based adaptive controller overcomes the disadvantage of state loss. The compensated disturbance environment guarantees the reliability of the restored reference system based on mismatched physics. The designed estimator as a part of the adaptive controller compensates for the deviations of the environment between the reference and the practical, resulting in a desirable reduction in the excessive vibration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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12 pages, 2416 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Biofouling and Corrosion Products on Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System Design for Offshore Monopile Foundations
by Caglar Erdogan and Geoffrey Swain
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111670 - 05 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1911
Abstract
The robustness of the cathodic protection systems utilized for offshore wind monopile foundations depends on the surface condition of the steel as well as the environmental conditions. This study investigated how preexisting biofouling and corrosion products on vertical uncoated steel surfaces extending from [...] Read more.
The robustness of the cathodic protection systems utilized for offshore wind monopile foundations depends on the surface condition of the steel as well as the environmental conditions. This study investigated how preexisting biofouling and corrosion products on vertical uncoated steel surfaces extending from the intertidal zone to the buried zone affected the cathodic protection requirements when impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) was applied under tidal conditions. The comparative results between initially clean and previously fouled and corroded panel sets showed that the fouling and corrosion products increased both the initial and mean current densities. They also altered the composition, slowed the formation, and reduced the protective properties of cathodic chalks during nine weeks of deployment in seawater at Port Canaveral, Florida. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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21 pages, 6527 KiB  
Article
Effects of Tidal Stream Energy Exploitation on Estuarine Circulation and Its Seasonal Variability
by Marcos Sánchez, David Mateo Fouz, Iván López, Rodrigo Carballo and Gregorio Iglesias
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101545 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1273
Abstract
Residual flows are of major importance in coastal areas, driving environmental processes such as sediment transport or nutrient dispersion. Consequently, in those areas where a large tidal stream energy resource is available, prior to the installation of a tidal farm, it is imperative [...] Read more.
Residual flows are of major importance in coastal areas, driving environmental processes such as sediment transport or nutrient dispersion. Consequently, in those areas where a large tidal stream energy resource is available, prior to the installation of a tidal farm, it is imperative to assess how energy extraction affects the residual flows and, in particular, upwelling events. In this paper, the potential effects of different configurations of tidal stream farms on the residual circulation and its seasonality are analysed by means of a case study: Ria de Ortigueira, the westernmost of the Galician Rias Altas (NW Spain). For this purpose, a 3D numerical model was implemented and validated against field measurements. Next, a total of eight case studies, including the operation of bottom-fixed and floating converters under typical summer and winter scenarios, considering upwelling favourable winds, were studied. Overall, when a tidal farm operates, regardless of its configuration and the forcings considered, the resulting general residual flow pattern does not experience significant modifications. This pattern is characterized by a 2D circulation in the inner ria and a positive estuarine circulation in the middle and outer ria. The largest modifications of the residual flow are apparent in the vicinities of the plant, with maximum values of about 0.05 ms−1. Outside this area, the alteration is lower than 0.01 ms−1 and virtually negligible at some distance from the farm where upwelling events develop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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17 pages, 2285 KiB  
Article
Numerical Model of Constrained Wave Energy Hyperbaric Converter under Full-Scale Sea Wave Conditions
by Moisés Brito, Francisco Bernardo, Maria G. Neves, Diogo R. C. B. Neves, Alejandro J. C. Crespo and José M. Domínguez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101489 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1708
Abstract
A 2D numerical investigation of the power absorption of a constrained wave energy hyperbaric converter (WEHC) under full-scale sea wave conditions is presented. A fully non-linear numerical model DualSPHysics, based on the coupling of a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) fluid solver with a [...] Read more.
A 2D numerical investigation of the power absorption of a constrained wave energy hyperbaric converter (WEHC) under full-scale sea wave conditions is presented. A fully non-linear numerical model DualSPHysics, based on the coupling of a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) fluid solver with a multibody dynamics solver, is used to model the interaction between wave and WEHC sub-systems. The numerical model was first validated against experimental data for a similar device, with a good accordance between PTO position and velocity. The model is then employed to study the hydrodynamics of a constrained WEHC considering several sea states, different hydraulic power take-off (PTO) damping and breakwater geometries. It is observed that the capture width ratio (CWR) is particularly sensitive to variations in the PTO damping, although the CWR absolute maximum is less sensitive considering mild variations applied to the PTO damping. Both wave height and wave period have an important effect on the CWR. The breakwater geometry is also essential for the performance of the WEHC, with a decrease in maximum CWR of about 15% for porous breakwater. These results are necessary to understand the full-scale behaviour of WEHC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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18 pages, 876 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Implantation of the Onshore Power Supply (OPS) System in Spanish Medium-Sized Ports on the Reduction in CO2 Emissions: The Case of the Port of Santander (Spain)
by Alvaro Herrero, Andrés Ortega Piris, Emma Diaz-Ruiz-Navamuel, Miguel A. Gutierrez and Alfonso-Isidro Lopez-Diaz
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101446 - 07 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1797
Abstract
Society and its leaders are increasingly aware of the need to fight climate change and CO2 emissions in the search for sustainability. Maritime transport and ports are important sources of pollution and, while industry and the rest of the large-scale emitters have [...] Read more.
