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20 pages, 5283 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Expanding the Scope of an Amphoteric Condensed Tannin, Tanfloc, for Antibacterial Coatings

by Somayeh Baghersad, Liszt Y. C. Madruga, Alessandro F. Martins, Ketul C. Popat and Matt J. Kipper

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(11), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14110554 - 18 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1858

Bacterial infections are a common mode of failure for medical implants. This study aims to develop antibacterial polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coatings that contain a plant-derived condensed tannin polymer (Tanfloc, TAN) with inherent antimicrobial activity. Tanfloc is amphoteric, and herein we show that it [...] Read more.

Bacterial infections are a common mode of failure for medical implants. This study aims to develop antibacterial polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coatings that contain a plant-derived condensed tannin polymer (Tanfloc, TAN) with inherent antimicrobial activity. Tanfloc is amphoteric, and herein we show that it can be used as either a polyanion or a polycation in PEMs, thereby expanding the possibility of its use in PEM coatings. PEMs are ordinarily formed using a polycation and a polyanion, in which the functional (ionic) groups of the two polymers are complexed to each other. However, using the amphoteric polymer Tanfloc with weakly basic amine and weakly acidic catechol and pyrogallol groups enables PEM formation using only one or the other of its functional groups, leaving the other functional group available to impart antibacterial activity. This work demonstrates Tanfloc-containing PEMs using multiple counter-polyelectrolytes including three polyanionic glycosaminoglycans of varying charge density, and the polycations N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan and polyethyleneimine. The layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of PEMs was monitored using in situ Fourier-transform surface plasmon resonance (FT-SPR), confirming a stable LbL assembly. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to evaluate surface chemistry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the surface roughness. The LDH release levels from cells cultured on the Tanfloc-containing PEMs were not statistically different from those on the negative control (p > 0.05), confirming their non-cytotoxicity, while exhibiting remarkable antiadhesive and bactericidal properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. The antibacterial effects were attributed to electrostatic interactions and Tanfloc’s polyphenolic nature. This work underscores the potential of Tanfloc as a versatile biomaterial for combating infections on surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 2379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial and Antihemolytic Activity of New Biomaterial Based on Glycyrrhizic Acid and Quercetin (GAQ) against Staphylococcus aureus

by Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek, Krzysztof Czerkas, Alimjon Davletboevich Matchanov, Rahmat Sulton Esanov, Umarbek Davlatboevich Matchanov, Maria Zamaraeva and Szymon Sekowski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070368 - 13 Jul 2023

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Abstract

The goal of this study is to obtain and characterize the complex of quercetin with glycyrrhizic acid, which is known to serve as a drug delivery system. Quercetin is a flavonoid with a wide range of biological activities, including an antimicrobial effect. However, [...] Read more.

The goal of this study is to obtain and characterize the complex of quercetin with glycyrrhizic acid, which is known to serve as a drug delivery system. Quercetin is a flavonoid with a wide range of biological activities, including an antimicrobial effect. However, quercetin instability and low bioavailability that limits its use in medical practice makes it necessary to look for new nanoformulations of it. The formation of the GAQ complex (2:1) was confirmed by using UV and FT-IR spectroscopies. It was found that the GAQ exhibited antimicrobial and antihemolytical activities against S. aureus bacteria and its main virulent factor—α-hemolysin. The IC₅₀ value for the antihemolytical effect of GAQ was 1.923 ± 0.255 µg/mL. Using a fluorescence method, we also showed that the GAQ bound tightly to the toxin that appears to underlie its antihemolytic activity. In addition, another mechanism of the antihemolytic activity of the GAQ against α-hemolysin was shown, namely, its ability to increase the rigidity of the outer layer of the erythrocyte membrane and thus inhibit the incorporation of α-hemolysin into the target cells, increasing their resistance to the toxin. Both of these effects of GAQ were observed at concentrations below the MIC value for S. aureus growth, indicating the potential of the complex as an antivirulence agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction of Rhus typhina Tannin with Lipid Nanoparticles: Implication for the Formulation of a Tannin–Liposome Hybrid Biomaterial with Antibacterial Activity

by Szymon Sekowski, Nikolaos Naziris, Maria Chountoulesi, Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek, Krzysztof Czerkas, Artem Veiko, Nodira Abdulladjanova, Costas Demetzos and Maria Zamaraeva

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060296 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1343

Abstract

Tannins are natural plant origin polyphenols that are promising compounds for pharmacological applications due to their strong and different biological activities, including antibacterial activity. Our previous studies demonstrated that sumac tannin, i.e., 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (isolated from Rhus typhina L.), possesses strong antibacterial activity against [...] Read more.

