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Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023
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Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023

A special issue of Journal of Composites Science (ISSN 2504-477X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 62253

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Francesco Tornabene

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
Interests: theory of shells, plates, arches, and beams; generalized differential quadrature; FEM; SFEM; WFEM; IGA; SFIGA; WFIGA; advanced composite materials; functionally graded materials; nanomaterials and nanotechnology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Composites Science, I am pleased to announce this Special Issue, entitled “Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023”. This Special Issue will be a collection of articles from Editorial Board Members, Guest Editors, and Leading Researchers discussing new knowledge or new cutting-edge developments in the science of composites in 2023. Potential topics include but are not limited to the following items:

  • Fiber-reinforced composites;
  • Novel composites;
  • Nanocomposites;
  • Biomedical composites;
  • Energy composites;
  • Modeling, nondestructive evaluation;
  • Processing and manufacturing, properties and performance;
  • Repair, testing, nanotechnology;
  • Physics, chemistry, and mechanics characterization of composites.

Dr. Francesco Tornabene
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Composites Science is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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20 pages, 12602 KiB  
Article
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Composite Bond Strength: Quantification through Bond Quality Index (BQI)
by Sourav Banerjee, Vahid Tavaf and Mustahseen M. Indaleeb
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030107 - 18 Mar 2024
Viewed by 637
Abstract
This article presents a concept, materials, and methods to devise a Bond Quality Index (BQI) for assessing composite bond quality, approximately correlating to the respective bond strength. Interface bonding is the common mechanism to join two composite structural components. Ensuring the health and [...] Read more.
This article presents a concept, materials, and methods to devise a Bond Quality Index (BQI) for assessing composite bond quality, approximately correlating to the respective bond strength. Interface bonding is the common mechanism to join two composite structural components. Ensuring the health and quality of the bond line between two load-bearing composite structures is crucial. The article presents the classification and data-driven distinction between two types of bond lines between similar structural components. The interface bonds in composite plates were prepared using polyester peel ply and TX-1040 nylon peel ply. For all the plates, ultrasonic inspection through scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) (>10 MHz) was performed before and after localized failure of the plate by impinging energy. Energy was impinged 0–10 J/cm2 of in the 16-ply plates, and 0–25 J/cm2 were impinged in 40-ply plates. Followed by bond failure and SAM, a new parameter called the Bond Quality Index (BQI) was formulated using ultrasonic scan data and energy data. The BQI was found to be 0.55 and 0.45, respectively, in plates with polyester peel ply and TX-1040 nylon peel ply bonds. Further, in 40-ply plates with polyester peel ply resulted in a BQI equivalent to 3.49 compared to 0.75 in plates with a TX-1040 nylon peel ply bond. Currently, the BQI is not normalized; however, this study could be used for AI-driven normalized BQIs for all types of bonds in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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20 pages, 4962 KiB  
Article
Chitosan-Based Hierarchical Scaffolds Crosslinked with Genipin
by Lya Piaia, Simone S. Silva, Emanuel M. Fernandes, Joana M. Gomes, Albina R. Franco, Isabel B. Leonor, Márcio C. Fredel, Gean V. Salmoria, Dachamir Hotza and Rui L. Reis
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030085 - 24 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1109
Abstract
Osteochondral defects present significant challenges for effective tissue regeneration due to the complex composition of bone and cartilage. To address this challenge, this study presents the fabrication of hierarchical scaffolds combining chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) to simulate a bone-like layer, interconnected with a silk [...] Read more.
Osteochondral defects present significant challenges for effective tissue regeneration due to the complex composition of bone and cartilage. To address this challenge, this study presents the fabrication of hierarchical scaffolds combining chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) to simulate a bone-like layer, interconnected with a silk fibroin layer to mimic cartilage, thus replicating the cartilage-like layer to mimic the native osteochondral tissue architecture. The scaffolds were produced by freeze-drying and then crosslinking with genipin. They have a crosslinking degree of up to 24%, which promotes a structural rearrangement and improved connection between the different layers. Micro-CT analysis demonstrated that the structures have distinct porosity values on their top layer (up to 84%), interface (up to 65%), and bottom layer (up to 77%) and are dependent on the concentration of β-tricalcium phosphate used. Both layers were confirmed to be clearly defined by the distribution of the components throughout the constructs, showing adequate mechanical properties for biomedical use. The scaffolds exhibited lower weight loss (up to 7%, 15 days) after enzymatic degradation due to the combined effects of genipin crosslinking and β-TCP incorporation. In vitro studies showed that the constructs supported ATDC5 chondrocyte-like cells and MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells in duo culture conditions, providing a suitable environment for cell adhesion and proliferation for up to 14 days. Overall, the physicochemical properties and biological results of the developed chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate/silk fibroin bilayered scaffolds suggest that they may be potential candidates for osteochondral tissue strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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19 pages, 15562 KiB  
Article
Detailed Finite Element Models for the Simulation of the Laser Shock Wave Response of 3D Woven Composites
by Konstantinos Tserpes and Panagiotis Kormpos
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030083 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 909
Abstract
This paper presents a numerical study on the laser shock wave propagation in a 3D woven carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) material by means of detailed and homogenized finite element (FE) models. The aim of this study is to numerically characterize the shock wave response [...] Read more.
This paper presents a numerical study on the laser shock wave propagation in a 3D woven carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) material by means of detailed and homogenized finite element (FE) models. The aim of this study is to numerically characterize the shock wave response of the 3D woven CFRP in terms of back-face velocity profiles and the induced damage, and to investigate whether the detailed FE models could be effectively replaced by homogenized FE models. The 3D woven geometry was designed using the TexGen 3.13.1 software, while the numerical analyses were executed using the R11.0.0 LS-Dyna explicit FE software. A high-strain-rate behavior was considered for the matrix. The fiber bundles in the detailed models were modeled as a high-fiber-content unidirectional composite laminate, with its mechanical properties calculated by micromechanical equations. A progressive damage material model was applied to both the fiber bundles of the detailed model and the homogenized models. The results of the detailed model reveal a considerable effect of the material’s architecture on the shock wave propagation and sensitivity of the back-face velocity profile to the spot location. Consequently, the homogenized model is not capable of accurately simulating the shock wave response of the 3D woven composite. Moreover, the detailed model predicts matrix cracking in the resin-rich areas and in the bundles with high accuracy, as well as fiber failure. On the contrary, the homogenized model predicts matrix cracking in the same areas and no fiber failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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16 pages, 6433 KiB  
Article
A First-Time Addition of Selenium to a Mg-Based Metal Matrix Composite for Biomedical Purposes
by Ahluwalia Pahaul, Michael Johanes and Manoj Gupta
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030081 - 22 Feb 2024
Viewed by 975
Abstract
A magnesium-based metal matrix composite, Mg-5Se-2Zn-2SiO2, was synthesized using the Disintegrated Melt Deposition (DMD) method followed by hot extrusion. Elemental analysis revealed that the material experienced selenium loss which was attributed to the evaporation of selenium at high temperatures. Superior damping [...] Read more.
A magnesium-based metal matrix composite, Mg-5Se-2Zn-2SiO2, was synthesized using the Disintegrated Melt Deposition (DMD) method followed by hot extrusion. Elemental analysis revealed that the material experienced selenium loss which was attributed to the evaporation of selenium at high temperatures. Superior damping characteristics were exhibited while retaining similar Young’s modulus, and significant grain refinement also resulted in decisively superior mechanical properties such as hardness (32% increase), fracture strain (39% increase), as well as yield and ultimate compressive strength (157% and 54% increase, respectively). These were a consequence of SiO2 addition as well as presence of Mg2Si (and MgSe) intermetallic phases which were detected by X-ray characterization. Furthermore, while the material had lower corrosion resistance than pure magnesium, it retained acceptable corrosion resistance as well as structural integrity after the full immersion duration of 28 days. Overall, the material exhibits promising potential for applications in the biomedical field, especially in development of smaller and lighter implants where mechanical properties are paramount, with key lessons learned for the synthesis of Mg-materials containing selenium for the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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18 pages, 4667 KiB  
Article
The Unstable Fracture of Multifilament Tows
by Jacques Lamon
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020052 - 30 Jan 2024
Viewed by 963
Abstract
The present paper investigates the unexpected unstable failure observed commonly on fiber tows tensile-tested under strain-controlled loading, although the force on the fibers should theoretically be relaxed under controlled strain. A model of the reaction of the load train when the fibers break [...] Read more.