Society and its leaders are increasingly aware of the need to fight climate change and CO2 emissions in the search for sustainability. Maritime transport and ports are important sources of pollution and, while industry and the rest of the large-scale emitters have achieved considerable reductions in this area, “shipping” is still not advancing at the same rate, falling behind in this race. The aim of this article is to underline the importance of an early implementation of On-Shore Power Supply (OPS), Cold Ironing (CI) or Alternative Marine Power (AMP) by making a study of potentially avoidable CO2 emissions from vessels docked (on the basis of the EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] and ENTEC [Environmental Engineering Consultancy, an environmental and engineering consultancy in UK] methods) close to urban areas in the Port of Santander (Spain). It is the first time potential reductions have been calculated for the last 11 years (2011–2021), distinguishing yearly emissions per type of vessel and providing real information to port authorities to prioritize the installation of this technological basis for the operation of piers/terminals to optimize investments and outcomes. In this case study, results demonstrate the outcomes of ROROs, ferries, and cruises being the first target of OPS implementation (reaching total of 37.95% of total emitted tons of CO2 during the period of study). As a clear conclusion to this paper, the reader can understand the enormous and growing potential of this technology multiplied by the continuous development, increase and implementation of green energies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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18 pages, 3703 KiB  
Article
Optimized Screening Methods for Investigation of the Larval Settlement of Lanice conchilega on Artificial Substrates
by Alice D’Hurlaborde, Alexia Semeraro, Thomas Sterckx and Gert Van Hoey
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101443 - 07 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1902
Abstract
The Belgium sandy coastline is very vulnerable to erosion; therefore, development of sustainable and nature-based coastal protection solutions is important. Enhancing the settlement of the ecosystem engineer Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) which stabilises the sediment bed, is a possible solution. In order to [...] Read more.
The Belgium sandy coastline is very vulnerable to erosion; therefore, development of sustainable and nature-based coastal protection solutions is important. Enhancing the settlement of the ecosystem engineer Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) which stabilises the sediment bed, is a possible solution. In order to enhance larval settlement by artificial substrates in the field, efficient methodologies are required to screen a wide range of artificial substrates and measure how they influence currents and larval settlement. Therefore, in this study, we describe the development of innovative artificial substrate screening methodologies using an optimised recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) by: (1) analysing the capture rate of passively floating plastic particles, (2) measuring current velocity by means of an acoustic doppler velocimeter and (3) monitoring settlement of living L. conchilega larvae. Of the eight substrates evaluated, one was proven to significantly enhance the settlement of L. conchilega, namely Geotextile 3D knitted fabric with PES knit, PA spacers and wood sticks mounted at a density of 680 sticks/m2. The results of this study show that controlled lab conditions, in conjunction with innovative methods, allowed for successful screening of a number of substrates in a short time in terms of their ability to enhance larvae settlement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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22 pages, 8547 KiB  
Article
Bearing Characteristics of Multi-Wing Pile Foundations under Lateral Loads in Dapeng Bay Silty Clay
by Hao Wang, Dewei Fu, Tiantian Yan, Deng Pan, Weiwei Liu and Liqun Ma
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101391 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1200
Abstract
This study provides a theoretical basis for reinforcement of the soil around multi-wing piles. Limit analysis was used to determine the ultimate lateral capacity (ULC) of three- and four-wing piles in Dapeng Bay silty clay. The effects of the pile–soil interaction coefficient α, [...] Read more.
This study provides a theoretical basis for reinforcement of the soil around multi-wing piles. Limit analysis was used to determine the ultimate lateral capacity (ULC) of three- and four-wing piles in Dapeng Bay silty clay. The effects of the pile–soil interaction coefficient α, wing width Bw, and lateral-load direction β on the ULC of the pile and the shear plastic zone range of the surrounding soil were analyzed. The normalized ULC of the three-wing pile decreased when the wing–diameter ratio increased. When Bw was 0.15 m and α was 0.4, the ULC of the four-wing pile was 19% higher than that of the three-wing pile. As β increased, the normalized ULC of the four-wing pile decreased, whereas that of the three-wing pile went through a minimum at 30°. The size of the soil shear plastic ring did not depend on α for either pile type; it increased around the three-wing (but not the four-wing) pile with changes in β. However, there was also a double plastic ring of broken soil around the four-wing pile. The four-wing pile had a more symmetrical influence on the soil around the pile than the three-wing pile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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14 pages, 2214 KiB  
Article
Field Campaign on Pressure on the Crown Wall at the Outer Port of Punta Langosteira Breakwater
by José Sande, Maria Graça Neves, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, M. Dolores Esteban, Andrés Figuero and Vicente Negro
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101377 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1313
Abstract
Punta Langosteira port, located in A Coruña (Spain), was monitored during the winters of 2017 and 2018, measuring wave pressure in the crown wall structure. Furthermore, the metocean variables were measured on a buoy located very close to the breakwater. This paper presents [...] Read more.
