Research

29 pages, 2097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complex Use of the Main Marine Diesel Engine High- and Low-Temperature Waste Heat in the Organic Rankine Cycle

by Sergejus Lebedevas and Tomas Čepaitis

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030521 - 21 Mar 2024

Viewed by 554

The decarbonization problem of maritime transport and new restrictions on CO₂ emissions (MARPOL Annex VI Chapter 4, COM (2021)562) have prompted the development and practical implementation of new decarbonization solutions. One of them, along with the use of renewable fuels, is the [...] Read more.

The decarbonization problem of maritime transport and new restrictions on CO₂ emissions (MARPOL Annex VI Chapter 4, COM (2021)562) have prompted the development and practical implementation of new decarbonization solutions. One of them, along with the use of renewable fuels, is the waste heat recovery of secondary heat sources from a ship’s main engine, whose energy potential reaches 45–55%. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC), which uses low-boiling organic working fluids, is considered one of the most promising and energy-efficient solutions for ship conditions. However, there remains uncertainty when choosing a rational cycle configuration, taking into account the energy consumption efficiency indicators of various low-temperature (cylinder cooling jacket and scavenging air cooling) and high-temperature (exhaust gas) secondary heat source combinations while the engine operates within the operational load range. It is also rational, especially at the initial stage, to evaluate possible constraints of ship technological systems for ORC implementation on the ship. The numerical investigation of these practical aspects of ORC applicability was conducted with widely used marine medium-speed diesel engines, such as the Wartsila 12V46F. Comprehensive waste heat recovery of all secondary heat sources in ORC provides a potential increase in the energy efficiency of the main engine by 13.5% to 21% in the engine load range of 100% to 25% of nominal power, while individual heat sources only achieve 3% to 8%. The average increase in energy efficiency over the operating cycle according to test cycles for the type approval engines ranges from 8% to 15% compared to 3% to 6.5%. From a practical implementation perspective, the most attractive potential for energy recovery is from the scavenging air cooling system, which, both separately (5% compared to 6.5% during the engine’s operating cycle) and in conjunction with other WHR sources, approaches the highest level of exhaust gas potential. The choice of a rational ORC structure for WHR composition allowed for achieving a waste heat recovery system energy efficiency coefficient of 15%. Based on the studied experimental and analytical relationships between the ORC (generated mechanical energy) energy performance (

P_{t u r b}

) and the technological constraints of shipboard systems (

G_{w}

), ranges for the use of secondary heat sources in diesel operational characteristic modes have been identified according to technological limits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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22 pages, 12624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fault-Tolerant Control Method Based on Reconfiguration SPWM Signal for Cascaded Multilevel IGBT-Based Propulsion in Electric Ships

by Fan Zhang, Zhiwei Zhang, Zhonglin Zhang, Tianzhen Wang, Jingang Han and Yassine Amirat

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030500 - 18 Mar 2024

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Electric ships have been developed in recent years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this system, inverters are the key equipment for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system. The cascaded insulated-gated bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based H-bridge inverter is one of the most attractive [...] Read more.

Electric ships have been developed in recent years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this system, inverters are the key equipment for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system. The cascaded insulated-gated bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based H-bridge inverter is one of the most attractive multilevel topologies for modern electric ship applications. Usually, the fault-tolerant control strategy is designed to keep the ship in operation for a certain period. However, the fault-tolerant control strategy with hardware redundancy is expensive and slow in response. In addition, after fault-tolerant control, the ship’s PMSM may experience shock and overheating, and IGBT life is reduced due to uneven switching frequency distribution. Therefore, a stratified reconfiguration carrier disposition Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) fault-tolerant control strategy is proposed. The proposed strategy can achieve fault tolerance without any extra hardware. A reconfiguration carrier is applied to improve the fundamental amplitude of inverter output voltage to maintain the operation of the ship’s PMSM. In addition, the available states of faulty H-bridge are fully used to contribute to the output. These can improve the life of IGBTs by reducing and balancing the power loss of each H-bridge. The principles of the proposed strategy are described in detail in this study. Taking a cascaded H-bridge seven-level inverter as an example, simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed strategy, in general, has a potential future application on electric ships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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16 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodological Aspects of Assessing the Thermal Load on Diesel Engine Parts for Operation on Alternative Fuel

