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J. Compos. Sci.
Special Issues
Nanocomposites for Biomedical Implants and Tissue Engineering
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Nanocomposites for Biomedical Implants and Tissue Engineering

A special issue of Journal of Composites Science (ISSN 2504-477X). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanocomposites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2019) | Viewed by 21009

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Huirong Le

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering & Built Environment, University of Derby, Derby DE22 3AW, UK
Interests: materials processing; biomaterials; nanocomposites; surface coatings; mechanics of materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanoplatelets, have inspired more and more nanocomposites with polymeric, metallic, or ceramic matrices. The addition of nanomaterials may give the matrix material new characteristics and new functions. One potential field of application is medical implants and tissue engineering, such as dental implant, hip/knee joint, bone cement, bone graft, implantable monitoring/drug delivery devices or scaffolds for tissue engineering. Ceramic nanoparticles or nanotubes are often used as reinforcement and bioactive agent in polymeric or cement nanocomposites. Nanocomposite materials can be used as a coating material as well as bulk material. Metallic implants usually lack the compatibility with live tissues which can be improved with a nanocomposite coating for antibacterial property and biocompatability.

There are a few points that still need to be addressed before seeing these new materials can be applied by clinicians, which include production and standardization of nano materials, achievement of good dispersions in matrices, processing of composites to achieve desirable mechanical properties and the interaction with biological environment. Extensive investigation is being done to address these issues in order to take nanocomposite materials into clinical applications.

The aim of the contributions to this volume will be to report the advances in design and processing of nanocomposite materials, our understanding of the interface of nanomaterials with different types of matrices and how these composite materials interact with cells and proteins in biological environment. Advances in the development of nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering (such as ligament, tendons, etc.), research on the nanocomposite architecture and the biointeractions with great potential to open the door to clinical applications, are particularly encouraged to participate in this Special Issue. Both original articles and topical reviews are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Huirong Le
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Composites Science is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanocomposites
  • surface coatings
  • ceramics
  • medical implants
  • tissue engineering
  • scaffolds