Punta Langosteira port, located in A Coruña (Spain), was monitored during the winters of 2017 and 2018, measuring wave pressure in the crown wall structure. Furthermore, the metocean variables were measured on a buoy located very close to the breakwater. This paper presents the real pressures measured at the crown wall of the breakwater during different storm events. These values are compared with the results of the application of state-of-the-art equations for the calculation of pressures on crown walls. The results obtained show the behaviour of the pressures with a crown wall fully protected by the armour, as is the case of Langosteira breakwater. Finally, several conclusions are made on the methodology for measuring the pressures using physical models and the relevance of the armour roughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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29 pages, 19567 KiB  
Article
Validation and Comparisons of Methodologies Implemented in a RANS-VoF Numerical Model for Applications to Coastal Structures
by Eric Didier and Paulo R. F. Teixeira
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091298 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
Methodologies to be used in numerical models based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the volume of fluid (VoF) to deal with waves over coastal structures, which involve wave breaking and overtopping and porous structures, are shown in this manuscript. Two turbulence models, [...] Read more.
Methodologies to be used in numerical models based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the volume of fluid (VoF) to deal with waves over coastal structures, which involve wave breaking and overtopping and porous structures, are shown in this manuscript. Two turbulence models, k-ε NLS (non-linear Reynolds stress tensor) and k-ε SCM (stabilized closure model), that are used to avoid the growth of the eddy viscosity, are implemented in the FLUENT® numerical model. Additionally, equations of momentum and turbulence models are adapted to simulate porous media of coastal structures. Comparisons of performance of k-ε NLS, k-ε SCM and standards k-ε and k-ω SST models in several classical cases of regular and random waves on coastal structures are carried out. It was noticed that the standard k-ε turbulence model, and k-ω SST with less intensity, over-predicted eddy viscosity, caused the decay of the free surface elevation and under-estimated wave overtopping discharge. k-ε NLS and k-ε SCM turbulence models have similar performance, with slightly better results of k-ε NLS, showing good agreement with experimental ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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18 pages, 2556 KiB  
Article
Conceptual Design of a Vibration Test System Based on a Wave Generator Channel for Lab-Scale Offshore Wind Turbine Jacket Foundations
by Ángel Encalada-Dávila, Lenín Pardo, Yolanda Vidal, Efraín Terán and Christian Tutivén
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091247 - 05 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2190
Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are designed to continually monitor the health of structures (e.g., civil, aeronautic) by using the information collected through a distributed sensor network. However, performing tests on real structures, such as wind turbines, implies high logistic and operational costs. [...] Read more.
Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are designed to continually monitor the health of structures (e.g., civil, aeronautic) by using the information collected through a distributed sensor network. However, performing tests on real structures, such as wind turbines, implies high logistic and operational costs. Therefore, there is a need for a vibration test system to evaluate designs at smaller scales in a laboratory setting in order to collect data and devise predictive maintenance strategies. In this work, the proposed vibration test system is based on a lab-scale wind turbine jacket foundation related primarily to an offshore environment. The test system comprises a scaled wave generator channel, a desktop application (WTtest) to control the channel simulations, and a data acquisition system (DAQ) to collect the information from the sensors connected to the structure. Various equipment such as accelerometers, electrodynamic shaker, and DAQ device are selected as per the design methodology. Regarding the mechanical part, each component of the channel is designed to be like the wave absorber, the mechanical multiplier, the piston-type wavemaker, and the wave generator channel. For this purpose, the finite element method is used in static and fatigue analysis to evaluate the stresses and deformations; this helps determine whether the system will work safely. Moreover, the vibration test system applies to other jacket structures as well, giving it greater utility and applicability in different research fields. In sum, the proposed system is compact and has three well-defined components that work synchronously to develop the experimental simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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15 pages, 3790 KiB  
Article
Chloride Ingress Resistance, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Mortars with Natural Cork and Expanded Clay Prepared Using Sustainable Blended Cements
by José Marcos Ortega, Fernando G. Branco, Luís Pereira and Luís Marques
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091174 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1347
Abstract
The use of lightweight aggregates in construction materials is a good solution for increasing the contribution to sustainability of civil engineering works, such as maritime ones. In this regard, the possibility of using cork granulates and expanded clay is a current research topic. [...] Read more.