by Sergejus Lebedevas and Edmonas Milašius

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020325 - 13 Feb 2024

Viewed by 498

Abstract

The decarbonization of maritime transport has become a crucial strategy for the adoption of renewable low-carbon fuels (LCFs) (MARPOL 73/78 (Annex VI) and COM (2021) 562-final 2021/0210 (COD)). In 2018, 98% of operated marine diesel engines ran on fossil fuels. The application of [...] Read more.

The decarbonization of maritime transport has become a crucial strategy for the adoption of renewable low-carbon fuels (LCFs) (MARPOL 73/78 (Annex VI) and COM (2021) 562-final 2021/0210 (COD)). In 2018, 98% of operated marine diesel engines ran on fossil fuels. The application of LCFs, according to expert assessments (DNV GL), is considered the most effective solution to the decarbonization challenge in the maritime sector. This publication presents methodological proposals related to assessing the reliability of operational diesel engines when transitioning to low- carbon fuels. The proposed methodology implements an interconnected assessment of the combustion cycle parameters and the limiting reliability factors of the thermal load on the most critical components of the cylinder–piston group. The optimization of the combustion cycle parameters for the indicators of energy and the environmental efficiency of low-carbon fuel applications was combined with the evaluation and assurance of permissible values of the thermal load factors on the components to determine the overall reliability of the engine. Thus, the possibility of overload and engine failures was already eliminated at the retrofitting design stage. The algorithm for the parametric analysis was grounded in the practical application of established α-formulae for the heat exchange intensity, such as those of the Central Diesel Engine Research Institute and G. Woschni. This approach was combined with modeling the combustion cycle parameters by employing statistical or single-zone mathematical models such as IMPULS and AVL BOOST. The α-formulae for low carbon fuels were verified based on the thermal balance data. The structure of the solutions for the effectiveness of the practical implementation of this methodology was comprehensively oriented towards diesel “families”, as exemplified by the models 15/15 (p_mi = 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 MPa). The long-term goal of the obtained results in the structure of comprehensive decarbonization research was to assess the factors of the reliable operation of characteristic groups of medium-speed (350–1000 rpm) and high-speed (1000–2100 rpm) marine engines for reliable operation in the medium term on ammonia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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23 pages, 3929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Combustion Cycle Energy Efficiency and Exhaust Gas Emissions of Marine Dual-Fuel Engine by Intensifying Ammonia Injection

by Martynas Drazdauskas and Sergejus Lebedevas

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020309 - 09 Feb 2024

Viewed by 794

Abstract

The capability of operational marine diesel engines to adapt to renewable and low-carbon fuels is considered one of the most influential methods for decarbonizing maritime transport. In the medium and long term, ammonia is positively valued among renewable and low-carbon fuels in the [...] Read more.