Tannins are natural plant origin polyphenols that are promising compounds for pharmacological applications due to their strong and different biological activities, including antibacterial activity. Our previous studies demonstrated that sumac tannin, i.e., 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (isolated from Rhus typhina L.), possesses strong antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains. One of the crucial factors of the pharmacological activity of tannins is their ability to interact with biomembranes, which may result in the penetration of these compounds into cells or the realization of their activity on the surface. The aim of the current work was to study the interactions of sumac tannin with liposomes as a simple model of the cellular membrane, which is widely used in studies focused on the explanation of the physicochemical nature of molecule–membrane interactions. Additionally, these lipid nanovesicles are very often investigated as nanocarriers for different types of biologically active molecules, such as antibiotics. In the frame of our study, using differential scanning calorimetry, zeta-potential, and fluorescence analysis, we have shown that 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose interacts strongly with liposomes and can be encapsulated inside them. A formulated sumac–liposome hybrid nanocomplex demonstrated much stronger antibacterial activity in comparison with pure tannin. Overall, by using the high affinity of sumac tannin to liposomes, new, functional nanobiomaterials with strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strains, such as S. aureus, S. epidermitis, and B. cereus, can be formulated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 3896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tannin-Based Microbicidal Coatings for Hospital Privacy Curtains

by Petri Widsten, Satu Salo, Klaus Niemelä, Hanna Helin, Minna Salonen and Hanna-Leena Alakomi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040187 - 27 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1412

Abstract

The goal of this study was to develop a sustainable, tannin-based option for silver-based and other current antimicrobial solutions for hospital privacy curtains. Commercial tree-derived tannins were characterized and their in vitro antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were determined. Hydrolysable [...] Read more.

The goal of this study was to develop a sustainable, tannin-based option for silver-based and other current antimicrobial solutions for hospital privacy curtains. Commercial tree-derived tannins were characterized and their in vitro antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were determined. Hydrolysable tannins showed greater antibacterial efficacy than condensed tannins but differences in antibacterial efficacy between any of the tannins could not be attributed to their functional group content or molar mass. Outer membrane disruption was not a significant factor in antibacterial efficacy of tannins against E. coli. In a hospital field study, draw patches coated with hydrolysable tannins and affixed to privacy curtains reduced total bacteria count by 60% over eight weeks compared to their matching uncoated reference sides. In a follow-up laboratory study with S. aureus, very light spraying with water improved contact between bacteria and coating, enhancing the antibacterial effect by several orders of magnitude. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 4539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Protective Effects of the Polyphenolic Glycoconjugate from Agrimonia eupatoria L. Herb in the Prevention of Inflammation in Human Cells

by Marta Tsirigotis-Maniecka, Ewa Zaczyńska, Anna Czarny, Piotr Jadczyk, Barbara Umińska-Wasiluk, Roman Gancarz and Izabela Pawlaczyk-Graja

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(4), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040182 - 26 Mar 2023

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Abstract

Herein, structural and biological studies of a complex biopolymer (polyphenolic glycoconjugate) isolated from the flowering parts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. (AE) are presented. Spectroscopic analyses (UV–Vis and ¹H NMR) of the aglycone component of AE confirmed that it consists mainly [...] Read more.

Herein, structural and biological studies of a complex biopolymer (polyphenolic glycoconjugate) isolated from the flowering parts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. (AE) are presented. Spectroscopic analyses (UV–Vis and ¹H NMR) of the aglycone component of AE confirmed that it consists mainly of aromatic and aliphatic structures characteristic of polyphenols. AE showed significant free radical elimination activity, i.e., ABTS⁺ and DPPH^·, and was an effective copper reducing agent in the CUPRAC test, eventually proving that AE is a powerful antioxidant. AE was nontoxic to human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and mouse fibroblasts (L929) and was nongenotoxic to S. typhimurium bacterial strains TA98 and TA100. Moreover, AE did not induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) by human pulmonary vein (HPVE-26) endothelial cells or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These findings correlated with the low activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in these cells, which plays an important role in the regulation of the expression of genes responsible for inflammatory mediator synthesis. The AE properties described here suggest that it may be useful for protecting cells from the adverse consequences of oxidative stress and could be valuable as a biomaterial for surface functionalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 4070 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chitosan/Phenolic Compounds Scaffolds for Connective Tissue Regeneration

by Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska, Izabela Polkowska, Katarzyna Paździor-Czapula, Beata Nowicka, Magdalena Gierszewska, Marta Michalska-Sionkowska and Iwona Otrocka-Domagała

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14020069 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1849

Abstract

Chitosan-based scaffolds modified by gallic acid, ferulic acid, and tannic acid were fabricated. The aim of the experiment was to compare the compatibility of scaffolds based on chitosan with gallic acid, ferulic acid, or tannic acid using the in vivo method. For this [...] Read more.