The use of lightweight aggregates in construction materials is a good solution for increasing the contribution to sustainability of civil engineering works, such as maritime ones. In this regard, the possibility of using cork granulates and expanded clay is a current research topic. The combination of eco-friendly cements with lightweight aggregates could provide solutions for developing new building materials. In this work, it has been studied mortars prepared with sustainable cements and the lightweight aggregates of natural cork and expanded clay. These cements incorporated slag, limestone and fly ash. Reference mortars with only sand as aggregate were also made. The total porosity and pore size distributions were obtained. The non-steady-state chloride migration coefficient and compressive and flexural strengths were also determined. The tests were performed at 28 days and 1 year. The differences in the total porosity between the natural cork and expanded clay series were not high, depending on the binder. Natural cork mortars showed similar or slightly higher migration coefficients than the reference and expanded clay mortars at 1 year. This adequate chloride resistance and the low mechanical strengths observed for the natural cork mortars recommend the possible use of this new aggregate in non-structural cement-based materials for civil engineering works exposed to maritime environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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17 pages, 7477 KiB  
Article
Parametric Design and Numerical Investigation of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a New Type of Armour Block TB-CUBE Based on SPH Method
by Cheng Peng, Hao Wang, Huaqing Zhang and Hanbao Chen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(8), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081116 - 13 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Based on the open-source code DualSPHysics, a numerical model was conducted to simulate the regular wave transformation on the slope breakwater with artificial block, and the simulation results were verified according to the measured data from the physical experiment. The deviation between the [...] Read more.
Based on the open-source code DualSPHysics, a numerical model was conducted to simulate the regular wave transformation on the slope breakwater with artificial block, and the simulation results were verified according to the measured data from the physical experiment. The deviation between the numerical model and the measured data was less than 6% and 9% in wave run-up and overtopping, respectively, which demonstrated the model can reliably capture the wave evolution on the breakwater with an artificial block. Based on this verified model, the size of the artificial block was adjusted to obtain optimal wave-damping effects. Once obtained, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the optimized new artificial block TB-CUBE were further studied, and the effects of the breakwater slope, water depth in front of the breakwater, incident wave period, and the height on wave run-up were all analyzed. Finally, an empirical formula for wave run-up on this type of article block was suggested through data-fitting, for which the correlation coefficient is 0.981. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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26 pages, 17545 KiB  
Article
Modelling of Chloride Concentration Profiles in Concrete by the Consideration of Concrete Material Factors under Marine Tidal Environment
by Xueli Ju, Linjian Wu, Mingwei Liu, Han Jiang and Wenxiao Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070917 - 02 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1598
Abstract
The corrosion of reinforcement induced by chloride ions is one of the most significant causes of durability deterioration for reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. The concrete material factors, including the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of concrete, as well as the content, [...] Read more.
The corrosion of reinforcement induced by chloride ions is one of the most significant causes of durability deterioration for reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. The concrete material factors, including the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of concrete, as well as the content, shape, particle grading, and random distribution of coarse aggregate embedded in mortar, have a marked effect on chloride transport performance within concrete. However, comprehensive consideration for the effects of both w/c and coarse aggregate performances on chloride diffusion characteristics in concrete is scarce, especially regarding the chloride diffusion model of concrete. In this paper, an indoor exposure experiment exploring chloride ions intruding into mortar and concrete specimens with w/c = 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 was carried out, in order to acquire the chloride diffusion parameters for concrete three-phases composites. Based on the numerical algorithm of random generation and placement of two-dimensional random convex polygon coarse aggregate, mesoscopic numerical models for concrete, considering various coarse aggregate contents as well as grading, were established. Using the numerical simulation method of finite element analysis for chloride transport in cement-based materials, which can replace some of the exposure tests, the influences of w/c, coarse aggregate content and grading on chloride diffusion performance in concrete mesoscopic models were systematically probed. According to the Fick’s second law, a chloride diffusion model by the consideration of w/c, volume fraction of coarse aggregate (VFCA), and maximum size of coarse aggregate (MSCA) was developed to assess the chloride concentration profiles in concrete under arbitrary w/c, coarse aggregate content, and coarse aggregate grading conditions. Certainly, the precision accuracy for this proposed chloride diffusion model was validated. The research results can provide theoretical support for chloride erosion behavior and structural durability assessment of concrete with different mix proportions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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14 pages, 1816 KiB  
Article
A Flexible Scheduling for Twin Yard Cranes at Container Terminals Considering Dynamic Cut-Off Time
by Junjun Li, Jingyu Yang, Bowei Xu, Wenjun Yin, Yongsheng Yang, Junfeng Wu, Ye Zhou and Yi Shen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050675 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1667
Abstract
Yard handling is an important part of port logistics and affects the overall efficiency of the container port. The yard crane scheduling is affected by various external factors. For example, the dynamic cut-off time makes the release time of yard cranes variable, and [...] Read more.