The present paper investigates the unexpected unstable failure observed commonly on fiber tows tensile-tested under strain-controlled loading, although the force on the fibers should theoretically be relaxed under controlled strain. A model of the reaction of the load train when the fibers break under strain-controlled conditions is proposed. The criterion for instability is based on the comparison of the filament strength gradient and the overstress induced by the reaction of the load train when the fibers fail. The contribution of multiplet filament failures attributed to the fiber inter-friction and stress waves was taken into account. The compliance of the load train for the test results considered in the present paper was measured. It is shown that, depending on the number of filaments sharing the overload, the values of the structural parameters, and the fiber characteristics, the condition of unstable failure may have been fulfilled by the SiC fiber tows that were tested in house, as discussed in the present paper. The critical parameters that were identified and quantified include the load train compliance, gauge length, fiber stiffness, and bonding of the tow ends. This should allow the proper conditions for stable failure. Important implications for the validity and an analysis of the strengths derived from the unstable fracture of the tows are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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11 pages, 1948 KiB  
Article
Defining the Effect of a Polymeric Compatibilizer on the Properties of Random Polypropylene/Glass Fibre Composites
by Evangelia Delli, Dimitrios Gkiliopoulos, Evangelia Vouvoudi, Dimitrios Bikiaris and Konstantinos Chrissafis
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020044 - 25 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1180
Abstract
Random polypropylene composites reinforced with short glass fibres have been successfully fabricated by melt-mixing. Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) was added to the composites, which was expected to act as a compatibilizer and greatly limit the negative effects known to [...] Read more.
Random polypropylene composites reinforced with short glass fibres have been successfully fabricated by melt-mixing. Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) was added to the composites, which was expected to act as a compatibilizer and greatly limit the negative effects known to arise from the feeble polymer matrix/glass fibre interfaces. The effect of compatibilizer concentration on the structural, mechanical and thermal behaviour of the composites has been investigated. The results revealed an improvement of the glass fibre/matrix interaction upon the addition of the compatibilizer, which resulted in enhancing the overall material stiffness and the ability of the matrix to store energy. In particular, the lowering of the glass transition and the investigation of the fracture surfaces of the composites confirmed the improved PPR/fibre adhesion. Examination of the tensile elongation indicated the improvement of the Young’s modulus and yield strength with the addition of PP-g-MA, while the storage modulus was also shown to be significantly increased. These results confirmed the versatility and efficiency of the approach presented in this work to improve the thermomechanical properties and sustainability of PPR and promote its usage in industrial applications and commercial manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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20 pages, 5650 KiB  
Article
Diagonal Compression Tests on Unfired and Fired Masonry Wallettes Retrofitted with Textile-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Mortar
by Andres Arce, Panagiotis Kapsalis, Catherine G. Papanicolaou and Thanasis C. Triantafillou
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8010014 - 29 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1377
Abstract
This paper discusses the integration of an alkali-activated mortar (AAM), based on industrial waste, into a novel composite material fit for structural upgrading purposes and rendered with high temperature endurance and a low CO2 footprint. The AAM combined with carbon fiber textiles [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the integration of an alkali-activated mortar (AAM), based on industrial waste, into a novel composite material fit for structural upgrading purposes and rendered with high temperature endurance and a low CO2 footprint. The AAM combined with carbon fiber textiles form a new generation of sustainable inorganic matrix composites—that of textile-reinforced alkali-activated mortars (TRAAM). A test program was designed to assess the effectiveness of carbon TRAAM overlays in increasing the shear capacity of masonry wall specimens comprising solid clay bricks bonded with lime-based mortar and furnished with TRAAM jackets on both sides. The initial and the residual capacity of the reinforced walls were evaluated, the latter by performing diagonal compression tests after exposure to 300 °C and 550 °C. It was shown that TRAAM jacketing can increase the shear capacity of unfired masonry walls by 260% and 335% when a single or a double layer of textile is used, respectively. Rapid heating to temperatures up to 550 °C, one-hour-long steady-state heating, and natural cooling bore no visible thermal cracks on the specimens and had little effect on their residual capacity. Based on these results, the prospect of using TRAAM for retrofitting applications for fire-resilient structures seems very auspicious. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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23 pages, 2802 KiB  
Article
Moisture and Glass Transition Temperature Kinetics of Ambient-Cured Carbon/Epoxy Composites
by Behnaz Hassanpour and Vistasp M. Karbhari
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(11), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110447 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1520
Abstract
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are widely used in the rehabilitation, repair, and strengthening of civil, marine, and naval infrastructure and structural systems. In these applications, they are exposed to a range of exposure conditions, including humidity and immersion, which are known to [...] Read more.
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are widely used in the rehabilitation, repair, and strengthening of civil, marine, and naval infrastructure and structural systems. In these applications, they are exposed to a range of exposure conditions, including humidity and immersion, which are known to affect the durability of the resin and the fiber–matrix interface over long periods of time. This paper presents results of long-term hygrothermal aging of wet layup carbon/epoxy composites including through acceleration by temperature focusing on the development of a comprehensive understanding of moisture uptake kinetics and its effects on glass transition temperature and interface and inter-/intra-laminar dominated performance characteristics. A two-phase model for uptake that incorporates both diffusion- and relaxation-/deterioration-dominated regimes, as well as a transition regime, is shown to describe uptake well. The inclusion of damage terms to the diffusion and relaxation coefficients is seen to capture changes well, with the effective diffusion and relaxation coefficients increasing with fiber volume fraction and temperature. Effects of uptake, including at elevated temperatures, reflective of accelerated aging, on glass transition temperature and flexural strength are correlated, emphasizing a three-stage progression of overall response in line with the moisture uptake changes. The drop in glass transition temperature per percent increase in moisture uptake was seen to range from a low of 4.38% per % increase in moisture content, for the highest volume fraction at the highest temperature, to a high of 6.95% per % increase in moisture content, for the intermediate volume fraction at the lowest temperature. The composites with heavier fabric showed the greatest drop in both glass transition temperature and flexural strength, indicating a level of correlation between these characteristics as well. It is shown that both glass transition temperature and flexural strength show steep initial decreases, followed by a regime with slower decrease and, then, an asymptotic or near-asymptotic response with time of immersion, suggesting a close correlation with moisture uptake, which forms the basis for future modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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8 pages, 795 KiB  
Communication
Synergistic Effect of Carbon-Based Reinforcements on the Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Composites
by Luca Lavagna, Daniel Suarez-Riera and Matteo Pavese
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(10), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7100430 - 12 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1076
Abstract
Carbon reinforcements are used to improve the mechanical properties of cement, allowing the preparation of a strengthened and toughened composite. Functionalization through a reaction with acid is necessary to guarantee both a good dispersion in water and a strong interaction with cement. Different [...] Read more.
Carbon reinforcements are used to improve the mechanical properties of cement, allowing the preparation of a strengthened and toughened composite. Functionalization through a reaction with acid is necessary to guarantee both a good dispersion in water and a strong interaction with cement. Different functionalized reinforcements improve the mechanical properties of the composites in comparison with pristine cement. The use of a combination of carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanoplatelets were analyzed in order to verify their synergistic effect. The use of functionalized carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers demonstrates an improvement of 71% in flexural strength and 540% in fracture energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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14 pages, 14062 KiB  
Article
Additive Manufacturing of Lightweight Gypsum and Expanded Polystyrene Granulate Composite
by Girts Bumanis, Alise Sapata, Maris Sinka, Ella Spurina and Diana Bajare
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(10), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7100425 - 10 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1263
Abstract
Additive manufacturing by 3D printing has emerged as a promising construction method offering numerous advantages, including reduced material usage and construction waste, faster build times, and optimized architectural forms. One area where 3D printing’s potential remains largely unexplored is in combination with lightweight [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing by 3D printing has emerged as a promising construction method offering numerous advantages, including reduced material usage and construction waste, faster build times, and optimized architectural forms. One area where 3D printing’s potential remains largely unexplored is in combination with lightweight materials, especially lightweight gypsum. This research paper explores the potential of combining 3D printing technology with lightweight gypsum-based composites to extend the relatively limited gypsum application possibilities in the construction industry. The study investigates the use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads as an aggregate in gypsum composites, focusing on the printability of the mixture and hardened state mechanical properties in various print directions. Mechanical tests reveal that 3D printing can reduce the compressive strength of the EPS–gypsum composite by between 3% and 32%, and the flexural strength by up to 22%, depending on testing direction. However, the technology opens up new production possibilities for applications where such strength can be sufficient. The study describes that a slight increase in the water-to-gypsum (W/G) ratio in 3D-printed mortars enhances homogeneity and reduces porosity, resulting in improved structural uniformity and therefore higher flexural and compressive strength values. Furthermore, the paper discusses the mechanical anisotropy observed in 3D-printed samples. The combination of 3D printing technology and lightweight gypsum offers the potential for sustainable construction practices by reusing waste materials and creating lightweight, thermally and acoustically insulative, as well as architecturally diverse building components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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17 pages, 7492 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Process Parameters on the Porosity of a VBO Prepreg/Fiber-Interleaved Layup Composite
by Yu-Wen Sheu and Wen-Bin Young
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(10), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7100412 - 04 Oct 2023
Viewed by 870
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the porosity characteristics of a “hybrid” layup composite; this involved combining a fully impregnated prepreg and a dry fiber fabric via the the vacuum-bag-only (VBO) manufacturing process to create unidirectional carbon-fiber laminates sized at 15 × 15 cm². [...] Read more.
