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Instruments
Special Issues
Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry
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Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry

A special issue of Instruments (ISSN 2410-390X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2023) | Viewed by 8852

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Enrico D. Silva

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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
Interests: microwave measurements on superconductors; rf and microwave resonators; microwave material properties; rf superconductivity; cryogenic surface impedance measurements.
Dr. Erika Pittella

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Guest Editor
Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Roma, Italy
Interests: TDR and FDR techniques for measuring material dielectric characteristics; characterization of composite and 3D printed materials; remote sensing for monitoring and diagnosing patients; impedance-based techniques for monitoring cardio-respiratory activity; wearable sensors
Dr. Andrea Alimenti

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Elettronica e Meccanica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
Interests: microwave measurement techniques; microwave material properties; surface impedance measurements of superconductors in high magnetic fields; microwave resonators; cryogenic microwave measurement systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microwave, rf and millimeter-wave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum host some of the most sensitive, ingenious, and powerful measuring techniques. By means of microwave and rf measurements, extremely diverse experimental investigations such as health monitoring, cultural heritage monitoring and diagnostic, quantum computing devices, advanced material investigations, fundamental physics experiments, novel imaging techniques and industrial monitoring, to name a few, are made possible.

Such different topics are usually covered in field-specific conferences or publications. This Special Issue focusses on the novel and innovative methods, techniques and instruments operating in the rf, microwave and millimeter range, to promote cross-fertilization between different scientific and technical fields and to stimulate the improvement of experimental methods and measurement science in the 0.1–100 GHz range.

Papers on all topics of rf, microwave, and millimeter wave measurements are welcome, with a clear focus on the aspects related to measurement science. Our final aim is to facilitate the exchange of technical knowledge among engineers, scientists and industrial researchers from different backgrounds to foster research with improved experimental techniques.

Prof. Dr. Enrico D. Silva
Dr. Erika Pittella
Dr. Andrea Alimenti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Instruments is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microwaves
  • radio frequency
  • instruments
  • methods
  • resonators
  • wideband methods and instruments
  • rf and microwave material characterization
  • quantum computing devices
  • obstacle penetrating rf and microwave techniques
  • high frequency imaging techniques
  • microwave devices for health
  • microwave remote sensors