Yard handling is an important part of port logistics and affects the overall efficiency of the container port. The yard crane scheduling is affected by various external factors. For example, the dynamic cut-off time makes the release time of yard cranes variable, and the yard crane task arrangement will change frequently, resulting in a lot of computational time. To increase the flexibility of container yard handling, a twin yard cranes scheduling model is established considering the no-crossing constraints and the dynamic cut-off time. A joint scheduling of PSO and local re-scheduling strategy (LRPSO) is put forward to deal with the problem faster and more effectively. Small-scale and large-scale experiments are simulated to verify the performance of the proposed method. Results show that the scheduling method is more efficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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23 pages, 2307 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Prediction Models in the Reinforcement of Concrete Structures of Offshore Wind Farms
by Kerman Vázquez, Raúl Rubén Rodríguez and M. Dolores Esteban
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020185 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2904
Abstract
The growth of offshore wind farms (OWF’s) is expected to be significant. Reducing operation and maintenance (O&M) costs will be important to ensure its development. The foundation is the most important structural element, with concrete as its main constituent. With concrete structures, particular [...] Read more.
The growth of offshore wind farms (OWF’s) is expected to be significant. Reducing operation and maintenance (O&M) costs will be important to ensure its development. The foundation is the most important structural element, with concrete as its main constituent. With concrete structures, particular attention must be paid to corrosion of embedded steel especially in marine environments, as poor maintenance management can have significant economic and structural safety consequences. This article presents a systematic analysis of prevalent corrosion prediction models and the subsequent development of a tool for estimating the diameter loss in the reinforcement of concrete structures in OWFs. For validation, the tool methodology is applied to 32 real cases to evaluate the difference between the calculated and the real diameter loss. The results indicate that the combination between the chloride diffusion model of the Spanish code on structural concrete (EHE-08) and the corrosion rate model of Li (2004) guarantees favourable diameter loss prediction results. The ability to rapidly calculate the diameter loss of reinforcement in concrete structural elements as a function of time, provides OWF operators with a valuable tool for the planning of maintenance strategies and cost optimisation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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13 pages, 1600 KiB  
Article
Influence of Asphaltenes on the Low-Sulphur Residual Marine Fuels’ Stability
by Ksenia I. Smyshlyaeva, Viacheslav A. Rudko, Vladimir G. Povarov, Alina A. Shaidulina, Ignaty Efimov, Renat R. Gabdulkhakov, Igor N. Pyagay and James G. Speight
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(11), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111235 - 08 Nov 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2770
Abstract
The effects of asphaltenes from two heavy oil residues on the sedimentation stability of residual marine fuels were assessed and compared. As base components of residual marine fuels, the vacuum residue (VacRes) and visbreaking residue (VisRes) were taken. The heptane-insoluble fractions (HI-fractions), including [...] Read more.
The effects of asphaltenes from two heavy oil residues on the sedimentation stability of residual marine fuels were assessed and compared. As base components of residual marine fuels, the vacuum residue (VacRes) and visbreaking residue (VisRes) were taken. The heptane-insoluble fractions (HI-fractions), including asphaltenes, isolated from vacuum residue and visbreaking residue, were analyzed to determine the elemental composition (XRF) and cluster parameters (XRD). The results of the analysis of the parameters of the asphaltene cluster (HI-fraction) for vacuum residue and visbreaking residue showed that dγ – 6.1 and 5.9 Å, Lc – 26.72 and 20.78 Å, and La – 7.68 and 7.20 Å. The sedimentation stability of residual marine fuel was determined according to the ISO 10307-1-2009 (TSA) method and described using ternary phase diagrams. The ratio of stable compositions to the total number of possible compositions (with a step of 10 wt%) was 65/66 or 98.5% for residual marine fuel comprising a mixture VacRes/ULSD/LCGO (vacuum residue/ultra-low sulphur diesel/light catalytic gas oil). Meanwhile, the ratio of stable compositions to the total number of possible compositions was 38/66 or 57.6% for residual marine fuel comprising a mixture VisRes/ULSD/LCGO (visbreaking residue/ultra-low sulphur diesel/light catalytic gas oil). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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14 pages, 2783 KiB  
Article
Research of the Influence of Marine Residual Fuel Composition on Sedimentation Due to Incompatibility
by Radel Sultanbekov, Shamil Islamov, Dmitry Mardashov, Ilia Beloglazov and Tor Hemmingsen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(10), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101067 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 3403
Abstract
The article shows studies of the problem of active sediment formation during mixing of residual fuels, caused by the manifestation of incompatibility. To preserve the quality and reduce sediment formation during transshipment, storage, and transportation of marine residual fuels, a laboratory method for [...] Read more.