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2849 KiB  
Article
Lignin-Mediated Biosynthesis of ZnO and TiO2 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity
by Kanchan M. Samb-Joshi, Yogesh A. Sethi, Anuradha A. Ambalkar, Hiralal B. Sonawane, Suresh P. Rasale, Rajendra P. Panmand, Rajendra Patil, Bharat B. Kale and Manohar G. Chaskar
J. Compos. Sci. 2019, 3(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030090 - 13 Sep 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4125
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis of fragmented lignin (FL) assisted zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanocomposites. The fragmented lignin synthesized from biomass (sugarcane bagasse) was used as a template to generate the morphology and crystallite structure of [...] Read more.
In this work, we report the synthesis of fragmented lignin (FL) assisted zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanocomposites. The fragmented lignin synthesized from biomass (sugarcane bagasse) was used as a template to generate the morphology and crystallite structure of metal oxide nanomaterial. The nanocomposites were synthesized by a simple precipitation method, wherein fragmented lignin is used in alkaline medium as a template. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows the phase formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and mixed phase formation of TiO2 as rutile and anatase. The morphology was studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The FE-SEM of pristine ZnO nanocomposites showed a cluster of particles whereas FL–ZnO NPs showed self-aligned nanoparticles in the form of rod shaped having average size 30–70 nm. Pristine TiO2 nanoparticles showed clusters of particles and FL–TiO2 nanocomposites showed well crystalline 41nm size nanocomposites. The FL acts as a surfactant which restrict the cluster formations. The band gap determined by diffuse reflectance spectra is 3.10 eV and 3.20 eV for FL–ZnO and FL–TiO2 nanocomposites, respectively. Photoluminescence spectra of both nanocomposites showed structural defects in the visible region. Further, the antimicrobial activity of pristine ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles, and FL–ZnO and FL–TiO2 nanocomposites against Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923) were studied under UV-A (315-400 nm) (8W) for 30min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Biomedical Implants and Tissue Engineering)
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15 pages, 3747 KiB  
Article
Water Uptake in PHBV/Wollastonite Scaffolds: A Kinetics Study
by Renata G. Ribas, Thaís L. A. Montanheiro, Larissa S. Montagna, Renata Falchete do Prado, Ana Paula Lemes, Tiago M. Bastos Campos and Gilmar P. Thim
J. Compos. Sci. 2019, 3(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030074 - 16 Jul 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3272
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a widely studied polymer and it has been found that porous PHBV materials are suitable for substrates for cell cultures. A crucial factor for scaffolds designed for tissue engineering is the water uptake. This property influences the transport [...] Read more.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a widely studied polymer and it has been found that porous PHBV materials are suitable for substrates for cell cultures. A crucial factor for scaffolds designed for tissue engineering is the water uptake. This property influences the transport of water and nutrients into the scaffold, which promotes cell growth. PHBV has significant hydrophobicity, which can harm the production of cells. Thus, the addition of α-wollastonite (WOL) can modify the PHBV scaffold’s water uptake. To our knowledge, a kinetics study of water uptake of α-wollastonite phase powder and the PHBV matrix has not been reported. In this work, PHBV and WOL, (PHBV/WOL) films were produced with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt % of WOL. Films were characterized, and the best concentrations were chosen to produce PHBV/WOL scaffolds. The addition of WOL in concentrations up to 10 wt % increased the cell viability of the films. MTT analysis showed that PHBV/5%WOL and PHBV/10%WOL obtained cell viability of 80% and 98%, respectively. Therefore, scaffolds with 0, 5 and 10 wt % of WOL were fabricated by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). Scaffolds were characterized with respect to morphology and water uptake in assay for 65 days. The scaffold with 10 wt % of WOL absorbed 44.1% more water than neat PHBV scaffold, and also presented a different kinetic mechanism when compared to other samples. Accordingly, PHBV/WOL scaffolds were shown to be potential candidates for biological applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Biomedical Implants and Tissue Engineering)
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12 pages, 2303 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Degradation During Melt Processing of PLA/Biosilicate® Composites
by Eduardo H. Backes, Laís de N. Pires, Lidiane C. Costa, Fabio R. Passador and Luiz A. Pessan
J. Compos. Sci. 2019, 3(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3020052 - 16 May 2019
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 5675
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/bioactive composites are emerging as new biomaterials since it is possible to combine stiffness, mechanical resistance, and bioactive character of the bioglasses with conformability and bioabsorption of the PLA. In this study, PLA/Biosilicate® composites were prepared using a melt-processing [...] Read more.
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/bioactive composites are emerging as new biomaterials since it is possible to combine stiffness, mechanical resistance, and bioactive character of the bioglasses with conformability and bioabsorption of the PLA. In this study, PLA/Biosilicate® composites were prepared using a melt-processing route. The processability and properties were evaluated aiming to produce composites with bioactive properties. Two different PLA (PLA 2003D and PLA 4043D) were tested with the addition of 1 wt. % of Biosilicate®. Both materials presented a huge reduction in melt viscosity after internal mixer processing. The degradation effects of the addition of Biosilicate® in the PLAs matrices were evaluated using zeta potential tests that showed a very high liberation of ions, which catalyzes PLA thermo-oxidative reactions. To understand the extension of degradation effects during the processing, the composites were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and rheological tests. GPC results showed that PLA with the lowest residual acid content (RAC), PLA 2003D, presented higher thermal stability, higher molecular weight, and viscosity baseline compared to PLA 4043D. The composites showed a significant decrease in molecular weight for both PLA with the addition of Biosilicate®. TGA results showed that Biosilicate® might have reduced the activation energy to initiate thermodegradation reactions in PLAs and it occasioned a reduction in the Tonset by almost 40 °C. The DSC results showed that severe matrix degradation and the presence of bioglass did not significantly affect glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm) and crystallinity of PLAs, but it influenced cold crystallization peak (Tcc). In this way, the type of PLA used influences the processability of this material, which can make the production of filaments of this material for 3D printing unfeasible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Biomedical Implants and Tissue Engineering)
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14 pages, 3611 KiB  
Article
Production and Characterization of Porous Polymeric Membranes of PLA/PCL Blends with the Addition of Hydroxyapatite
by Nayara Koba de Moura, Idália A. W. B. Siqueira, João Paulo de Barros Machado, Hueliton Wilian Kido, Ingrid Regina Avanzi, Ana Claudia Muniz Rennó, Eliandra de Sousa Trichês and Fabio Roberto Passador
J. Compos. Sci. 2019, 3(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3020045 - 01 May 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4026
Abstract
Polymer membranes have been widely used in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR). The literature recognizes that poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) blends have better physicochemical properties and that a porous polymer surface facilitates cell adhesion and proliferation. In [...] Read more.
Polymer membranes have been widely used in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR). The literature recognizes that poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) blends have better physicochemical properties and that a porous polymer surface facilitates cell adhesion and proliferation. In addition, hydroxyapatite (HAp) incorporated into the polymer matrix promotes osteoinduction properties and osteoconduction to the polymer-ceramic biocomposite. Therefore, polymer membranes of PLA/PCL blend with the addition of HAp could be an alternative to be used in GBR. HAp was obtained by precipitation using the mixture of solutions of tetrahydrate calcium nitrate and monobasic ammonium phosphate salts. The porous membranes of the PLA/PCL (80/20) blend with the addition of HAp were obtained by solvent casting with a controlled humidity method, with the dispersion of HAp in chloroform and subsequent solubilization with the components of the blend. The solution was poured into molds for solvent evaporation under a controlled humidity atmosphere. The membranes showed the formation of pores on their surface, together with dispersed HAp particles. The results showed an increase in the surface porosity and improved bioactivity properties with the addition of HAp. Moreover, in biological studies with cell culture, it was possible to observe that the membranes with HAp have no cytotoxic effect on MC3T3 cells. These results indicate a promising use of the new biomaterial for GBR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Biomedical Implants and Tissue Engineering)
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Review

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22 pages, 7229 KiB  
Review
A Review of In-Situ Grown Nanocomposite Coatings for Titanium Alloy Implants
by Urvashi F. Gunputh and Huirong Le
J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020041 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3018
Abstract
Composite coatings are commonly applied to medical metal implants in order to improve biocompatibility and/or bioactivity. In this context, two types of titanium-based composite coatings have been reviewed as biocompatible and anti-bacterial coatings. The different composites can be synthesised on the surface of [...] Read more.
Composite coatings are commonly applied to medical metal implants in order to improve biocompatibility and/or bioactivity. In this context, two types of titanium-based composite coatings have been reviewed as biocompatible and anti-bacterial coatings. The different composites can be synthesised on the surface of titanium using various methods, which have their own advantages and disadvantages. Moving with the smart and nanotechnology, multifunctional nanocomposite coatings have been introduced on implants and scaffolds for tissue engineering with the aim of providing more than one properties when required. In this context, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes have been shown to enhance the properties of titanium-based implants as part of nanocomposite coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Biomedical Implants and Tissue Engineering)
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