This research aimed to explore the porosity characteristics of a “hybrid” layup composite; this involved combining a fully impregnated prepreg and a dry fiber fabric via the the vacuum-bag-only (VBO) manufacturing process to create unidirectional carbon-fiber laminates sized at 15 × 15 cm². This investigation delved into several VBO process parameters encompassing the debulking technique, curing cycle, laminate saturation index, and thickness. The primary goal was to comprehend how these factors impacted the porosity levels within the laminate. Elevating the dwelling temperature during the curing cycle, employing a saturation index beyond 1.57, and utilizing thicker laminates emerged as strategies for decreasing the void content in the laminate. By implementing the optimal parameters identified through this research, we produced composite laminates that exhibited a substantial reduction in porosity. Furthermore, the study extended to modifying the two-stage curing cycle into a multi-stage cure cycle. This modification provided evidence that the incorporation of more dwell stages contributed to a further reduction in porosity. This study also featured a comparative analysis involving two types of laminates: one with prepreg fibers oriented at 0° and dry fibers oriented at 90° and another laminate with a sole 0° layup using a combination of prepreg and dry fibers. The findings suggest that the cross-layup allowed the prepreg fibers to conform more effectively to the protruding weft, thus eliminating voids induced by the weft. In conclusion, this research underscores the potential for a significant reduction in porosity within hybrid layup composites manufactured using the VBO process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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11 pages, 1787 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Sn(IV)porphyrin-Imbedded Silica Aerogel Composite
by Min-Gyeong Jo, Nam-Gil Kim and Hee-Joon Kim
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090401 - 20 Sep 2023
Viewed by 796
Abstract
Optoelectronic functional composite materials with porous structures are of great importance in various fields. A hybrid composite (SnP@SiA) composed of (trans-dihydroxo)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)tin(IV) (SnP) in silica aerogel (SiA) was successfully fabricated through the reaction of SnP with silanol groups of SiA in the [...] Read more.
Optoelectronic functional composite materials with porous structures are of great importance in various fields. A hybrid composite (SnP@SiA) composed of (trans-dihydroxo)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)tin(IV) (SnP) in silica aerogel (SiA) was successfully fabricated through the reaction of SnP with silanol groups of SiA in the presence of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). SnP@SiA was then characterized using various instrumental techniques. The zeta potential for SnP@SiA (−11.62 mV) was found to be less negative than that for SiA (−18.26 mV), indicating that the surface of SnP@SiA is covered by hydrophobic species such as SnP and trimethylsilyl groups. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume, and average pore size of SnP@SiA are 697.07 m2/g, 1.69 cm3/g, and 8.45 nm, respectively, making it a suitable composite for catalytic applications. SnP@SiA, a photocatalyst with high porosity and a large surface area, yields promising performance in the photodegradation of acid orange 7 (AO7) under visible light irradiation in aqueous solution. This hybrid composite exhibited the desirable properties of aerogels along with the photoelectronic features of porphyrins. Therefore, this porphyrin-imbedded mesoporous material has valuable potential in various applications such as photocatalysis, light energy conversion, biochemical sensors, and gas storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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16 pages, 18740 KiB  
Article
Facile Fabrication of Absorption-Dominated Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid)/Polycaprolactone/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Foams towards Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
by Tong Liu, Huiyao Feng, Weiqiang Zeng, Chenhong Jin and Tairong Kuang
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090395 - 17 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 940
Abstract
The use of electromagnetic interference shielding materials in the mitigation of electromagnetic pollution requires a broader perspective, encompassing not only the enhancement of the overall shielding efficiency (SET), but also the distinct emphasis on the contribution of the absorption shielding efficiency [...] Read more.
The use of electromagnetic interference shielding materials in the mitigation of electromagnetic pollution requires a broader perspective, encompassing not only the enhancement of the overall shielding efficiency (SET), but also the distinct emphasis on the contribution of the absorption shielding efficiency within the total shielding efficiency (SEA/SET). The development of lightweight, biodegradable electromagnetic interference shielding materials with dominant absorption mechanisms is of paramount importance in reducing electromagnetic pollution and the environmental impact. This study presents a successful fabrication strategy for a poly(lactic acid)/polycaprolactone/multi-walled carbon nanotube (PCL/PLA/MWCNT) composite foam, featuring a uniform porous structure. In this approach, melt mixing is combined with particle leaching techniques to create a co-continuous phase morphology when PCL and PLA are present in equal mass ratios. The MWCNT is selectively dispersed within the PCL matrix, which facilitates the formation of a robust conductive network within this morphology. In addition, the addition of the MWCNT content reduces the size of the phase domain in the PCL/PLA/MWCNT composite, showing an adept ability to construct a compact and stable conductive network. Based on its porous architecture and continuous conductive network, the composite foam with an 80% porosity and 7 wt% MWCNT content manifests an exceptional EMI shielding performance. The SET, specific SET, and SEA/SET values achieved are 22.88 dB, 88.68 dB·cm3/g, and 85.80%, respectively. Additionally, the resulting composite foams exhibit a certain resistance to compression-induced deformations. In summary, this study introduces a practical solution that facilitates the production of absorption-dominated, lightweight, and biodegradable EMI shielding materials at scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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23 pages, 9432 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Isotactic Polypropylene Nanocomposite Content of Tungsten Carbide for Material Extrusion 3D Printing
by Amalia Moutsopoulou, Markos Petousis, Nikolaos Michailidis, Nikolaos Mountakis, Apostolos Argyros, Vassilis Papadakis, Mariza Spiridaki, Chrysa Charou, Ioannis Ntintakis and Nectarios Vidakis
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090393 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1535
Abstract
In this study, innovative nanocomposite materials for material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing were developed using a polypropylene (PP) polymer with tungsten carbide (WC) nanopowder. The raw materials were converted into filaments using thermomechanical extrusion. The samples were then fabricated for testing according to [...] Read more.
In this study, innovative nanocomposite materials for material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing were developed using a polypropylene (PP) polymer with tungsten carbide (WC) nanopowder. The raw materials were converted into filaments using thermomechanical extrusion. The samples were then fabricated for testing according to the international standards. Extensive mechanical testing was performed on the 3D-printed specimens, including tensile, impact, flexural, and microhardness assessments. In addition, the impact of ceramic additive loading was examined. The thermal and stoichiometric characteristics of the nanocomposites were examined using thermogravimetric analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Raman spectroscopy. The 3D-printed shape, quality, and fracture process of the specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the filler significantly enhanced the mechanical characteristics of the matrix polymer without reducing its thermal stability or processability. Notably, the highest level of nanocomposite mechanical responsiveness was achieved through the inclusion of 6.0 and 8.0 wt. % fillers. The 10.0 wt. % loading nanocomposite showed significantly increased microhardness, indicating a possible high resistance to wear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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12 pages, 6326 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Hole Diameter on the Molded and Drilled Holes in Jute-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
by Jayant Kumar, Yashpal Singh, Pawan Kumar Rakesh, Inderdeep Singh and J. P. Davim
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090376 - 08 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 851
Abstract
Damage caused by the drilling process is the most common reason for the rejection of composite parts and components that include holes. This is especially true in the case of laminated composites. The purpose of the current experimental investigation is to investigate the [...] Read more.
Damage caused by the drilling process is the most common reason for the rejection of composite parts and components that include holes. This is especially true in the case of laminated composites. The purpose of the current experimental investigation is to investigate the efficiency of hole formation when the component is in the molding phase. The mechanical properties of molded and drilled holes in jute-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites have been compared in a study that was carried out with the purpose of conducting an examination of these features. It was discovered that the molded holes operate much better than the drilled holes when it comes to jute fiber/epoxy composite materials. This was the conclusion reached after observing both types of holes. The maximum tensile load that was taken by molded hole specimens of composites with hole diameters of 4 mm and 8 mm was reported to be 48.8% and 101.5% greater, respectively, than the maximum tensile load that was taken by drilled hole specimens of composites with the same diameter. In addition, the load-extension curves demonstrate that the specimens that were manufactured with molded holes were able to achieve a larger degree of extension when compared to those that were manufactured with drilled holes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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16 pages, 8325 KiB  
Article
3D Printing of Low-Filled Basalt PA12 and PP Filaments for Automotive Components
by Federico Lupone, Jacopo Tirillò, Fabrizio Sarasini, Claudio Badini and Claudia Sergi
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090367 - 01 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1024
Abstract
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) enables many advantages compared to traditional manufacturing techniques, but the lower mechanical performance due to the higher porosity still hinders its industrial spread in key sectors like the automotive industry. PP and PA12 filaments filled with low amounts of [...] Read more.