The capability of operational marine diesel engines to adapt to renewable and low-carbon fuels is considered one of the most influential methods for decarbonizing maritime transport. In the medium and long term, ammonia is positively valued among renewable and low-carbon fuels in the marine transport sector because its chemical elemental composition does not contain carbon atoms which lead to the formation of CO₂ emissions during fuel combustion in the cylinder. However, there are number of problematic aspects to using ammonia in diesel engines (DE): in-tensive formation of GHG component N₂O; formation of toxic NO_x emissions; and unburnt toxic NH₃ slip to the exhaust system. The aim of this research was to evaluate the changes in combustion cycle parameters and exhaust gas emissions of a medium-speed Wartsila 6L46 marine diesel engine operating with ammonia, while optimizing ammonia injection intensity within the limits of P_max, T_max, and minimal engine structural changes. The high-pressure dual-fuel (HPDF) injection strategy for the D5/A95 dual-fuel ratio (5% diesel and 95% ammonia by energy value) was investigated within the liquid ammonia injection pressure range of 500 to 2000 bar at the identified optimal injection phases (A −10° CAD and D −3° CAD TDC). Increasing ammonia injection pressure from 500 bar (corresponding to diesel injection pressure) in the range of 800–2000 bar determines the single-phase heat release characteristic (HRC). Combustion duration decreases from 90° crank angle degrees (CAD) at D100 to 20–30° CAD, while indicative thermal efficiency (ITE) increases by ~4.6%. The physical cyclic deNO_x process of NO_x reduction was identified, and its efficiency was evaluated in relation to ammonia injection pressure by relating the dynamics of NO_x formation to local combustion temperature field structure. The optimal ammonia injection pressure was found to be 1000 bar, based on combustion cycle parameters (ITE, P_max, and T_max) and exhaust gas emissions (NO_x, NH₃, and GHG). GHG emissions in a CO₂ equivalent were reduced by 24% when ammonia injection pressure was increased from 500 bar to 1000 bar. For comparison, GHG emissions were also reduced by 45%, compared to the diesel combustion cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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15 pages, 2407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Emission-Control Areas on the Eco-Shipbuilding Industry: A Perspective of the Synthetic Control Method

by Lang Xu, Zeyuan Zou, Lin Liu and Guangnian Xiao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010149 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 809

Abstract

Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention), adopted in October 2008, was dedicated to addressing environmental issues caused by ships, especially in ports, inland waterways, and some sea areas with concentrated routes and high navigational [...] Read more.

Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention), adopted in October 2008, was dedicated to addressing environmental issues caused by ships, especially in ports, inland waterways, and some sea areas with concentrated routes and high navigational density. This study utilizes a regional-level ship dataset to assess the influences of emission-control areas (ECAs) on the ecological shipbuilding industry by fitting the policy utility through the synthetic control method and testing robustness via the difference-in-differences method. The outcomes of this study show that the cumulative new orders for eco-designed ships in China, The Netherlands, Republic of Korea, the UK, and the USA increased by 3401, 81, 234, 549, and −1435, respectively, after the implementation of ECAs. Compared to the implementation of ECAs, the increases were about 32%, 20%, 41%, 66%, and −83%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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33 pages, 5973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bibliometric Analysis and Overall Review of the New Technology and Development of Unmanned Surface Vessels

by Peijie Yang, Jie Xue and Hao Hu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010146 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 977

Abstract

With the significant role that Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs) could play in industry, the military and the transformation of ocean engineering, a growing research interest in USVs is attracted to their innovation, new technology and automation. Yet, there has been no comprehensive review [...] Read more.

With the significant role that Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs) could play in industry, the military and the transformation of ocean engineering, a growing research interest in USVs is attracted to their innovation, new technology and automation. Yet, there has been no comprehensive review grounded in bibliometric analysis, which concentrates on the most recent technological advancements and developments in USVs. To provide deeper insight into the relevant research trends, this study employs a bibliometric analysis to examine the basic features of the literature from 2000 to 2023, and identifies the key research hotspots and modeling techniques by reviewing their current statuses and the recent efforts made in these areas. Based on the analysis of the temporal and spatial trends, disciplines and journals’ distribution, institutions, authors and citations, the publications relating to the new technology of USVs are assessed based on their keywords and the term analysis in the literature; six future research directions are proposed, including enhanced intelligence and autonomy, highly integrated sensor systems and multi-modal task execution, extended endurance and resilience, satellite communication and interconnectivity, eco-friendly and sustainable practices and safety and defense. The scientific literature is reviewed in a systematic way using a comparative analysis of existing tools, and the results greatly contribute to understanding the overall situation of new technology in USVs. This paper is enlightening to students, international scholars and institutions, as it can facilitate partnerships between industry and academia to allow for concerted efforts to be made in the domain of USVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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18 pages, 2406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Carbon Intensity Prediction Method for Ships Based on Sensors and Meteorological Data

by Chunchang Zhang, Tianye Lu, Zhihuan Wang and Xiangming Zeng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(12), 2249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122249 - 28 Nov 2023

Viewed by 763

Abstract

The Carbon Intensity Index (CII) exerts a substantial impact on the operations and valuation of international shipping vessels. Accurately predicting the CII of ships could help ship operators dynamically evaluate the possible CII grate of a ship at the end of the year [...] Read more.

