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CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics

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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 11169

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Nastia Degiuli

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: ship hydrodynamics; ship resistance and propulsion; seakeeping and manoeuvrability; computational fluid dynamics; experimental ship hydrodynamics; biofouling; offshore hydrodynamics; marine renewable energy

Dr. Ivana Martić

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: ship hydrodynamics; ship resistance and propulsion; seakeeping; computational fluid dynamics; experimental ship hydrodynamics; neural networks; marine renewable energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods are becoming an increasingly reliable and indispensable tool in the field of ship and offshore hydrodynamics. The main advantage of CFD methods over conducting experiments, in addition to time efficiency and cost saving, is shown in its detailed insight into the local flow characteristics. Besides, CFD analysis of the various designs enables robust, efficient, and economically viable solutions. Since the overall performance of ships and offshore structures as well as their environmental footprint significantly depends on their hydrodynamics characteristics, the rapid and accurate assessment on such characteristics is of utmost importance.

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather state-of-the-art contributions to numerical ship and offshore hydrodynamics. Researchers are welcome to submit original contributions that investigate the problems as well as reviews on the latest developments in the field of ship and offshore hydrodynamics.

Prof. Dr. Nastia Degiuli
Dr. Ivana Martić
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

resistance and propulsion
seakeeping and manoeuvrability
hydrodynamics in shallow and restricted waters
validation and verification study
CFD and EFD combined methods
drag reduction techniques
energy saving devices
roughness effects
optimization studies
wave and tidal energy

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 5911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluid Structure Interaction Using Modal Superposition and Lagrangian CFD

by Manigandan Paneer, Josip Bašić, Damir Sedlar, Željan Lozina, Nastia Degiuli and Chong Peng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020318 - 12 Feb 2024

Viewed by 556

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of fluid loads on the elastic deformation and dynamic response of linear structures. A weakly coupled modal solver is presented, which involves the solution of a dynamic equation of motion with external loads. The mode superposition method is used to find the dynamic response, utilizing predetermined mode shapes and natural frequencies associated with the structure. These essential parameters are pre-calculated and provided as input for the simulation. Integration of the weakly coupled modal solver is accomplished with the Lagrangian Differencing Dynamics (LDD) method. This method can directly use surface mesh as boundary conditions, so it is much more convenient than other meshless CFD methods. It employs Lagrangian finite differences, utilizing a strong formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations to model an incompressible free-surface flow. The elastic deformation of the structure, induced by fluid forces obtained from the flow solver, is computed within the modal coupling algorithm through direct numerical integration. Subsequently, this deformation is introduced into the flow solver to account for changes in geometry, resulting in updated flow pressure and velocity fields. The flow particles and vertices of the structure are advected in Lagrangian coordinates, resulting in Lagrangian–Lagrangian coupling in spaces with weak or explicit coupling in time. The two-way coupling between fluid and structure is successfully validated through various FSI benchmark cases. The efficiency of the LDD method is highlighted as it operates directly on surface meshes, streamlining the simulation setup. Direct coupling of structural deformation eliminates the conventional step of mapping fluid results onto the structural mesh and vice versa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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22 pages, 10447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Data-Driven Method for Ship Motion Forecast

by Zhiqiang Jiang, Yongyan Ma and Weijia Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020291 - 05 Feb 2024

Viewed by 610

Abstract

Accurate forecasting of ship motion is of great significance for ensuring maritime operational safety and working efficiency. A data-driven ship motion forecast method is proposed in this paper, aiming at the problems of low generalization of a single forecast model and insufficient forecast accuracy under unknown conditions. First, the fluid dynamics simulations of the ship are carried out under multiple node conditions based on overset mesh technology, and the obtained motion data is used for training the Bidirectional Long Short-term Memory network models. One or more pre-trained forecast models would be selected based on the correlation of condition nodes when forecasting ship motion under non-node conditions. The Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm is used to compute the regression coefficient of each node model in real time, and finally, the dynamic model average is calculated. The results show that the method proposed in this study can accurately forecast the pitch and heave of the KCS ship in 5 s, 10 s, and 15 s of forecast duration. The accuracy of the multi-order forecast model improves more in longer forecast duration tasks compared with the first-order model. When forecasting ship motion under non-node conditions, the method shows stronger model generalization capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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32 pages, 9547 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessment of Numerical Captive Model Tests for Underwater Vehicles: The DARPA SUB-OFF Test Case

by Vito Vasilis Zheku, Diego Villa, Benedetto Piaggio, Stefano Gaggero and Michele Viviani

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(12), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122325 - 08 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 828