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) enables many advantages compared to traditional manufacturing techniques, but the lower mechanical performance due to the higher porosity still hinders its industrial spread in key sectors like the automotive industry. PP and PA12 filaments filled with low amounts of basalt fibers were produced in the present work to improve the poor mechanical properties inherited from the additive manufacturing technique. For both matrices, the introduction of 5 wt.% of basalt fibers allows us to achieve stiffness values comparable to injection molding ones without modifying the final weight of the manufactured components. The increased filament density compared with the neat polymers, upon the introduction of basalt fibers, is counterbalanced by the intrinsic porosity of the manufacturing technique. In particular, the final components are characterized by a 0.88 g/cm3 density for PP and 1.01 g/cm3 for PA12 basalt-filled composites, which are comparable to the 0.91 g/cm3 and 1.01 g/cm3, respectively, of the related neat matrix used in injection molding. Some efforts are still needed to fill the gap of 15–28% for PP and of 26.5% for PA12 in tensile strength compared to injection-molded counterparts, but the improvement of the fiber/matrix interface by fiber surface modification or coupling agent employment could be a feasible solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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17 pages, 3911 KiB  
Article
The Surface Behavior of ZnO Films Prepared at Room Temperature
by Da-Hua Wei, Sheng-Kai Tong, Sheng-Chiang Chen and Rong-Tan Huang
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(8), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7080335 - 16 Aug 2023
Viewed by 929
Abstract
The surface behavior of ZnO-based films can be modulated via the postannealing and ultraviolet (UV) illumination of different strengths and durations, respectively. The present results could provide the basis for modulating their microstructures with respect to the grain-size distribution and photocatalytic behavior, and [...] Read more.
The surface behavior of ZnO-based films can be modulated via the postannealing and ultraviolet (UV) illumination of different strengths and durations, respectively. The present results could provide the basis for modulating their microstructures with respect to the grain-size distribution and photocatalytic behavior, and act as a potential guide in the field of wide-bandgap semiconducting oxides. ZnO films were prepared at room temperature onto Corning-1737 glass substrates by applying radio-frequency magnetron sputtering without supplying an oxygen source. With the purpose of obtaining modulational grain microstructures, the as-prepared ZnO films (Z0) were treated via a postannealing modification in a vacuum furnace at 300 °C for 30 min after deposition (Z300), accompanied by adjustable internal stress. The contact angle (CA) value of the ZnO films was reduced from 95° to 68°, owing to the different grain microstructure accompanied by a change in the size variation. In addition, UV light with different illumination strengths could be used to improve the hydrophilicity, which varied from a hydrophobic status to a superhydrophilic status due to the desirable surface characteristics of its photocatalytic action. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO films exhibited an effectual photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV illumination, with a chemical reaction constant of 2.93 × 10−3 min−1. In this present work, we demonstrated that the CA value of the ZnO films not only caused a change from a hydrophobic to hydrophilic status, accompanied by a change in grain size combined with internal stress, but also, induced by the UV light illumination, was combined with photocatalytic activity simultaneously. On the other hand, an enhanced surface plasmonic resonance was observed, which was due to couple oscillations between the electrons and photons and was generated from the interface by using a flat, continuous Pt capping nanolayer. This designed structure may also be considered as a Pt electrode pattern onto ZnO (metal Pt/ceramic ZnO) for multifunctional, heterostructured sensors and devices in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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17 pages, 5294 KiB  
Article
Combination of Cross-Correlation-Based Analysis and Ultrasonic GW Tomography for Barely Visible Impact Damage Detection Preliminary Assessment
by Monica Ciminello, Natalino Daniele Boffa, Salvatore Ameduri and Ernesto Monaco
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(8), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7080321 - 04 Aug 2023
Viewed by 840
Abstract
Statistical based reconstruction methods and signal processing tooling techniques are implemented and used to detect delaminations or debondings within composite complex items with very high precision. From the literature, it appears that although a single procedure for the estimation of structural health is [...] Read more.
Statistical based reconstruction methods and signal processing tooling techniques are implemented and used to detect delaminations or debondings within composite complex items with very high precision. From the literature, it appears that although a single procedure for the estimation of structural health is a fast solution, multiple analyses based on different reconstruction methods or different damage parameters are the way to achieve maturation assessments of the methodology. This highlights the fact that the hardware and software parts of an SHM system need two different assessment and maturation ways. This work focuses on the software part by proposing a way to start assessing the outcomes. In this paper, the damage detection and localization strategy in CFRP plate-like structures with elastic guided waves excited and acquired with a circular array PWAS network is considered. Previous outcomes are compared by new analyses using a new post-processing approach based on a cross-correlation-based technique in terms of the BVID (Barely Visible Impact Damage) surface position and its center of mass. The advantage of this specific study is hopefully to enable confidence in the transition from R&D to field implementation. In addition, this work tries to evidence an improvement in terms of cost efficiency and reduced complexity while maintaining the same accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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17 pages, 3653 KiB  
Article
From Nautical Waste to Additive Manufacturing: Sustainable Recycling of High-Density Polyethylene for 3D Printing Applications
by Rigotti Daniele, Davide Armoni, Sithiprumnea Dul and Pegoretti Alessandro
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(8), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7080320 - 04 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1530
Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a highly versatile plastic utilized in various applicative fields such as packaging, agriculture, construction, and consumer goods. Unfortunately, the extensive use of polyethylene has resulted in a substantial accumulation of plastic waste, creating environmental and economic challenges. Consequently, the [...] Read more.
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a highly versatile plastic utilized in various applicative fields such as packaging, agriculture, construction, and consumer goods. Unfortunately, the extensive use of polyethylene has resulted in a substantial accumulation of plastic waste, creating environmental and economic challenges. Consequently, the recycling of polyethylene has become a critical concern in recent times. This work focuses on the recycling of HDPE parts recovered from end-of-life boats into materials suitable for the marine environment with additive manufacturing technology via screw-assisted extrusion 3D printing. In particular, rigid materials are obtained by adding glass fibers to HDPE to mitigate the loss of mechanical performance upon recycling. Eventually, the properties obtained with two different production methods were compared, namely compression molding and screw-assisted extrusion 3D printing. Since the developed materials will be exposed to an aggressive environment, an extended thermos-mechanical characterization (including fatigue resistance) and investigation of the stability to UV exposure were performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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12 pages, 28404 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Enhancement of the Mechanical and Flammability Performances of Keratinous Feather-PP Composites: The Effects of Processing Temperature and Solvent Choice
by Avishek Mishra and Debes Bhattacharyya
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(8), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7080305 - 26 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 699
Abstract
This paper discusses two major issues: (i) understanding the influence of the solvent used for fibre processing to obtain flame-retardant chicken feathers, and (ii) establishing the importance of the fibre–matrix blending temperature before composite manufacturing. Three temperature profiles for the extrusion die have [...] Read more.
This paper discusses two major issues: (i) understanding the influence of the solvent used for fibre processing to obtain flame-retardant chicken feathers, and (ii) establishing the importance of the fibre–matrix blending temperature before composite manufacturing. Three temperature profiles for the extrusion die have been taken into consideration: a low-temperature profile (40 °C) (LT-FRCF), a medium-temperature profile (120 °C) (MT-FRCF), and a high-temperature profile (200 °C) (HT-FRCF). Due to better mixing, the tensile strengths for the medium- and high-temperature profile specimens improved by approximately 44% and 83%, respectively. The cone calorimeter results for the samples with water as the solvent for the feather modification showed a 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate compared to those of the samples with ethanol as the fibre treatment solvent, inferring the importance of the solvent used for the processing and making the process more sustainable with a lower water footprint. The research findings provide clear evidence of how the mixing (extrusion) temperature and choice of solvent for modifying chicken feather fibres affect the composites’ mechanical and flame-retardant properties. These insights contribute to our understanding of how keratinous fibres can effectively serve as flame-retardant reinforcements in polymeric composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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14 pages, 46566 KiB  
Article
Examining the Effect of MnS Particles on the Local Deformation Behavior of 8MnCrS4-4-13 Steel by In Situ Tensile Testing and Digital Image Correlation
by Faisal Qayyum, Shao-Chen Tseng, Sergey Guk, Frank Hoffmann, Ching-Kong Chao and Ulrich Prahl
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(7), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070294 - 16 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1032
Abstract
In this study, the behavior of MnS particles in a steel matrix is investigated through in situ tensile testing and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. The goal of this research is to understand the mechanical behavior of MnS inclusions based on their position [...] Read more.
In this study, the behavior of MnS particles in a steel matrix is investigated through in situ tensile testing and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. The goal of this research is to understand the mechanical behavior of MnS inclusions based on their position in the steel matrix. To accomplish this, micro-dog bone-shaped samples are prepared, tensile tested, and analyzed. Macro-mechanical results reveal that the material yields at a stress of 350 MPa and has an ultimate tensile strength of 640 MPa, with a total elongation of 17%. For micro-mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images are taken at incremental strains and processed using DIC software to visualize the local strain evolution. The DIC analysis quantifiably demonstrates that the local strain is highest in the ferrite matrix, and while lowest in the pearlite matrix, the MnS particles and the interfaces between different materials experienced intermediate strains. The research provides new insights into the micro-mechanical deformation behavior of MnS particles in a steel matrix and has the potential to inform the optimization of the microstructure and properties of materials containing MnS inclusions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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12 pages, 2448 KiB  
Article
Asymmetric Magneto-Optical Rotation in Magnetoplasmonic Nanocomposites
by Sergey Tomilin, Andrey Karavaynikov, Sergey Lyashko, Olga Tomilina, Vladimir Berzhansky, Alexey Gusev, Wolfgang Linert and Alexander Yanovsky
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(7), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070287 - 13 Jul 2023
Viewed by 891
Abstract
The results of the asymmetric magneto-optical rotation in the magnetoplasmonic nanocomposite study are presented. The asymmetry is observed in spectra of magneto-optical rotation when a magneto-optical medium with a plasmonic subsystem is magnetized along or against the radiation wave vector. The asymmetry is [...] Read more.