The article shows studies of the problem of active sediment formation during mixing of residual fuels, caused by the manifestation of incompatibility. To preserve the quality and reduce sediment formation during transshipment, storage, and transportation of marine residual fuels, a laboratory method for determining the compatibility and stability of fuels has been developed, which makes it possible to determine the quantitative characteristics of the sediment formation activity. According to the method developed, laboratory studies have been carried out to determine incompatible fuel components and the influence of composition on the sedimentation process. Tests were carried out to determine the quality indicators and the individual group composition of the fuel samples. Based on the results of the studies, the dependences of the influence of normal structure paraffins in the range from 55 to 70 wt. % and asphaltenes in the range from 0.5 to 3.5 wt. % in the fuel composition on the sedimentation activity due to incompatibility were obtained. To obtain a convenient tool that is applicable in practice, a nomogram has been developed on the basis of the dependences obtained experimentally. It was also determined that, after reaching the maximum values of sediment formation with a further increase in the content of n-paraffins, saturation is observed, and the value of the sediment content remains at the same level. Maximum total sediment values have been found to depend on asphaltene content and do not significantly exceed them within 10%. The results of the research presented in this article allow laboratory and calculation to determine the possibility of incompatibility and to preserve the quality of marine residual fuels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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17 pages, 3710 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Based Moored Ship Movement Prediction
by Alberto Alvarellos, Andrés Figuero, Humberto Carro, Raquel Costas, José Sande, Andrés Guerra, Enrique Peña and Juan Rabuñal
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(8), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080800 - 24 Jul 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3664
Abstract
Several port authorities are involved in the R+D+i projects for developing port management decision-making tools. We recorded the movements of 46 ships in the Outer Port of Punta Langosteira (A Coruña, Spain) from 2015 until 2020. Using this data, we created neural networks [...] Read more.
Several port authorities are involved in the R+D+i projects for developing port management decision-making tools. We recorded the movements of 46 ships in the Outer Port of Punta Langosteira (A Coruña, Spain) from 2015 until 2020. Using this data, we created neural networks and gradient boosting models that predict the six degrees of freedom of a moored vessel from ocean-meteorological data and ship characteristics. The best models achieve, for the surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch and yaw movements, a 0.99, 0.99, 0.95, 0.99, 0.98 and 0.98 R2 in training and have a 0.10 m, 0.11 m, 0.09 m, 0.9°, 0.11° and 0.15° RMSE in testing, all below 10% of the corresponding movement range. Using these models with forecast data for the weather conditions and sea state and the ship characteristics and berthing location, we can predict the ship movements several days in advance. These results are good enough to reliably compare the models’ predictions with the limiting motion criteria for safe working conditions of ship (un) loading operations, helping us decide the best location for operation and when to stop operations more precisely, thus minimizing the economic impact of cargo ships unable to operate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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18 pages, 9118 KiB  
Article
Soil Classification and Site Variability Analysis Based on CPT—A Case Study in the Yellow River Subaquatic Delta, China
by Zhongnian Yang, Xuesen Liu, Lei Guo, Yuxue Cui, Xiuting Su and Xianzhang Ling
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(4), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040431 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
The Yellow River Delta is located at the junction of the Yellow River and Bohai. The impact function from the river and the dynamics of the ocean tides make the soil composition and distribution in this area substantially complicated. In order to test [...] Read more.
The Yellow River Delta is located at the junction of the Yellow River and Bohai. The impact function from the river and the dynamics of the ocean tides make the soil composition and distribution in this area substantially complicated. In order to test the distribution and variation of the soil layers in the Yellow River Delta, the soil layers in the test area were classified and the variation was calculated using the cone penetration test (CPT). The following conclusions were drawn: (1) the soil in the measured area is mainly composed of sensitive fine-grained soil, accounting for about 70% of all soil types, and the content of sensitive fine-grained soil in the far-sea position is higher than that in the offshore position in the direction perpendicular to the coastline. (2) It has a high vertical variability index (VVI) at the near-shore location, above 45%, and a low vertical variability at the far coast, generally below 20%. (3) The horizontal variability index (HVI) changes significantly near the coast, and it remains below 45% in the test area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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25 pages, 38764 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Existing Equations for the Design of Crown Walls: Application to the Case Study of Ericeira Breakwater (Portugal)
by Fábio Pereira, Maria Graça Neves, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, María Dolores Esteban and Vicente Negro
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030285 - 05 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1818
Abstract
The correct calculation of forces and moments caused by wave action over crown wall structures is critical for their design. There are several existing equations for this, some of which are sanctioned in practice as it is the case for Jensen (1984) and [...] Read more.