Abstract

During the early design stage of an underwater vehicle, the correct assessment of its manoeuvrability is a crucial task. Conducting experimental tests still has high costs, especially when dealing with small vehicles characterized by low available budget. In the current investigation, virtual towing tank tests are simulated using the open-source OpenFOAM library in order to assess the reliability of CFD methods for the prediction of hydrodynamic forces and moments. A well-known case study, the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) SUB-OFF model, is used, and the outcomes are compared to the experimental results available in the literature. Five different configurations are investigated for pure drift tests, rudder tests and pure rotation in both vertical and horizontal plane. The results show an overall good agreement with the experimental data with a quite low demanding mesh arrangement of 3M cells, a favourable balance between accuracy and computational time. In more detail, the expected error in the most significant forces during manoeuvres is less than 2% for the fully appended configuration (the submarine real operative condition), whereas the accuracy is moderately reduced for the barehull configuration (a case not representative of a real hull) with an expected error of 15%. A possible reason for the differences observed could be attributed to the description of the two streamwise vortices generated when manoeuvring. Apart from the lateral force and yaw moment, the results of the longitudinal force are also presented, having a greater disparity when compared to the experimental data. Nevertheless, the longitudinal force has no important role for the purpose of making stability and control predictions. The study contributes to the validation and consolidation of CFD methods, offering insights into their accuracy and limitations for practical applications in underwater vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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24 pages, 20760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Leading-Edge Tubercles on Three-Dimensional Flapping Foils

by Ruixuan He, Xinjing Wang, Jian Li, Xiaodong Liu and Baowei Song

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101882 - 27 Sep 2023

Viewed by 865

Abstract

Recently, inspired by the flippers of humpback whales, researchers have been widely studying leading-edge tubercles for use as passive flow control devices. In this research, we numerically investigated the effects of leading-edge tubercles on a three-dimensional flapping foil coupled with rolling and pitching motions. Appropriate spanwise flexibility is considered to mimic the real flapping motion of humpback whales, and the profile of the angle of attack was analyzed in a representative section under the effects of spanwise flexibility. The motion of flexible foils was decomposed into rigid motion and flexible deflection by using the sliding mesh and dynamic mesh methods, respectively. Then, the hydrodynamic performance of the flexible flapping foils was estimated by solving the unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The effects of the shape and kinematic parameters on thrust, power consumption, and propulsive efficiency were studied and the mechanism behind these effects was investigated. A maximum efficiency loss of 19.4% was observed for the sharpest tubercle shape. Although the hydrodynamic advantages of leading-edge tubercles were not observed in the present study, the tendency of flow separation over peaking sections was suppressed under low angles of attacks. The results suggest that leading-edge tubercles are more suitable for foils with steady or quasi-steady motions, such as propellers or turbines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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25 pages, 17202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Study on the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Tanker in Bow Sea Conditions Depending on Restraint Conditions

by Soon-Hyun Lee, Seunghyun Hwang, Hwi-Su Kim, Yeo-Jin Hyun, Sun-Kyu Lee and Kwang-Jun Paik

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091726 - 01 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 834

Abstract

The importance of accurate ship performance estimation is increasing for efficient ship operation. Ship performance has been evaluated through model tests in the past, but there are limitations in terms of facilities and costs. With the spread of high-performance computers, the method of evaluating the performance of a ship by numerical analysis, especially computational fluid dynamics (CFD), has become common. There have been many numerical studies on added resistance under various wave conditions for many years, showing a high reliability. Meanwhile, most of the studies were conducted under conditions where the degree of freedom (DOF) of the ship was limited due to computational complexity. In this study, we tried to compare the added resistance performance and fluid dynamics of S-VLCC with 6 DOFs in the regular wave conditions. One of the methods for utilizing the 6 DOFs is the soft-mooring system, which allows springs to be attached to the bow and stern to recover the non-restoring force of the hull. The second method considers the free-running condition. The virtual disk is used for the self-propulsion of the ship, and the rudder can be rotated to maintain its course. The propeller rotation speed and rudder angle are controlled through PID control. The bow wave (ψ = 180°) and oblique wave (ψ = 150°, 120°) conditions were considered, and various regular wave conditions from short to long wavelengths were regarded. The effects of restraint conditions on the added resistance and motion response amplitude operator (RAO), according to each wave condition, were compared. As a result, there was a difference in the roll motion for each restraint condition, and the y-direction force and yaw moment generated on the hull were compared to analyze the cause. In addition, we observed the change in flow characteristics by comparing the streamlines around the hull and the nominal wake on the propeller plane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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22 pages, 8515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Assessment of the Resistance of a Solar Catamaran in Shallow Water

by Ivana Martić, Nastia Degiuli, Kornelija Borčić and Carlo Giorgio Grlj

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091706 - 29 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 890

Abstract

In this paper, a numerical assessment of the effect of shallow water on the total resistance of the solar catamaran SolarCat is carried out using computational fluid dynamics within the software package STAR–CCM+. The unsteady viscous fluid flow was modelled based on the [...] Read more.