The results of the asymmetric magneto-optical rotation in the magnetoplasmonic nanocomposite study are presented. The asymmetry is observed in spectra of magneto-optical rotation when a magneto-optical medium with a plasmonic subsystem is magnetized along or against the radiation wave vector. The asymmetry is observed as vertical displacement of a magneto-optical hysteresis loop too. Such asymmetry is detected in magnetoplasmonic nanocomposite, which consists of a magneto-optical layer of Bi substituted iron-garnet intercalated with a plasmonic subsystem of gold self-assembled nanoparticles. It is shown that the physical reason for the asymmetric magneto-optical rotation is the manifestation of the Cotton–Mouton birefringence effect when the normal magnetization of the sample to a radiation wave vector appears due to the magnetic component of the electromagnetic field of resonating nanoparticles. This effect is additive to the basic magneto-optical Faraday Effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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15 pages, 4480 KiB  
Article
Application of Acoustic Metamaterials in Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Evaluation of Thick Hybrid Composite Laminates
by Jingwen Zhao, Raj Das and Akbar A. Khatibi
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(6), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7060257 - 19 Jun 2023
Viewed by 852
Abstract
Significant challenges exist in inspecting thick composite laminates for manufacturing defects and operational damage. This is due to acoustic attenuation and impedance mismatch at the interface between the different composite layers. An innovative concept for enhancing ultrasonic testing of such composite laminates is [...] Read more.
Significant challenges exist in inspecting thick composite laminates for manufacturing defects and operational damage. This is due to acoustic attenuation and impedance mismatch at the interface between the different composite layers. An innovative concept for enhancing ultrasonic testing of such composite laminates is introduced in this study. The proposed solution exploits the ability of acoustic metamaterials to cloak virgin composite. Herein, we show that by incorporating carefully designed metamaterials in a pulse-echo ultrasonic testing setup, the position and size of a delamination in a thick hybrid composite laminate can be determined accurately. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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16 pages, 6598 KiB  
Article
The Potential of Replacing Concrete with Sand and Recycled Polycarbonate Composites: Compressive Strength Testing
by Morgan C. Woods, Apoorv Kulkarni and Joshua M. Pearce
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(6), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7060249 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1972
Abstract
Concrete contributes 8% of all global carbon emissions, making the need to find substitutes critical for environmental sustainability. Research has indicated the potential for recycled plastics to be used as concrete substitutes. This study extends existing research by investigating the use of polycarbonate [...] Read more.
Concrete contributes 8% of all global carbon emissions, making the need to find substitutes critical for environmental sustainability. Research has indicated the potential for recycled plastics to be used as concrete substitutes. This study extends existing research by investigating the use of polycarbonate (PC) in plastic sand bricks as a mechanical equivalent to concrete. PC has high compressive strength, durability, impact strength, thermal resistivity, clarity, fatigue resistance, and UV resistance. This work provides a method and mold to produce a matrix of sand–plastic sample compositions with dimensions adhering to the ASTM D695 standard for compressive properties of rigid plastic. Compositions of 0% (control), 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% sand by weight were tested. Samples were tested for compressive strength until yield and stress–strain behaviors were plotted. The results for 100% PC demonstrated an average and maximum compressive strength of 71 MPa and 72 MPa, respectively. The 50% PC and 50% sand composition yielded an average and maximum compressive strength of 71 MPa and 73 MPa, respectively, with an increase in compressive stiffness and transition to shear failure resembling concrete. With a composite density of 1.86 g/cm3 compared to concrete’s average of 2.4 g/cm3, and a compressive strength exceeding commercial concrete demands of 23.3 MPa to 30.2 MPa, this lightweight alternative meets the strength demands of concrete, reduces the need for new construction materials, and provides an additional recycling opportunity for nonbiodegradable waste plastic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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19 pages, 3674 KiB  
Article
Glassy and Rubbery Epoxy Composites with Mesoporous Silica
by Dimitrios Gkiliopoulos, Dimitrios Bikiaris, Doukas Efstathiadis and Konstantinos Triantafyllidis
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(6), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7060243 - 12 Jun 2023
Viewed by 807
Abstract
The reinforcing efficiency of SBA-15-type mesoporous silica, when used as additive in epoxy polymers, was evaluated in this study. The effects of silica loading and its physicochemical characteristics on the thermal, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of glassy and rubbery epoxy mesocomposites were examined [...] Read more.
The reinforcing efficiency of SBA-15-type mesoporous silica, when used as additive in epoxy polymers, was evaluated in this study. The effects of silica loading and its physicochemical characteristics on the thermal, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of glassy and rubbery epoxy mesocomposites were examined using SBA-15 mesoporous silicas with varying porosities (surface area, pore size, and volume), particle sizes, morphologies, and organo-functionalization. Three types of SBA-15 were used: SBA-15 (10) with 10 nm pore diameters and long particles, SBA-15 (5) with 5 nm pore diameters and short particles, and SBA-15 (sc) with 10 nm pore diameters and short particles (“sc” for short channel). SBA-15 (10) was modified with propyl-, epoxy-, and amino-groups to study the effect of functionalization. The glassy or rubbery epoxy polymers and mesocomposites were produced by the crosslinking of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DEGBA) epoxy resin with isophorone diamine (IPD) or Jeffaminje D-2000, respectively. Mesoporous silica was uniformly dispersed inside the polymer matrices; however, the opacity levels between the rubbery and glassy samples were different, with completely transparent rubbery composites being prepared with as high as a 9 wt. % addition of SBA-15. The mechanical and thermal performance properties of the mesocomposites were dependent on both the type of the curing agent, which affected the cross-linking density of the pristine polymer matrix, and the characteristics of the mesoporous silica variants, being, in general, improved by the addition of up to 6 wt. % silica for the glassy polymers and up to 9 wt. % for the rubbery polymers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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23 pages, 4352 KiB  
Article
Statistical Analysis of the Ultimate Strength of Filaments, Tows and Minicomposites
by Jacques Lamon and Mohamed R’Mili
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(6), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7060239 - 08 Jun 2023
Viewed by 716
Abstract
The present paper investigates the failure of SiC and alumina-fiber-reinforced minicomposites in relation to the strength distributions of filaments, and the failure behavior of the reinforcing dry tows. The strength data are measured on single-filament, dry-tow and minicomposite specimens using tensile tests under [...] Read more.
The present paper investigates the failure of SiC and alumina-fiber-reinforced minicomposites in relation to the strength distributions of filaments, and the failure behavior of the reinforcing dry tows. The strength data are measured on single-filament, dry-tow and minicomposite specimens using tensile tests under commonly used test condition of strain-controlled loading. Pertinence of the normal distribution of strengths at different length scales is assessed using the construction of p-quantile diagrams, and the pertinence of the Weibull distribution was assessed by comparing to the normal distribution function. SiC and alumina minicomposites exhibited significantly different failure behaviors. Comparison with filament strength distributions and the behavior of the underlying tow in relation to the loading condition (stress- or strain-controlled conditions) allows for the interpretation of the results. The sensitivity of the results to loading conditions is highlighted. Various scenarios of minicomposite failure are discussed as alternatives to the stress concentration induced by clusters of broken fibers. It appears that the failure of alumina-fiber-reinforced minicomposites is stable and dictated by the highest-strength filaments, whereas the SiC-fiber-reinforced minicomposites exhibited premature failure that is attributed to the microstructural imperfections that induced overstressing by the fiber or fiber/matrix interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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27 pages, 1614 KiB  
Article
Hygro-Elastic Coupling in a 3D Exact Shell Model for Bending Analysis of Layered Composite Structures
by Salvatore Brischetto and Domenico Cesare
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(5), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7050183 - 03 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1163
Abstract
In this work, a 3D fully coupled hygro-elastic model is proposed. The moisture content profile is a primary variable of the model’s displacements. This generic fully coupled 3D exact shell model allows the investigations into the consequences arising from moisture content and elastic [...] Read more.
