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Oral Health in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment—Current Issues and Future Challenges

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A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 3615

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld

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Guest Editor

Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70111 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: oral health; oral diseases; orthodontics; congenital craniofacial malformations; cleft lip and palate; muscle function; surface electromyography; pain perception; pediatric dentistry

Dr. Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska

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Guest Editor

Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70111 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: oral health; clinical orthodontics; social media and medicine; social media research; cleft lip and palate; special healthcare needs; epidemiology

Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Woźniak

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Guest Editor

Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70111 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: oral health; clinical orthodontics; congenital craniofacial malformations; epidemiology; surface electromyography; orthodontic materials

Prof. Dr. Gianrico Spagnuolo

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Guest Editor

Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
Interests: oral medicine; dental materials; operative dentistry; oral health
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oral care in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment is challenging. Malocclusion and orthodontic treatment can modify the local environment of the oral cavity and can influence the oral health status, such as the condition of periodontal tissues, dental hard tissues, the composition and properties of saliva, and oral microflora. It should be emphasized that oral health has a significant impact on the general and mental health of growing individuals, and the maintenance of oral health is considered paramount for the favorable outcome of orthodontic treatment. For these reasons, it is important to provide proper and high-quality oral care for orthodontically treated children and adolescents, especially for those with special healthcare needs.

The key focus of this Special Issue is oral health in children and adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment, encompassing individuals with special healthcare, needs such as physical, developmental, mental, cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral difficulties. A particular group are individuals with congenital craniofacial malformations, as these anomalies affect the structure and function of the oral cavity, significantly modifying its characteristics.

For this Special Issue, we seek thoughtful and well-written manuscripts that address various aspects of oral health in growing patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, considering current issues and future challenges.

Dr. Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld
Dr. Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska
Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Woźniak
Prof. Dr. Gianrico Spagnuolo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

oral health
oral health status
oral microbiota
special healthcare needs
congenital craniofacial malformations
orthodontic treatment
orthodontic diagnosis
orthodontic materials
pain perception
pediatric dentistry

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Mesiodistal Angulations of Maxillary Canines and Central Incisors for Missing Bilateral Maxillary Lateral Incisor

by Orhan Cicek and Deniz Arslan

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072110 - 04 Apr 2024

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Abstract

(1) Background: A missing bilateral maxillary lateral incisor (MBMLI) causes aesthetic and functional problems and a multidisciplinary approach is required for treatment. This study aimed to compare the changes in the mesiodistal axial angulations of the maxillary canines and central incisors with orthodontic treatment of MBMLI. (2) Methods: A total of 56 patients with MBMLI were included in the study, and three groups were formed: the control group (Group 1, n = 20) with untreated ideal occlusion and the space opening (Group 2, n = 20) and space closure (Group 3, n = 16) groups as treated study groups. The mesiodistal angulations between the long axes of the maxillary right canine (tooth no 13), right central incisor (tooth no 11), left central incisor (tooth no 21) and maxillary left canine (tooth no 23), and the bicondylar plane, were measured on the panoramic radiographs taken pre (T0) and post treatment (T1). p < 0.05 was accepted for statistical significance. (3) Results: At T0, while there was no significant difference between the mesiodistal angulations of the right–left maxillary canines and central incisors in all groups (p > 0.05), the mesiodistal angulations of the canines in the Group 1 were significantly higher than the study groups (p < 0.05). With treatment, while the mesiodistal angulation of the canines increased in Group 2, it decreased in Group 3 (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the mesiodistal angulation of the central incisors decreased in Group 2 and did not change in Group 3 (p > 0.05). At T1, the mesiodistal angulation of the canines was found to be lower in Group 3 than in Groups 1 and 2, while the angulation of the central incisors was found to be lower in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: In the orthodontic treatment of MBMLIs, changes in the mesiodistal angulations of the maxillary canine and central incisors should be taken into account for satisfactory outcomes. It was concluded that there should be a tendency to select the space closure method in which normal mesiodistal angulations are obtained in maxillary central incisors for aesthetics and planned incisor position, and also at a low cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment—Current Issues and Future Challenges)

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10 pages, 4764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maxillofacial Morphology as a Predictive Factor for Caries Risk in Orthodontic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Yuma Koizumi, Ryo Kunimatsu, Isamu Kado, Yuki Yoshimi, Sakura Yamada, Tomohiro Ogasawara and Kotaro Tanimoto