The Carbon Intensity Index (CII) exerts a substantial impact on the operations and valuation of international shipping vessels. Accurately predicting the CII of ships could help ship operators dynamically evaluate the possible CII grate of a ship at the end of the year and choose appropriate methods to improve its CII grade to meet the IMO requirement with minimum cost. This study developed and compared five CII predicting models with multiple data sources. It integrates diverse data sources, including Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, sensor data, meteorological data, and sea state data from 2022, and extracts 21 relevant features for the vessel CII prediction. Five machine learning methods, including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Random Forest (RF), are employed to construct the CII prediction model, which is then applied to a 2400 TEU container ship. Features such as the mean period of total swell, mean period of wind waves, and seawater temperature were considered for inclusion as inputs in the model. The results reveal significant correlations between cumulative carbon emissions intensity and features like cumulative distance, seawater temperature, wave period, and swell period. Among these, the strongest correlations are observed with cumulative distance and seawater temperature, having correlation coefficients of 0.45 and 0.34, respectively. Notably, the ANN model demonstrates the highest accuracy in CII prediction, with an average absolute error of 0.0336, whereas the LASSO model exhibits the highest error of 0.2817. Similarly, the ANN model provides more accurate annual CII ratings for the vessel. Consequently, the ANN model proves to be the most suitable choice for cumulative CII prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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20 pages, 1457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Drivers Shaping the Choice of Alternative-Fueled New Vessels

by Shun Chen, Xingjian Wang, Shiyuan Zheng and Yuantao Chen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101896 - 29 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1122

Abstract

The urgent imperative for maritime decarbonization has driven shipowners to embrace alternative marine fuels. Using a robust orderbook dataset spanning from January 2020 to July 2023 (encompassing 4712 vessels, 281 shipyards, and 967 shipping companies), four distinct multinomial logit models were developed. These [...] Read more.

The urgent imperative for maritime decarbonization has driven shipowners to embrace alternative marine fuels. Using a robust orderbook dataset spanning from January 2020 to July 2023 (encompassing 4712 vessels, 281 shipyards, and 967 shipping companies), four distinct multinomial logit models were developed. These models, comprising a full-sample model and specialized ones for container vessels, dry bulk carriers, and tankers, aim to identify the key determinants influencing shipowners’ choices of alternative fuels when ordering new vessels. It is interesting to find that alternative fuels (e.g., liquefied natural gas) are the most attractive choice for gas ships and ro-ro carriers; others prefer to use conventional fuels. Furthermore, this study reveals that shipowners’ choices of new fuels significantly correlate with their nationality. While it is well-established that economic factors influence shipowners’ choices for new ship fuel solutions, the impacts of bunker costs, freight rates, and CO₂ emission allowance prices remain relatively limited. It is evident that the policies of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce carbon emissions have increased the demand for building new energy ships. This research contributes to bridging research gaps by shedding light on the intricate interplay of factors that influence shipowners’ preferences for alternative marine fuels amidst global regulatory shifts. It also offers valuable insights for policymakers aiming to incentivize shipowners to transition towards sustainable energy sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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26 pages, 1552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Readiness of Ships and Ports to Bunker and Use Alternative Fuels: A Case Study from Brazil

by Huang Wei, Eduardo Müller-Casseres, Carlos R. P. Belchior and Alexandre Szklo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101856 - 24 Sep 2023