In this work, a 3D fully coupled hygro-elastic model is proposed. The moisture content profile is a primary variable of the model’s displacements. This generic fully coupled 3D exact shell model allows the investigations into the consequences arising from moisture content and elastic fields in terms of stresses and deformations on different plate and shell configurations embedded in composite and laminated layers. Cylinders, plates, cylindrical and spherical shells are analyzed in the orthogonal mixed curvilinear reference system. The 3D equilibrium equations and the 3D Fick diffusion equation for spherical shells are fully coupled in a dedicated system. The main advantage of the orthogonal mixed curvilinear coordinates is related to the degeneration of the equations for spherical shells to simpler geometries thanks to basic considerations of the radii of curvature. The exponential matrix method is used to solve this fully coupled model based on partial differential equations in the thickness direction. The closed-form solution is related to simply supported sides and harmonic forms for displacements and the moisture content. The moisture content amplitudes are directly applied at the top and bottom outer faces through steady-state hypotheses. The final system is based on a set of coupled homogeneous second-order differential equations. A first-order differential equation system is obtained by redoubling the number of variables. The moisture field implications are evaluated for the static analysis of the plates and shells in terms of displacement and stress components. After preliminary validations, new benchmarks are proposed for several thickness ratios, geometrical and material data, lamination sequences and moisture values imposed at the external surfaces. In the proposed results, there is clearly accordance between the uncoupled hygro-elastic model (where the 3D Fick diffusion law is separately solved) and this new fully coupled hygro-elastic model: the differences between the investigated variables (displacements, moisture contents, stresses and strains) are always less than 0.3%. The main advantages of the 3D coupled hygro-elastic model are a more compact mathematical formulation and lower computational costs. Both effects connected with the thickness layer and the embedded materials are included in the conducted hygro-elastic analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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13 pages, 5662 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PLAs via Optimization Process and Statistical Modeling
by Ali Shahrjerdi, Mojtaba Karamimoghadam and Mahdi Bodaghi
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(4), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7040151 - 09 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1441
Abstract
This paper investigates the optimization of 3D printing by 1.75 mm filaments of poly-lactic acid (PLA) materials. The samples are printed separately and glued together to join the tensile device for the failure load and checking the surface roughness. The printing method in [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the optimization of 3D printing by 1.75 mm filaments of poly-lactic acid (PLA) materials. The samples are printed separately and glued together to join the tensile device for the failure load and checking the surface roughness. The printing method in this research is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), in which the parameters of Infill Percentage (IP), Extruder Temperature (ET), and Layer Thickness (LT) are considered variable parameters for the 3D printer, and according to the Design of Experiments (DOE), a total of 20 experiments are designed. The parametric range is considered to be 15–55% for IP, 190–250 °C for ET, and 0.15–0.35 mm for LT. The optimization model is conducted according to the Response Surface Method (RSM), in which the ANOVA and plot tables are examined. Moreover, the samples’ maximum failure load, weight, fabrication time, and surface roughness are considered output responses. Statistical modeling shows that by increasing the IP and setting the ET at 220 °C, the failure load of the samples increases, and the maximum failure load reaches 1218 N. The weight and fabrication time of the specimen are optimized at the same time to achieve maximum failure load with less surface roughness. By comparing the predicted and actual output for the optimum samples, the percentage error for all results is less than 5%. The developed optimization method is revealed to be accurate and reliable for FDM 3D printing of PLAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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9 pages, 272 KiB  
Article
Zinc Oxide Non-Eugenol Cement versus Resinous Cement on Single Implant Restoration: A Split-Mouth Study
by Rodolfo Reda, Alessio Zanza, Valentina Bellanova, Shankargouda Patil, Shilpa Bhandi, Dario Di Nardo and Luca Testarelli
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030128 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1495
Abstract
Cement-retained implant restorations still represents a widely used prosthetic solution today, considering the simple execution, the possibility of correcting the implant axis according to the dental axis and an extremely satisfactory aesthetic. The objective of the study is to evaluate whether resin-based cements [...] Read more.
Cement-retained implant restorations still represents a widely used prosthetic solution today, considering the simple execution, the possibility of correcting the implant axis according to the dental axis and an extremely satisfactory aesthetic. The objective of the study is to evaluate whether resin-based cements are actually more aggressive towards the peri-implant tissue compared to zinc oxide cements. In the present study 18 patients (8 males and 10 females) were examined with a split-mouth design. The follow-up period for patients after delivery of the cement-retained single crown is a maximum of 48 months. A total of 36 implants were inserted and monitored during this period. Clinical and radiographic tests were carried out on all 36 implants, with constant re-evaluation, as well as the occurrence of some prosthetic or biological problems that brought the patient back to visit. The results for both cements were in line with the indications of the respective manufacturers. During the observational period, no implant failed, with a survival rate of 100% on these 36 implants. In conclusion, it is possible to establish that the number of decementations of the cement-retained crowns cemented with Temp Bond non-eugenol was higher, but not statistically significant. In contrast, the biological complications per implant and the MBL were significantly higher in the cement-retained crowns cemented with Implacem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
13 pages, 2454 KiB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of the Sealing Ability of a BioCeramic Sealer (iRoot SP) with AH Plus Sealer with Root Canal Dentin Using Three Different Techniques of Sealer Application: A Combined Dye Extraction and Scanning Electron Microscope Study
by Shreya Bhor, Ajay Singh Rao, Unnati Shah, Meetu Mathur, Rodolfo Reda, Francesco Pagnoni, Luca Testarelli, Alexander Maniangat Luke and Ajinkya M. Pawar
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030106 - 07 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2751
Abstract
The adaptation of a sealer along with the periphery of the dentinal tubules of the root canal is studied. Various techniques have been used for the application of these sealers onto the canal wall for better adaptation but have not been compared to [...] Read more.
The adaptation of a sealer along with the periphery of the dentinal tubules of the root canal is studied. Various techniques have been used for the application of these sealers onto the canal wall for better adaptation but have not been compared to date. The purpose of the study was to comparatively evaluate the sealing ability of a bioceramic sealer with AH plus sealer with root canal dentin using three different techniques for the application of sealer. One hundred twenty extracted maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were collected, disinfected, and decoronated at the cemento-enamel junction to maintain a standard working length for all samples. The establishment of the working length (40.10) and instrumentation was performed using a rotary instrument, along with a standard irrigation regimen. The teeth were then divided into two main groups according to the sealer used, i.e., Group A (AH Plus) and Group B (iRoot SP). These two main groups were categorized into three sub-groups depending on the technique of sealer placement, i.e., Subgroup 1 (master cone gutta-percha), Subgroup 2 (bidirectional spiral), and Subgroup 3 (passive ultrasonic activation). Out of the 20 samples, 15 samples were randomly allocated for the assessment of sealing ability using the routine dye extraction method, and to verify the results of the dye extraction method, a more advanced evaluation method, i.e., SEM evaluation, was utilized further. To this end, five random samples from each subgroup were allocated for SEM analysis. The obtained scores were then statistically analyzed using an ANOVA test and Post Hoc Tukey’s test. In the current study, statistical significance was seen among the three main groups and six subgroups with p-values < 0.005. Subgroup B3 performed significantly better than the other subgroups in both the dye extraction method as well as in SEM analysis. The highest microleakage was shown by subgroup A1; it also exhibited poor penetration of sealer in SEM evaluation. The bioceramic sealer (iRoot SP), when applied using passive ultrasonic activation, showed the best results in both the dye extraction method and the SEM evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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19 pages, 10683 KiB  
Article
Effect of Roller Pressure and Base Prepreg Layer on Tensile and Flexural Properties of CFRP Laminates Fabricated Using Automated Fiber Placement
by Eldho Mathew and Sunil Chandrakant Joshi
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(3), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030101 - 07 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1529
Abstract
Composites can be manufactured in numerous ways. Among the available methods, Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) is the most advanced and latest technology utilized by companies for aerospace and other projects. Although it offers many benefits, it has unique manufacturing challenges and quality issues. [...] Read more.
Composites can be manufactured in numerous ways. Among the available methods, Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) is the most advanced and latest technology utilized by companies for aerospace and other projects. Although it offers many benefits, it has unique manufacturing challenges and quality issues. The presence of tow placement defects such as tow gaps, tow overlaps, twisted tows, incomplete tows, and missing tows in the AFP process are causes for concern as these lead to a decrease in the mechanical performance of the fabricated parts. Although it is not possible to completely avoid the occurrence of defects, optimizing key process parameters is a possible way to minimize them. Roller pressure is one such parameter. If it is too high, it can lead to wider and thinner tows and if it is too low, the towpreg may not stick properly to the substrate and hence, not conform to curvatures. In this work, test layups of different configurations using carbon (T700SC-24K-50C) towpreg with epoxy (UF 3376-100) as the matrix system were prepared at different compaction roller pressures (2 bar, 3.5 bar, and 5 bar), with and without the presence of base prepreg layers. Tensile and bending tests were respectively carried out according to ASTM D3039 and ASTM D7264 to study the effects of these process parameters on the layup defects. From the test results, it is found that using a compaction roller pressure of 3.5 bar and a base prepreg layer of the same material as the towpreg, leads to minimum defects, and hence, to the best tensile and bending properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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Review

Jump to: Research

8 pages, 527 KiB  
Review
Ceramic-on-Metal Bearing in Total Hip Arthroplasty—Was It So Bad? A Narrative Review and a Critical Analysis of the Literature
by Michela Saracco, Vincenzo Ciriello, Antonio Spinarelli, Giuseppe Solarino, Remo Goderecci and Giandomenico Logroscino
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8010009 - 27 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1109
Abstract
Hip replacement has significantly improved the quality of life of patients with symptomatic hip osteoarthritis. Various bearings have been developed over the years. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, Metal-on-Metal (MoM) has been associated with a high level [...] Read more.