The correct calculation of forces and moments caused by wave action over crown wall structures is critical for their design. There are several existing equations for this, some of which are sanctioned in practice as it is the case for Jensen (1984) and Bradbury et al. (1998), Günback and Gökce (1984), Martin et al. (1999), Berenguer and Baonza (2006), and Pedersen (1996) and Nørgaard et al. (2013). These equations are the main tool for the design of breakwater crown walls and their accuracy is crucial to ensure the stability of the crown wall, especially when considering the sea level rise due to climate change and the possible damage of the armor, since both aspects are not usually considered in most original design studies. In a scenario of climate change, it is very important to estimate the possible changes in security factors due to both these aspects, comparing the results with the original design ones. This paper has as main objective to analyze it for the case study of Ericeira rubble mound breakwater in Portugal. For this, a comparison of the results using those equations and different scenarios including the current, considering sea level rise and armor damage, were performed to extract some conclusions: the increase in the sea level in the case study was not significant and therefore its incidence is very small; and the damage to the main armor by losing pieces at the berm is much more important in this case study, so it is essential to carry out the proper maintenance of the design section. On the other hand, horizontal forces are more conservative using Pedersen and Nørgaard equations, obtaining the lowest value with Martin. Regarding uplift pressures, Martin gives the lowest value, while the most conservative values are given by Günbak and Gökce’s for two scenarios, and Pedersen and Nørgaard for the other two scenarios. Furthermore, the sliding safety coefficient is more conditioning than overturning the safety coefficient in all the scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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19 pages, 4734 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Groundwater in the Coastal Portion of Guasave, Sinaloa for White Shrimp Farming (Penaeus vannamei) through VES, Chemical Composition, and Survival Tests
by Mauro Espinoza Ortiz, Juan Pablo Apún Molina, Héctor José Peinado Guevara, Jaime Herrera Barrientos, Salvador Isidro Belmonte Jiménez, María de los Ángeles Ladrón de Guevara Torres and Omar Delgado Rodríguez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(3), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030276 - 04 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1835
Abstract
We studied the potential of white shrimp farming with groundwater from the coastal aquifer of Guasave, Sinaloa. The use of water from the aquifer in aquaculture represents challenges due to variability in the quality of groundwater. We did twenty-three vertical electrical soundings (VES), [...] Read more.
We studied the potential of white shrimp farming with groundwater from the coastal aquifer of Guasave, Sinaloa. The use of water from the aquifer in aquaculture represents challenges due to variability in the quality of groundwater. We did twenty-three vertical electrical soundings (VES), performed to guide the search for continental groundwater, obtaining the resistivity of the saturated formation (Ro) and a relationship with resistivity of aquifer water (Rw) = 0.4478 Ro + 0.8371. We obtained ionic content and nutrients from shrimp farming water. Also, a positive correlation was found between the electrical conductivity of the aquifer water (inverse of Rw) with chlorine, sodium, magnesium, and calcium ions in 34 water samples. The analysis of ions and ammonia-nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, potassium, manganese, and calcium were used to select suitable sites to perform in two shorts bioassays: natural aquifer water and adding KCl and Mg2Cl to simulate diluted seawater. In most natural waters, survival of larvae was higher than 60%, and in simulated seawater survival improved only in two sites. Building the Rw-Ro relation allowed us to infer the quality and suitability of water and the positioning of the most suitable place for drilling. Finally, Rw relation with dissolved ions allowed us to estimate aquifer water quality and reduce uncertainty. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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22 pages, 2643 KiB  
Article
Application of the BIM Method in the Management of the Maintenance in Port Infrastructures
by Paola Valdepeñas, María Dolores Esteban Pérez, Carlos Henche, Raúl Rodríguez-Escribano, Gonzalo Fernández and José-Santos López-Gutiérrez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(12), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8120981 - 02 Dec 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3668
Abstract
This work represents a paradigm shift in the approach to manage port infrastructure maintenance where the use of the building information modeling (BIM) method is very scarce, and it is now beginning. The new infrastructure conservation management method proposed in this manuscript combines [...] Read more.