Chitosan-based scaffolds modified by gallic acid, ferulic acid, and tannic acid were fabricated. The aim of the experiment was to compare the compatibility of scaffolds based on chitosan with gallic acid, ferulic acid, or tannic acid using the in vivo method. For this purpose, materials were implanted into rabbits in the middle of the latissimus dorsi muscle length. A scaffold based on unmodified chitosan was implanted by the same method as a control. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations were made to study the interactions between chitosan and phenolic acids. Additionally, antioxidant properties and blood compatibility were investigated. The results showed that all studied materials were safe and non-toxic. However, chitosan scaffolds modified by gallic acid and tannic acid were resorbed faster and, as a result, tissues were organized faster than those modified by ferulic acid or unmodified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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Review

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28 pages, 18169 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Catecholamine Derivatives as Novel Crosslinkers for the Synthesis of Versatile Biopolymers

by Manickam Sugumaran and Jason J. Evans

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090449 - 01 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1379

Abstract

Catecholamine metabolites are not only involved in primary metabolism, but also in secondary metabolism, serving a diverse array of physiologically and biochemically important functions. Melanin, which originates from dopa and dopamine, found in the hair, eye, and skin of all animals, is an [...] Read more.

Catecholamine metabolites are not only involved in primary metabolism, but also in secondary metabolism, serving a diverse array of physiologically and biochemically important functions. Melanin, which originates from dopa and dopamine, found in the hair, eye, and skin of all animals, is an important biopolymeric pigment. It provides protection against damaging solar radiation to animals. N-Acetyldopamine and N-β-alanyldopamine play a crucial role in the hardening of the exoskeletons of all insects. In addition, insects and other arthropods utilize the melanogenic process as a key component of their defense systems. Many marine organisms utilize dopyl peptides and proteins as bonding materials to adhere to various substrata. Moreover, the complex dopa derivatives that are precursors to the formation of the exoskeletons of numerous marine organisms also exhibit antibiotic properties. The biochemistry and mechanistic transformations of different catecholamine derivatives to produce various biomaterials with antioxidant, antibiotic, crosslinking, and gluing capabilities are highlighted. These reactivities are exhibited through the transient and highly reactive quinones, quinone methides, and quinone methide imine amide intermediates, as well as chelation to metal ions. A careful consideration of the reactivities summarized in this review will inspire numerous strategies for synthesizing novel biomaterials for future medical and industrial use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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30 pages, 3070 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Phyto-Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer’s Disease

by Mehtap Sahiner, Aynur Sanem Yilmaz, Buket Gungor and Nurettin Sahiner

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010050 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2908

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases occur due to progressive and sometimes irreversible loss of function and death of nerve cells. A great deal of effort is being made to understand the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is quite high, [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative diseases occur due to progressive and sometimes irreversible loss of function and death of nerve cells. A great deal of effort is being made to understand the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is quite high, and only symptomatic therapy is available due to the absence of radical treatment. The aim of this review is to try to elucidate the general pathogenesis of AD, to provide information about the limit points of symptomatic treatment approaches, and to emphasize the potential neurologic effects of phytocompounds as new tools as therapeutic agents for disease prevention, retardation, and therapy. This survey also covers the notable properties of herbal compounds such as their effects on the inhibition of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which has significant value in the treatment of AD. It has been proven that phytopharmaceuticals have long-term effects that could protect nervous system health, eliminate inflammatory responses, improve cognitive damage, provide anti-aging effects in the natural aging process, and alleviate dementia sequelae. Herbal-based therapeutic agents can afford many advantages and can be used as potentially as new-generation therapeutics or complementary agents with high compliance, fewer adverse effects, and lower cost in comparison to the traditional pharmaceutical agents in the fight against AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tannins and Other Polyphenols as Functional Biomaterials)

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