k - ω

SST (

k - ω

Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model. The RANS equations were discretized by the finite volume method, and the position of the free surface is determined by the volume of fluid method. In shallow water conditions, a mesh morphing algorithm is applied. Numerical simulations were carried out for the deep water and limited depths corresponding to

h / T = 7 . 6

h / T = 4

, and

h / T = 2

at two speeds. The verification study was carried out and the total numerical uncertainty was calculated for the total resistance and sinkage of the catamaran. A detailed analysis of the flow around the catamaran was carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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26 pages, 21080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Numerical Parameters on the Resistance Characteristics of a Container Ship at the Model and Full Scale

by Carlo Giorgio Grlj, Nastia Degiuli and Ivana Martić

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091672 - 25 Aug 2023

Viewed by 710

Abstract

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool used to predict the resistance characteristics of a ship. However, it is important to determine the numerical and modelling errors to assure accurate results. The aim of this study is the investigation of the impact of different numerical parameters on the total resistance, wave pattern and ship motion in numerical simulations at the model and full scale. These include the turbulence model and discretization schemes for convection, gradient and temporal terms within the governing equations. The numerical model used in numerical simulations is based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations which are discretized using the Finite Volume Method (FVM). To locate and track the free surface, the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is employed. The Grid Convergence Index (GCI) method is used for the verification study. The obtained results show that the selection of the discretization scheme for temporal term does not have impact on the median value of the total resistance and that the first-order scheme assures faster convergence in numerical simulations at the full scale. A higher portion of the frictional resistance in the total resistance is obtained with numerical simulations at the model scale in comparison to the full scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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23 pages, 5352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Added Resistance of Container Ships in Regular Head Waves Using an Artificial Neural Network

by Ivana Martić, Nastia Degiuli and Carlo Giorgio Grlj

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(7), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071293 - 25 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1065

Abstract

In this paper, an artificial neural network was used to predict the added resistance coefficient for container ships in regular head waves for various speeds. The data used for training the neural network were gathered based on performed numerical calculations using the Boundary Integral Element Method for various hull forms of container ships. The numerically obtained results were validated against the available experimental data for three benchmark container ships. The data were divided into three classes based on the ship length, and the expressions for the prediction of the added resistance coefficient for each container ship class were provided. The performance and generalization properties of the neural network were evaluated based on the normalized value of the root mean square error. The model enables reliable prediction of the added resistance coefficient within the preliminary design stage of a ship based on the ship characteristics and speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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25 pages, 13371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Potential Flow and CFD in the Assessment of Seakeeping and Added Resistance of Ships

by Ivan Sulovsky, Guillaume de Hauteclocque, Marilena Greco and Jasna Prpić-Oršić

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030641 - 17 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2097

Abstract

The need for maritime freight transport of various goods has never been greater. Consequently, ships are designed with ever-increasing dimensions, with the emphasis, of course, on length. One of the many challenges in the design of large ships is the prediction of their behavior in waves, i.e., motions, and consequently, added resistance. In this paper, a comparative study of two numerical tools for estimating ship motions and added resistance is presented. The first tool is the well-established DNV’s commercial seakeeping code Wasim, a weakly nonlinear potential flow (PF) solver based on a Rankine panel method. The other is the increasingly recognized open-source Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) toolkit OpenFOAM^®, a viscous flow solver with a turbulence model; it is based on the finite volume method (FVM) combined with a volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique for sea-surface evolution. The study is carried out for two ship seakeeping cases in head-sea regular waves, respectively, without and with ship forward speed. The first case refers to a 6750 TEU containership scale model developed at the LHEEA laboratory in Nantes for a benchmark study, providing experimental data for all test cases. Pitch and heave response is calculated and compared with the experimental values. The second case refers to a KRISO container ship, an extensively researched hull model in ship hydrodynamics. In addition to the pitch and heave, added resistance is also calculated and compared with the experimental values. Hence, it provides a comprehensive basis for a comparative analysis between the selected solvers. The results are systematically analyzed and discussed in detail. For both cases, deterioration of the PF solution with increasing wave steepness is observed, thus suggesting limitations in the modeled nonlinear effects as a possible reason. The accuracy of the CFD solver greatly depends on the spatial discretization characteristics, thus suggesting the need for grid independence studies, as such tools are crucial for accurate results of the examined wave–body interaction scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 4057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insight into Hydrodynamic Damping of a Segmented Barge Using Numerical Free-Decay Tests

by Josip Bašić, Nastia Degiuli and Šime Malenica

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030581 - 08 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1051

Abstract

Natural vibrations of a segmented and a monohull barge are analysed to compare influences of hydrodynamic damping on the dynamic responses of two different models. The influence of water flow around and between barge segments on hydrodynamic damping was investigated by simulating free-decay tests using a URANS method. Fluid forces were fed into the modal solver, which allows for efficient deformation of the structure without full resolution of structural equations. Verification of the coupled solver was performed by reproducing the model experiments of a segmented barge. Comparison of segmented and monohull results clarified the impact of gaps between barge segments, i.e., how the energy dissipates because of large pressure gradients within and around gaps, and additional free-surface movement. This insight of higher damping should be taken into account for model tests of segmented floating structures, such as wave-energy-converting systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Applications in Ship and Offshore Hydrodynamics)

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