This work represents a paradigm shift in the approach to manage port infrastructure maintenance where the use of the building information modeling (BIM) method is very scarce, and it is now beginning. The new infrastructure conservation management method proposed in this manuscript combines traditional methods with new technology, covering the gap of the implementation of BIM in port maintenance. This new technology is the BIM method, and its use is already mandatory in public infrastructure projects in some countries. In this work, the BIM method is applied to the management of the conservation of port infrastructures to show the benefits that can be obtained using it. After the analysis of the state of the art in the conservation of port infrastructures, two of the main maritime works of the Outer Port of A Coruña were modeled in Revit. This as-built model serves as an inventory model and forms a large database of all the information regarding the conservation of the structures. In this way, all the data on the conservation of the port’s infrastructures are concentrated in a single source of information in which, in addition, there is a three-dimensional and georeferenced representation of the port in question. The main finding of this work is the development of a step by step method to implement BIM philosophy in port maintenance, highlighting the positive and negative points detected during the validation of the method in a real case, detecting future improvement research lines. Although BIM has a lot of advantages and possibilities just now, some improvements are still necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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17 pages, 8022 KiB  
Article
Research on the Bearing Capacity of a Damaged Jacket Repaired by a Grouting Clamp Based on a Type of Wedge Gripping
by Bo Zhang, Qing Rui Zhang, Tao Wang and Zhuo Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(12), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8120973 - 30 Nov 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1673
Abstract
In the process of repairing a damaged jacket with a grouting clamp, it is necessary to analyze the bearing capacity of the damaged structure to determine whether it meets requirements for maintenance and reinforcement. On the basis of previous research results, this paper [...] Read more.
In the process of repairing a damaged jacket with a grouting clamp, it is necessary to analyze the bearing capacity of the damaged structure to determine whether it meets requirements for maintenance and reinforcement. On the basis of previous research results, this paper proposes a design scheme of a grouting clamp based on wedge gripping, which can effectively improve the local bearing capacity of the jacket by more than 35%. The elastic–plastic theory was used to analyze the bearing capacities of steel pipe piles under three different conditions (ideal steel pipe, bending steel pipe and steel pipe with a defective section) and with reinforcement by a grouting hoop. The bearing capacity of the mechanical grouting clamp was analyzed, and the resulting theoretical design was verified by a bearing performance experiment. The results support the conclusion that the wedge mechanical grouting clamp can effectively strengthen local jacket members. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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12 pages, 2867 KiB  
Article
Framework for Development of an Economic Analysis Tool for Floating Concrete Offshore Wind Platforms
by David Cordal-Iglesias, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Eugenio Baita-Saavedra, Manuel Ángel Graña-López and Laura Castro-Santos
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(12), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8120958 - 24 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1773
Abstract
The objective of this work is to establish a framework for the development of an economic analysis tool for floating offshore wind platforms built in concrete. The operation and usefulness of the beta version of a software, called Arcwind, is explained. It calculates [...] Read more.
The objective of this work is to establish a framework for the development of an economic analysis tool for floating offshore wind platforms built in concrete. The operation and usefulness of the beta version of a software, called Arcwind, is explained. It calculates the main economic aspects of offshore wind platforms built in concrete considering different locations in the European Atlantic Arc. This software allows the user to select different input parameters such as: the type of platform, the installation area of the farm, its specific location and in this way create different analysis scenarios. This paper analyzes the case study to install TELWIND® offshore concrete floating platforms in the Canary Islands, in Spain. The software provides data on the main economic parameters of the farm, such as Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Pay-Back Period (PBP), as well as the main costs: cost of conception and definition, cost of design and development, cost of manufacturing, cost of installation, cost of operation and cost of dismantling. Using these parameters, a first analysis of the viability of this type of floating technology built on concrete is shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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Review

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23 pages, 8619 KiB  
Review
Review of the Influence of Oceanographic and Geometric Parameters on Oscillating Water Columns
by Nerea Portillo Juan, Vicente Negro Valdecantos, M. Dolores Esteban and José Santos López Gutiérrez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(2), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020226 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2933
Abstract
Wave energy is one of the most powerful sources of energy on our planet, but its exploitation is difficult. Much current research on renewable energy is focused on how to harness ocean energy. However, wave energy converter (WEC) technology is still immature and [...] Read more.
Wave energy is one of the most powerful sources of energy on our planet, but its exploitation is difficult. Much current research on renewable energy is focused on how to harness ocean energy. However, wave energy converter (WEC) technology is still immature and how to reach high levels of efficiency is still unknown. In coming years, this field is likely to reach a high level of development, so it is important to continue research on the improvement of the performance of these devices. One of the most important wave energy converters is the oscillating water column (OWC). The main difficulty of OWCs is that they have to provide good rates of hydrodynamic efficiency for many different types of sea states (different periods, heights, wavelengths, etc.). The other big concern is the optimization of the geometric parameters of the device. This research paper is focused on these two big concerns: how oceanographic parameters affect the hydrodynamic behavior of an OWC and its geometric optimization. Different studies about how wave and geometric characteristics affect the performance of an OWC are reviewed and relationships between these and the hydrodynamic performance of an OWC are finally outlined and summed up. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Engineering: Sustainability and New Technologies)
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