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1552 KiB  
Article
On the Development of Inkjet-Printed Band Pass Filters Based on the Microstrip Hairpin Structure
by Giovanni Gugliandolo, Antonino Quattrocchi, Giuseppe Campobello, Giovanni Crupi and Nicola Donato
Instruments 2024, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010023 - 16 Mar 2024
Viewed by 799
Abstract
In recent years, inkjet printing has emerged as a promising advanced fabrication technology in the field of electronics, offering remarkable advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, design flexibility, and rapid prototyping. For these reasons, inkjet printing technology has been widely adopted in various applications, [...] Read more.
In recent years, inkjet printing has emerged as a promising advanced fabrication technology in the field of electronics, offering remarkable advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, design flexibility, and rapid prototyping. For these reasons, inkjet printing technology has been widely adopted in various applications, including printed circuit board fabrication, sensor development (e.g., temperature, humidity, and pressure sensing), and antenna and filter production, up to the microwave frequency range. The present paper is focused on the investigation of a methodology based on Monte Carlo simulations for quantitatively assessing the influence of fabrication tolerances on the performance of inkjet-printed microwave devices. In particular, the proposed methodology is applied to an inkjet-printed hairpin band pass filter specifically tailored for operation in the L band (i.e., from 1 GHz to 2 GHz). The initial design phase involved the use of computer aided design (CAD) software to optimize the geometric dimensions of the designed filter to closely match the desired performance specifications in terms of bandwidth, insertion loss, and return loss. Later, a Monte Carlo analysis was conducted to evaluate the propagation of tolerances in the fabrication process throughout the design and to estimate their effects on device performance. The fabrication process exploited the advanced capabilities of the Voltera inkjet printer, which was used to deposit a silver-based conductive ink on a commercial Rogers substrate. The device’s performance was evaluated by comparing the simulated scattering parameters with those measured on the developed filter using a vector network analyzer (VNA), thus ensuring accurate validation of real-world performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry)
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17 pages, 19831 KiB  
Article
Microwave Photon Emission in Superconducting Circuits
by Alessandro D′Elia, Alessio Rettaroli, Fabio Chiarello, Daniele Di Gioacchino, Emanuele Enrico, Luca Fasolo, Carlo Ligi, Giovanni Maccarrone, Federica Mantegazzini, Benno Margesin, Francesco Mattioli, Simone Tocci, Andrea Vinante and Claudio Gatti
Instruments 2023, 7(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040036 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1182
Abstract
Quantum computing requires a novel approach to store data as quantum states, opposite to classical bits. One of the most promising candidates is entangled photons. In this manuscript, we show the photon emission in the range of microwave frequencies of three different types [...] Read more.
Quantum computing requires a novel approach to store data as quantum states, opposite to classical bits. One of the most promising candidates is entangled photons. In this manuscript, we show the photon emission in the range of microwave frequencies of three different types of superconducting circuits, a SQUID, a JPA, and a JTWPA, often used as low-noise parametric amplifiers. These devices can be operated as sources of entangled photons. We report the experimental protocol used to produce and measure microwave radiation from these circuits, as well as data simulations. The collected spectra are obtained by performing single-tone measurements with a direct rf pump on the devices; the output spectra at low powers (below −100 dBm) are well interpreted by the dynamical Casimir model, while at high powers (above −100 dBm) the system is well described by the Autler–Townes fluorescence of a three-level atom. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry)
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10 pages, 1881 KiB  
Article
Planar Bragg Reflectors for Frequency-Tunable Sub-Terahertz Gyrotrons
by Nikita A. Bylinskiy, Yuriy K. Kalynov, Valentina E. Kotomina, Nikolay Yu. Peskov, Mikhail D. Proyavin, Andrei V. Savilov, Dmitry D. Sobolev, Alexander A. Vikharev and Vladislav Yu. Zaslavsky
Instruments 2023, 7(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7030027 - 15 Sep 2023
Viewed by 873
Abstract
A novel concept of a frequency-tuned sub-terahertz gyrotron based on a combination of an irregular low-frequency resonator and an external reflector has been proposed recently. A simulation was carried out for a fundamental-cyclotron-harmonic gyrotron that demonstrates the possibility of achieving high (10–30%) efficiencies [...] Read more.
A novel concept of a frequency-tuned sub-terahertz gyrotron based on a combination of an irregular low-frequency resonator and an external reflector has been proposed recently. A simulation was carried out for a fundamental-cyclotron-harmonic gyrotron that demonstrates the possibility of achieving high (10–30%) efficiencies in a wide (~10%) frequency range. A possible solution to the problem of narrow-band frequency-tunable external reflectors in the form of so-called modified planar Bragg structures is discussed. The manufacturing of such structures on the basis of a novel additive technology based on photopolymer 3D printing, as well as the results of “cold” experiments of the manufactured samples, are described in the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry)
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11 pages, 16333 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Additive Manufacturing for the Rapid Prototyping of C-Band Radiofrequency Loads
by Garrett Mathesen, Charlotte Wehner, Julian Merrick, Bradley Shirley, Ronald Agustsson, Robert Berry, Amirari Diego and Emilio Nanni
Instruments 2023, 7(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7030023 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1138
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is a versatile technique that shows promise in providing quick and dynamic manufacturing for complex engineering problems. Research has been ongoing into the use of additive manufacturing for potential applications in radiofrequency (RF) component technologies. Here, we present a method for [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing is a versatile technique that shows promise in providing quick and dynamic manufacturing for complex engineering problems. Research has been ongoing into the use of additive manufacturing for potential applications in radiofrequency (RF) component technologies. Here, we present a method for developing an effective prototype load produced from 316L stainless steel on a direct metal laser sintering machine. The model was tested using simulation software to verify the validity of the design. The load structure was manufactured by an online digital manufacturing company, showing the viability of using easily accessible tools to manufacture RF structures. The produced load was able to produce an S11 value of −22.8 dB at a C-band frequency of 5.712 GHz while under a vacuum. In a high-power test, the load was able to terminate a peak power of 8.1 MW. The discussion includes future applications of the present method and how it will help to improve the implementation of future accelerator concepts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry)