Hip replacement has significantly improved the quality of life of patients with symptomatic hip osteoarthritis. Various bearings have been developed over the years. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, Metal-on-Metal (MoM) has been associated with a high level of wear and metal ion release of chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co). On the other hand, Ceramic-on-Ceramic (CoC) bearings, known to have a wear rate close to zero, have been associated with an increased risk of squeaking and component fracture. Ceramic-on-Metal (CoM), a hybrid hard-on-hard bearing, was proposed to overcome the CoC and MoM limits. Preliminary clinical and radiographical results have been described as favourable. Due to the failure of MoM and the increased risk of ion release and metal toxicity, CoM was withdrawn from the market without causing significant clinical complications. Data from the literature showed that CoM bearings are reliable and safe at medium- and long-term follow-up, if correctly implanted. In this narrative review, we analysed the real risks and benefits associated with the implantation of CoM bearings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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19 pages, 4219 KiB  
Review
Graphene Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding—Trends and Advancements
by Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao, Osamah Aldaghri, Khalid H. Ibnaouf, M. H. Eisa and Tran Dai Lam
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090384 - 13 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2094
Abstract
Electromagnetic interference is considered a serious threat to electrical devices, the environment, and human beings. In this regard, various shielding materials have been developed and investigated. Graphene is a two-dimensional, one-atom-thick nanocarbon nanomaterial. It possesses several remarkable structural and physical features, including transparency, [...] Read more.
Electromagnetic interference is considered a serious threat to electrical devices, the environment, and human beings. In this regard, various shielding materials have been developed and investigated. Graphene is a two-dimensional, one-atom-thick nanocarbon nanomaterial. It possesses several remarkable structural and physical features, including transparency, electron conductivity, heat stability, mechanical properties, etc. Consequently, it has been used as an effective reinforcement to enhance electrical conductivity, dielectric properties, permittivity, and electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics. This is an overview of the utilization and efficacy of state-of-the-art graphene-derived nanocomposites for radiation shielding. The polymeric matrices discussed here include conducting polymers, thermoplastic polymers, as well as thermosets, for which the physical and electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics depend upon polymer/graphene interactions and interface formation. Improved graphene dispersion has been observed due to electrostatic, van der Waals, π-π stacking, or covalent interactions in the matrix nanofiller. Accordingly, low percolation thresholds and excellent electrical conductivity have been achieved with nanocomposites, offering enhanced shielding performance. Graphene has been filled in matrices like polyaniline, polythiophene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyethylene, epoxy, and other polymers for the formation of radiation shielding nanocomposites. This process has been shown to improve the electromagnetic radiation shielding effectiveness. The future of graphene-based nanocomposites in this field relies on the design and facile processing of novel nanocomposites, as well as overcoming the remaining challenges in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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34 pages, 3337 KiB  
Review
A Review of Recent Improvements, Developments, Effects, and Challenges on Using Phase-Change Materials in Concrete for Thermal Energy Storage and Release
by Farhan Lafta Rashid, Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi, Anmar Dulaimi, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo, Muhammad Asmail Eleiwi, Hameed B. Mahood and Ahmed Hashim
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090352 - 25 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2212
Abstract
Most concrete employs organic phase change materials (PCMs), although there are different types available for more specialised use. Organic PCMs are the material of choice for concrete due to their greater heat of fusion and lower cost in comparison to other PCMs. Phase [...] Read more.
Most concrete employs organic phase change materials (PCMs), although there are different types available for more specialised use. Organic PCMs are the material of choice for concrete due to their greater heat of fusion and lower cost in comparison to other PCMs. Phase transition materials are an example of latent heat storage materials (LHSMs) that may store or release thermal energy at certain temperatures. A phase transition occurs when a solid material changes from a solid state to a liquid state and back again when heat is added or removed. It is common knowledge that adding anything to concrete, including PCMs, will affect its performance. The goal of this review is to detail the ways in which PCMs affect certain concrete features. This overview also looks into the current challenges connected with employing PCMs in concrete. The review demonstrates a number of important findings along with the possible benefits that may pave the way for more research and broader applications of PCMs in construction. More importantly, it has been elucidated that the optimum PCM integrated percentage of 40% has doubled the quantity of thermal energy stored and released in concrete. Compared to conventional concrete, the macro-encapsulated PCMs showed thermal dependability, chemical compatibility, and thermal stability due to delaying temperature peaks. Furthermore, the maximum indoor temperature decreases by 1.85 °C and 3.76 °C in the test room due to the addition of 15% and 30% PCM composite, respectively. Last but not least, incorporating microencapsulated PCM has shown a positive effect on preventing freeze-thaw damage to concrete roads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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40 pages, 9584 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances on The Applications of Phase Change Materials in Cold Thermal Energy Storage: A Critical Review
by Farhan Lafta Rashid, Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi, Anmar Dulaimi, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo, Zeina Ali Abdul Redha, Hisham A. Hoshi, Hameed B. Mahood and Ahmed Hashim
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(8), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7080338 - 18 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2884
Abstract
Cold thermal energy storage (CTES) based on phase change materials (PCMs) has shown great promise in numerous energy-related applications. Due to its high energy storage density, CTES is able to balance the existing energy supply and demand imbalance. Given the rapidly growing demand [...] Read more.
Cold thermal energy storage (CTES) based on phase change materials (PCMs) has shown great promise in numerous energy-related applications. Due to its high energy storage density, CTES is able to balance the existing energy supply and demand imbalance. Given the rapidly growing demand for cold energy, the storage of hot and cold energy is emerging as a particularly attractive option. The main purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research progress on the utilisation of PCMs in CTES. The greatest difficulties associated with using PCMs for CTES are also examined in this overview. In this regard, a critical evaluation of experimental and numerical studies of the heat transfer properties of various fundamental fluids using PCMs is conducted. Specifically, several aspects that affect the thermal conductivity of PCMs are investigated. These factors include nanoparticle-rich PCM, a form of encapsulated PCM, solids volume percentage, and particle size. Discussions focus on observations and conclusions are drawn from conducted studies on PCMs used in CTES. Based on the findings of this study, a set of plausible recommendations are made for future research initiatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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32 pages, 7358 KiB  
Review
Nanocomposite Nanofibers of Graphene—Fundamentals and Systematic Developments
by Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao, Osamah Aldaghri, Khalid H. Ibnaouf and M. H. Eisa
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(8), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7080323 - 07 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2000
Abstract
Research on polymer nanocomposite nanofibers has seen remarkable growth over the past several years. One of the main driving forces for this progress is the increasing applicability of polymer nanocomposite nanofibers for technological applications. This review basically aims to present the current state [...] Read more.
Research on polymer nanocomposite nanofibers has seen remarkable growth over the past several years. One of the main driving forces for this progress is the increasing applicability of polymer nanocomposite nanofibers for technological applications. This review basically aims to present the current state of manufacturing polymer/graphene nanofiber nanocomposites, using appropriate techniques. Consequently, various conducting and thermoplastic polymers have been processed with graphene nano-reinforcement to fabricate the nanocomposite nanofibers. Moreover, numerous methods have been adopted for the fabrication of polymer/graphene nanocomposites and nanofibers including interfacial polymerization, phase separation, freeze drying, template synthesis, drawing techniques, etc. For the formation of polymer/graphene nanocomposite nanofibers, electrospinning can be preferable due to various advantages such as the need for simple equipment, control over morphology, and superior properties of the obtained material. The techniques such as solution processing, melt spinning, and spin coating have also been used to manufacture nanofibers. Here, the choice of manufacturing techniques and parameters affects the final nanofiber morphology, texture, and properties. The manufactured nanocomposite nanofibers have been examined for exceptional structural, microstructure, thermal, and other physical properties. Moreover, the properties of polymer/graphene nanofiber rely on the graphene content, dispersion, and matrix–nanofiller interactions. The potential of polymer/graphene nanocomposite nanofibers has been investigated for radiation shielding, supercapacitors, membranes, and the biomedical field. Hence, this review explains the literature-driven significance of incorporating graphene in polymeric nanofibers. Conclusively, most of the studies focused on the electrospinning technique to design polymer/graphene nanofibers. Future research in this field may lead to advanced innovations in the design and technical applications of nanocomposite nanofibers. To the best of our knowledge, research reports are available on this topic; however, the stated literature is not in a compiled and updated form. Therefore, field researchers may encounter challenges in achieving future advancements in the area of graphene-based nanocomposite nanofibers without first consulting the recent literature, such as an assembled review, to gain necessary insights, etc. Consequently, this state-of-the-art review explores the manufacturing, properties, and potential of polymer/graphene nanocomposite nanofibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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19 pages, 13174 KiB  
Review
Cutting-Edge Graphene Nanocomposites with Polythiophene—Design, Features and Forefront Potential
by Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao, Osamah Aldaghri, Khalid H. Ibnaouf and M. H. Eisa
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(8), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7080319 - 03 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1411
Abstract
Among conducting polymers, polythiophene has gained an important stance due to its remarkable physical features. Graphene is a unique, two-dimensional, nanocarbon nanomaterial. As in other polymers, graphene has been reinforced in polythiophene to form advanced nanocomposites. This comprehensive review covers the design, essential [...] Read more.