Viewed by 2727

Abstract

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently revised its strategy for shipping decarbonization, deepening the ambition to reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The accomplishment of this strategy requires the large-scale deployment of alternative maritime fuels, whose diversity and technical characteristics impose [...] Read more.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently revised its strategy for shipping decarbonization, deepening the ambition to reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The accomplishment of this strategy requires the large-scale deployment of alternative maritime fuels, whose diversity and technical characteristics impose transition challenges. While several studies address the production of these fuels, a notable gap lies in the analysis of the required adaptations in vessels and ports for their usage. This study aims to fill this gap with a comprehensive review of material compatibility, storage in ports/vessels, and bunkering technology. First, we analyze key aspects of port/vessel adaptation: physical and chemical properties; energy conversion for propulsion; fuel feeding and storage; and bunkering procedures. Then, we perform a maturity assessment, placing each studied fuel on the technological readiness scale, revealing the most promising options regarding infrastructure adaptability. Finally, we develop a case study from Brazil, whose economy is grounded on maritime exports. The findings indicate that multi-product ports may have the potential to serve as multi-fuel hubs, while the remaining ports are inclined to specific fuels. In terms of vessel categories, we find that oil tankers, chemical ships, and gas carriers are most ready for conversion in the short term. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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24 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Ship Deployment and Sailing Speed under Alternative Fuels

by Haoqing Wang, Yuan Liu, Shuaian Wang and Lu Zhen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1809; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091809 - 16 Sep 2023

Viewed by 924

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has implemented a sub-quota of 2% for renewable marine fuels to be utilized by vessels operating within its jurisdiction, effective starting from 2034. This progressive policy signifies a significant leap towards reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. However, [...] Read more.

The European Union (EU) has implemented a sub-quota of 2% for renewable marine fuels to be utilized by vessels operating within its jurisdiction, effective starting from 2034. This progressive policy signifies a significant leap towards reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. However, it also presents notable challenges for shipping companies, particularly in terms of fuel costs. In order to support shipping companies in devising optimal strategies within the framework of this new policy, this study proposes a mixed-integer linear programming model. This model aims to determine the optimal decisions for fuel choice, sailing speed and the number of vessels on various routes. Furthermore, we showcase the adaptability of our model in response to fluctuations in fuel prices, relevant vessel costs, and the total fleet size of vessels. Through its innovative insights, this research provides invaluable guidance for optimal decision-making processes within shipping companies operating under the new EU policy, enabling them to minimize their total costs effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

26 pages, 8193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Assessment of Alternative Clean Power Systems onboard Passenger Short-Distance Ferry

by Ahmed G. Elkafas, Massimo Rivarolo, Stefano Barberis and Aristide F. Massardo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091735 - 02 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1132

Abstract

In order to promote low-carbon fuels such as hydrogen to decarbonize the maritime sector, it is crucial to promote clean fuels and zero-emission propulsion systems in demonstrative projects and to showcase innovative technologies such as fuel cells in vessels operating in local public [...] Read more.

In order to promote low-carbon fuels such as hydrogen to decarbonize the maritime sector, it is crucial to promote clean fuels and zero-emission propulsion systems in demonstrative projects and to showcase innovative technologies such as fuel cells in vessels operating in local public transport that could increase general audience acceptability thanks to their showcase potential. In this study, a short sea journey ferry used in the port of Genova as a public transport vehicle is analyzed to evaluate a ”zero emission propulsion” retrofitting process. In the paper, different types of solutions (batteries, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)) and fuels (hydrogen, ammonia, natural gas, and methanol) are investigated to identify the most feasible technology to be implemented onboard according to different aspects: ferry daily journey and scheduling, available volumes and spaces, propulsion power needs, energy storage/fuel tank capacity needed, economics, etc. The paper presents a multi-aspect analysis that resulted in the identification of the hydrogen-powered PEMFC as the best clean power system to guarantee, for this specific case study, a suitable retrofitting of the vessel that could guarantee a zero-emission journey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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18 pages, 1864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Maritime Transportation Operations with Emission Trading

by Haoqing Wang, Yuan Liu, Fei Li and Shuaian Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091647 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1097

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has recently approved the inclusion of shipping in its Emissions Trading System, aiming to foster sustainable development within the shipping industry. While this new policy represents a significant step towards reducing carbon emissions, it also poses challenges for shipping [...] Read more.