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12 pages, 2382 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Vector-Network-Analyzer-Based Power Sensor Calibration Method Application
by Erkan Danaci, Yusuf Bayrak, Anil Cetinkaya, Murat Arslan, Handan Sakarya, Aliye Kartal Dogan and Gulsun Tunay
Instruments 2023, 7(3), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7030021 - 19 Jul 2023
Viewed by 999
Abstract
Radio Frequency (RF) power sensor calibration is one of the essential measurements in RF and microwave metrology. For a reliable and accurate power sensor calibration, there are various methods, such as the substitution method, the direct comparison transfer method (DCTM), and the vector [...] Read more.
Radio Frequency (RF) power sensor calibration is one of the essential measurements in RF and microwave metrology. For a reliable and accurate power sensor calibration, there are various methods, such as the substitution method, the direct comparison transfer method (DCTM), and the vector network analyzer (VNA)-based calibration method (VBCM). The VBCM is a method that is derived from the DCTM. It is a preferred method since the VNA has a better measurement capability and has fewer connection requirements for measurement devices. In this study, the milestones and potential application errors of the VBCM are given by considering the connection mistakes, measurement faults, calculation errors, and control software coding problems. At the end of the power sensor calibration measurements with the VBCM, the model function components and the uncertainty calculation examples according to the GUM Bayesian method are also presented in this study. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the VBCM compared to the former methods are discussed in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry)
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15 pages, 3154 KiB  
Article
Inkjet-Printed Interdigitated Capacitors for Sensing Applications: Temperature-Dependent Electrical Characterization at Cryogenic Temperatures down to 20 K
by Giovanni Gugliandolo, Andrea Alimenti, Mariangela Latino, Giovanni Crupi, Kostiantyn Torokhtii, Enrico Silva and Nicola Donato
Instruments 2023, 7(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7030020 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1131
Abstract
Microwave transducers are widely used for sensing applications in areas such as gas sensing and microfluidics. Inkjet printing technology has been proposed as a promising method for fabricating such devices due to its capability to produce complex patterns and geometries with high precision. [...] Read more.
Microwave transducers are widely used for sensing applications in areas such as gas sensing and microfluidics. Inkjet printing technology has been proposed as a promising method for fabricating such devices due to its capability to produce complex patterns and geometries with high precision. In this work, the temperature-dependent electrical properties of an inkjet-printed single-port interdigitated capacitor (IDC) were investigated at cryogenic temperatures down to 20 K. The IDC was designed and fabricated using inkjet printing technology, while its reflection coefficient was measured using a vector network analyzer in a cryogenic measurement setup and then transformed into the corresponding admittance. The resonant frequency and quality factor (Q-factor) of the IDC were extracted as functions of the temperature and their sensitivity was evaluated. The results showed that the resonant frequency shifted to higher frequencies as the temperature was reduced, while the Q-factor increased as the temperature decreased. The trends and observations in the temperature-dependent electrical properties of the IDC are discussed and analyzed in this paper, and are expected to be useful in future advancement of the design and optimization of inkjet-printed microwave transducers for sensing applications and cryogenic electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry)
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12 pages, 3161 KiB  
Article
RF Design and Measurements of a C-Band Prototype Structure for an Ultra-High Dose-Rate Medical Linac
by Lucia Giuliano, Fabio Bosco, Martina Carillo, Giuseppe Felici, Luca Ficcadenti, Andrea Mostacci, Mauro Migliorati, Luigi Palumbo, Bruno Spataro and Luigi Faillace
Instruments 2023, 7(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7010010 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1514
Abstract
In this paper, we illustrate the RF design and measurements of a C-band prototype structure for an Ultra High Dose Rate medical linac. (1) Background: FLASH Radiotherapy (RT) is a revolutionary new technique for cancer cure. It releases ultra-high radiation dose rates (above [...] Read more.
In this paper, we illustrate the RF design and measurements of a C-band prototype structure for an Ultra High Dose Rate medical linac. (1) Background: FLASH Radiotherapy (RT) is a revolutionary new technique for cancer cure. It releases ultra-high radiation dose rates (above 100 Gy/s) in microsecond short pulses. In order to obtain a high dose in a very short time, accelerators with high-intensity currents (the order of 100 mA peak currents) have to be developed. In this contest, Sapienza University, in collaboration with SIT-Sordina IORT Technology spa, is developing a new C-band linac to achieve the FLASH regime. (2) Methods: We performed the RF electromagnetic design of the prototype of the C band linac using CST STUDIO Suite Code and the RF low power RF test at Sapienza University of Rome. The measurements of the field in the cavity have been done with the bead-pull technique. (3) Results: This device is a nine-cell structure operating on the π/2 mode at 5.712 GHz (C-band). We report and discuss the test measurement results on a full-scale copper prototype, showing good agreement with CST RF simulations. A tuning procedure has been implemented in order to ensure proper operating frequency and to reach a field profile flatness of the order of a few percent. (4) Conclusions: The prototype of a C-band linac for FLASH applications was successfully tested with low RF power at Sapienza University. The fabrication and ad hoc tuning procedures have been optimized and discussed in the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Measurements, Methods and Instruments for Science, Society and Industry)
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