Among conducting polymers, polythiophene has gained an important stance due to its remarkable physical features. Graphene is a unique, two-dimensional, nanocarbon nanomaterial. As in other polymers, graphene has been reinforced in polythiophene to form advanced nanocomposites. This comprehensive review covers the design, essential features, and methodological potential of significant polythiophene and graphene-derived nanocomposites. In this context, various facile approaches, such as in situ processing, the solution method, and analogous simplistic means, have been applied. Consequently, polythiophene/graphene nanocomposites have been investigated for their notable electron conductivity, heat conduction, mechanical robustness, morphological profile, and other outstanding properties. Studies have revealed that graphene dispersion and interactions with the polythiophene matrix are responsible for enhancing the overall characteristics of nanocomposites. Fine graphene nanoparticle dispersal and linking with the matrix have led to several indispensable technical applications of these nanocomposites, such as supercapacitors, solar cells, sensors, and related devices. Further research on graphene nanocomposites with polythiophene may lead to remarkable achievements for advanced engineering and device-related materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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21 pages, 4574 KiB  
Review
Electrospinning Processing of Polymer/Nanocarbon Nanocomposite Nanofibers—Design, Features, and Technical Compliances
by Ayesha Kausar and Ishaq Ahmad
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(7), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070290 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1403
Abstract
Polymeric nanofibers have emerged as exclusive one-dimensional nanomaterials. Various polymeric nanofibers and nanocomposite nanofibers have been processed using the thermoplastic, conducting, and thermoset matrices. This review aims to highlight the worth of electrospinning technology for the processing of polymer/nanocarbon nanocomposite nanofibers. In this [...] Read more.
Polymeric nanofibers have emerged as exclusive one-dimensional nanomaterials. Various polymeric nanofibers and nanocomposite nanofibers have been processed using the thermoplastic, conducting, and thermoset matrices. This review aims to highlight the worth of electrospinning technology for the processing of polymer/nanocarbon nanocomposite nanofibers. In this regard, the design, morphology, physical properties, and applications of the nanofibers were explored. The electrospun polymer/nanocarbon nanofibers have a large surface area and fine fiber orientation, alignment, and morphology. The fiber processing technique and parameters were found to affect the nanofiber morphology, diameter, and essential physical features such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal stability, etc. The polymer nanocomposites with nanocarbon nanofillers (carbon nanotube, graphene, fullerene, etc.) were processed into high-performance nanofibers. Successively, the electrospun nanocomposite nanofibers were found to be useful for photovoltaics, supercapacitors, radiation shielding, and biomedical applications (tissue engineering, antimicrobials, etc.). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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20 pages, 9447 KiB  
Review
Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding—Radical Developments
by Ayesha Kausar and Ishaq Ahmad
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(6), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7060240 - 10 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2429
Abstract
Electromagnetic interference disturbs the working of electronic devices and affects the surroundings and human health. Consequently, research has led to the development of radiation-protection materials. Inherently conducting polymers have been found to be suitable for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding owing to their fine [...] Read more.
Electromagnetic interference disturbs the working of electronic devices and affects the surroundings and human health. Consequently, research has led to the development of radiation-protection materials. Inherently conducting polymers have been found to be suitable for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding owing to their fine electrical conductivity properties. Moreover, nanoparticle-reinforced conjugated polymers have been used to form efficient nanocomposites for EMI shielding. Nanoparticle addition has further enhanced the radiation protection capability of conducting polymers. This state-of-the-art comprehensive review describes the potential of conducting polymer nanocomposites for EMI shielding. Conducting polymers, such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene, have been widely used to form nanocomposites with carbon, metal, and inorganic nanoparticles. The EMI shielding effectiveness of conducting polymers and nanocomposites has been the focus of researchers. Moreover, the microscopic, mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electrical, dielectric, and permittivity properties of nanocomposites have been explored. Electrically conducting materials achieve high EMI shielding by absorbing and/or dissipating the electromagnetic field. The future of these nanomaterials relies on nanomaterial design, facile processing, and overcoming dispersion and processing challenges in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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19 pages, 3754 KiB  
Review
Green Nanocomposite Electrodes/Electrolytes for Microbial Fuel Cells—Cutting-Edge Technology
by Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao, Malik Maaza and Patrizia Bocchetta
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(4), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7040166 - 15 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1949
Abstract
Fuel cell efficiency can be improved by using progressive electrodes and electrolytes. Green nanomaterials and green technologies have been explored for the manufacturing of high-performance electrode and electrolyte materials for fuel cells. Platinum-based electrodes have been replaced with green materials and nanocomposites using [...] Read more.
Fuel cell efficiency can be improved by using progressive electrodes and electrolytes. Green nanomaterials and green technologies have been explored for the manufacturing of high-performance electrode and electrolyte materials for fuel cells. Platinum-based electrodes have been replaced with green materials and nanocomposites using green fabrication approaches to attain environmentally friendly fuel cells. In this regard, ecological and sustainable electrode- and electrolyte-based membrane electrode assemblies have also been designed. Moreover, green nanocomposites have been applied to form the fuel cell electrolyte membranes. Among fuel cells, microbial fuel cells have gained research attention for the incorporation of green and sustainable materials. Hence, this review essentially focuses on the potential of green nanocomposites as fuel cell electrode and electrolyte materials and application of green synthesis techniques to attain these materials. The design of and interactions with nanocomposites have led to synergistic effects on the morphology, impedance, resistance, power density, current density, electrochemical features, proton conductivity, and overall efficiency. Moreover, we deliberate the future significance and challenges of the application of green nanocomposites in electrodes and electrolytes to attain efficient fuel cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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26 pages, 9876 KiB  
Review
Self-Healing Nanocomposites—Advancements and Aerospace Applications
by Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad, Malik Maaza and Patrizia Bocchetta
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(4), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7040148 - 07 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4776
Abstract
Self-healing polymers and nanocomposites form an important class of responsive materials. These materials have the capability to reversibly heal their damage. For aerospace applications, thermosets and thermoplastic polymers have been reinforced with nanocarbon nanoparticles for self-healing of structural damage. This review comprehends the [...] Read more.
Self-healing polymers and nanocomposites form an important class of responsive materials. These materials have the capability to reversibly heal their damage. For aerospace applications, thermosets and thermoplastic polymers have been reinforced with nanocarbon nanoparticles for self-healing of structural damage. This review comprehends the use of self-healing nanocomposites in the aerospace sector. The self-healing behavior of the nanocomposites depends on factors such as microphase separation, matrix–nanofiller interactions and inter-diffusion of polymer–nanofiller. Moreover, self-healing can be achieved through healing agents such as nanocapsules and nanocarbon nanoparticles. The mechanism of self-healing has been found to operate via physical or chemical interactions. Self-healing nanocomposites have been used to design structural components, panels, laminates, membranes, coatings, etc., to recover the damage to space materials. Future research must emphasize the design of new high-performance self-healing polymeric nanocomposites for aerospace structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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25 pages, 5018 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments in Noble Metal-Free Catalysts for a Photocatalytic Water Splitting Process—A Review
by Ama Dahanayake, Chamila A. Gunathilake, Achala Pallegedara and Piumal Jayasinghe
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7020064 - 06 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2012
Abstract
Sustainable hydrogen production is an essential prerequisite of a future hydrogen economy. Compared to other processes such as renewable energy-driven water electrolysis and photoelectrochemical water splitting, direct solar to hydrogen conversion through photocatalytic water splitting gives the simplest system for sustainable hydrogen production. [...] Read more.
Sustainable hydrogen production is an essential prerequisite of a future hydrogen economy. Compared to other processes such as renewable energy-driven water electrolysis and photoelectrochemical water splitting, direct solar to hydrogen conversion through photocatalytic water splitting gives the simplest system for sustainable hydrogen production. Among the many factors to be considered such as the availability of solar radiation, gas collection mechanism and other infrastructure, a highly active noble metal-free photocatalyst is essential to make the water splitting process more energy efficient and economical. This review highlights the mechanism and factors hindering the efficiency of catalysts in photocatalytic water splitting, while discussing recent research efforts towards the development of highly efficient, noble metal-free photocatalysts, especially at the nanoscale, and their catalytic properties for water splitting. Mainly, catalysts consisting of TiO2, Z-schemed catalytic systems and naval computational approaches are discussed here. Moreover, techniques to enhance their catalytic activities and the developments required for the implementation of these photocatalytic systems at a commercial scale are further emphasized in the discussion section. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2023)
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