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(2), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020622 - 22 Jan 2024

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Abstract

This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the correlation between maxillofacial morphology and caries risk, assessed using salivary tests, in orthodontic patients. Despite enhancing the oral health-related quality of life, orthodontic treatment may adversely affect oral hygiene and increase caries risk. This study included 1071 patients all of whom underwent orthodontic examinations and salivary tests before starting orthodontic treatment at a hospital. Salivary tests were performed to assess the secretion rate, pH, buffering capacity, and counts of cariogenic bacteria. The maxillofacial morphology was evaluated using cephalometric X-rays and dental models. Statistical analyses revealed significant correlations among salivary characteristics, bacterial scores, and maxillofacial morphology. Notably, the facial angle and Y-axis values were associated with salivary secretion (p < 0.001), pH (p < 0.001), buffering capacity (p < 0.05), and cariogenic bacterial scores (p < 0.01), respectably. In conclusion, assessing the maxillofacial morphology before orthodontic treatment may aid in predicting the risk of bacterial oral diseases, offering valuable insights into personalized preventive measures. These findings underscore the potential for comprehensive evaluations to enhance caries risk assessment in orthodontic patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment—Current Issues and Future Challenges)

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10 pages, 790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Gingival Phenotype in the Early Transitional Dentition Phase in Children—Comparison of Three Non-Invasive Methods

by Agnieszka Kus-Bartoszek, Mariusz Lipski, Anna Jarząbek, Joanna Manowiec, Ewa Marek and Agnieszka Droździk

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(18), 5897; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185897 - 11 Sep 2023

Viewed by 653

Abstract

Gingival phenotype (GP) is determined based on the thickness and width of the gingival tissue. An evaluation of GP is essential for adequate treatment planning and outcome monitoring, including orthodontic treatments in a paediatric population. The present study aimed to compare the reliability of the visual and TRAN methods with that of the ultrasound biometer measurements in the early transitional dentition phase. One hundred ninety three generally healthy, 7-year-old children were examined. An assessment of GP was performed by a paedodontist and a periodontist. The average thickness of the gingiva was 0.76 ± 0.36 mm, which was classified as a thin GP. The agreement between a visual assessment and the biometric ultrasound measurements reached the highest (94%) level when assessing a very thin GP (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient r = 0.37, p < 0.01). Similarly, 99% agreement in the diagnosis of a thin GP was recorded for the TRAN and ultrasound methods (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient r = 0.49, p < 0.001). In total, 86% of cases diagnosed as having a thick GP using the TRAN method turned out to be thin according to the ultrasound measurements. The dentist’s specialization and professional experience in the assessment of GP were irrelevant (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient r = 0.49, p < 0.001). All methods tested in the present study were proven to be easy to perform and well accepted by the children. The visual assessment and TRAN methods, despite the fact that they enabled the diagnosis of a thin GP (crucial for treatment planning), cannot be recommended during the teeth replacement period. A misdiagnosis of thick GP may deprive a young at-risk patient of special supervision, which may develop into mucogingival deformities. A biometric ultrasound, although expensive, allows for reliable assessment of the gingiva thickness when needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment—Current Issues and Future Challenges)

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Review

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17 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oral Microbiota in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review

by Jacek Świtała, Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska, Gianrico Spagnuolo, Krzysztof Woźniak, Katarzyna Mańkowska and Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(18), 5867; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185867 - 09 Sep 2023

Viewed by 996

Abstract

Background: Cleft in the lip and/or palate (CLP) is a congenital facial deformity that significantly impacts the oral cavity’s structure and function. This malformation can affect the oral microbiota. The objective of this systematic review was to examine and consolidate the current scientific evidence on the oral microflora in children with CLP. Methods: The search strategy included the PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases. The inclusion criteria were studies assessing oral microbiota in children with CLP. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Results: The search strategy identified 422 potential articles. Twelve papers met the inclusion criteria. High heterogeneity was observed in methodologies, sample sites, and patient characteristics. Eight studies assessed the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in saliva, with some reporting significantly higher levels in the cleft group compared to controls, while others found no differences. One study reported a significantly higher colonization rate of Candida species in patients with cleft lip and/or palate. Conclusion: The results of the available studies are unclear. Further research is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the oral microbiota and potential implications for oral health management in this population. The review was not registered Registration Statement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment—Current Issues and Future Challenges)

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Oral Health in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment—Current Issues and Future Challenges

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