The European Union (EU) has recently approved the inclusion of shipping in its Emissions Trading System, aiming to foster sustainable development within the shipping industry. While this new policy represents a significant step towards reducing carbon emissions, it also poses challenges for shipping companies, particularly in terms of operation costs. To assist shipping companies in devising optimal strategies under the new policy, this study proposes new techniques to determine the optimal solutions for sailing speed and the number of ships on the route, covering both EU and non-EU areas. Additionally, we demonstrate how to adjust these optimal decisions in response to changes in charged fees, fuel prices, and weekly operational costs of ships. This research offers innovative insights into the optimal decision-making process for shipping companies under the new EU policy and serves as a valuable decision-making tool to minimize total costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

26 pages, 8767 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Literature Review of Maritime Transportation Safety Management

by Minqiang Xu, Xiaoxue Ma, Yulan Zhao and Weiliang Qiao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(12), 2311; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122311 - 06 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2348

Abstract

Maritime transportation plays a critical role in global trade, and studies on maritime transportation safety management are of great significance to the sustainable development of the maritime industry. Consequently, there has been an increasing trend recently in studies on maritime transportation safety management, [...] Read more.

Maritime transportation plays a critical role in global trade, and studies on maritime transportation safety management are of great significance to the sustainable development of the maritime industry. Consequently, there has been an increasing trend recently in studies on maritime transportation safety management, especially in terms of safety risk analysis and emergency management. Therefore, the general idea of this article is to provide a detailed literature review of maritime transportation safety management based on 186 articles in the Web of Science (WOS) database published from 2011 to 2022. The purposes of this article are as follows: (1) to provide a statistics-based description and conduct a network-based bibliometric analysis on the basis of the collected articles; (2) to summarize the methodologies/technologies employed in maritime transportation safety management spatiotemporally; and (3) to propose four potential research perspectives in terms of maritime transportation safety management. Based on the findings and insights obtained from the bibliometric and systematic review, the development of a resilient maritime transportation system could be facilitated by means of data- or intelligence-driven technologies, such as scenario representation, digital twinning, and data simulation. In addition, the issues facing intelligent maritime shipping greatly challenge the current maritime safety management system due to the co-existence of intelligent and non-intelligent maritime operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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Other

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26 pages, 19252 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Port Digital Twin Development for Decarbonization: A Case Study Using the Pusan Newport International Terminal

by Jeong-On Eom, Jeong-Hyun Yoon, Jeong-Hum Yeon and Se-Won Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1777; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091777 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1887

Abstract

The maritime industry is a major carbon emission contributor. Therefore, the global maritime industry puts every effort into reducing carbon emissions in the shipping chain, which includes vessel fleets, ports, terminals, and hinterland transportation. A representative example is the carbon emission reduction standard [...] Read more.

The maritime industry is a major carbon emission contributor. Therefore, the global maritime industry puts every effort into reducing carbon emissions in the shipping chain, which includes vessel fleets, ports, terminals, and hinterland transportation. A representative example is the carbon emission reduction standard mandated by the International Maritime Organization for international sailing ships to reduce carbon emissions this year. Among the decarbonization tools, the most immediate solution for reducing carbon emissions is to reduce vessel waiting time near ports and increase operational efficiency. The operation efficiency improvement in maritime stakeholders’ port operations can be achieved using data. This data collection and operational efficiency improvement can be realized using a digital twin. This study develops a digital twin that measures and reduces carbon emissions using the collaborative operation of maritime stakeholders. In this study, the authors propose a data structure and backbone scheduling algorithm for a port digital twin. The interactive scheduling between a port and its vessels is investigated using the digital twin. The digital twin’s interactive scheduling for the proposed model improved predictions of vessel arrival time and voyage carbon emissions. The result of the proposed digital twin model is compared to an actual operation case from the Busan New Port in September 2022, which shows that the proposed model saves over 75 % of the carbon emissions compared with the case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

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