Hymenoptera: Biology, Taxonomy and Integrated Management

A topical collection in Insects (ISSN 2075-4450). This collection belongs to the section "Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution".

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Editors

Departament Zoologia, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
Interests: taxonomy; Charipinae; hymenoptera; phylogeny; control pests
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
Interests: Hymenoptera; parasitoids; bees; Chalcidoidea; ooparasitoids; Aphelinidae; Mymaridae; taxonomy; systematics; host-associations

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hymenoptera is one of the most diverse taxa within insects and the parasitoids of this group are among the most important groups of insects used for the biological control of pests. Although new species are continuously described, many more are still waiting to be discovered, and the work carried out around this issue is highly significant. We are pleased to invite you to an Insects Topical Collection, titled "Hymenoptera: Biology, Taxonomy and Integrated Management". This Topical Collection aims to show the role of taxonomy in modern entomology research and highlight the importance of this specialty. The focus of it is to show to researchers the importance of this branch of study and how specialists around the world are working nowadays, for example, helping to improve knowledge about our biodiversity with the description of new species, correctly identifying the species in the field as a fundamental step to know their biology and behavior and how to use this information to improve biological pest control programs, cataloging the specimens found in the entomological collections with old and new material, and carrying out phylogeny studies with the appropriate taxonomic changes. In this Topical Collection, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following: new species description, integrated pest management, molecular studies, cryptic species, and phylogeny.

We look forward to receiving your contributions. 

Dr. Mar Ferrer-Suay
Dr. Andrew Polaszek
Collection Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Insects is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hymenoptera
  • taxonomy
  • pest control
  • new species
  • museum collections
  • cryptic species

Published Papers (12 papers)

2024

Jump to: 2023, 2022

22 pages, 10020 KiB  
Article
Ecological Speciation without Morphological Differentiation? A New Cryptic Species of Diodontus Curtis (Hymenoptera, Pemphredonidae) from the Centre of Europe
by Eduardas Budrys, Svetlana Orlovskytė and Anna Budrienė
Insects 2024, 15(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15020086 - 26 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1262
Abstract
Upon exploring the mitotype diversity of the aphid-hunting wasp, Diodontus tristis, we revealed specimens with highly divergent mitotypes from two localities in Lithuania and nesting in clayey substrate, while the specimens with typical mitotypes were found nesting in sandy sites. The comparison [...] Read more.
Upon exploring the mitotype diversity of the aphid-hunting wasp, Diodontus tristis, we revealed specimens with highly divergent mitotypes from two localities in Lithuania and nesting in clayey substrate, while the specimens with typical mitotypes were found nesting in sandy sites. The comparison of inter- and intra-specific distances and application of delimitation algorithms supported the species status of the clay-nesting populations. Using a set of DNA markers that included complete or partial sequences of six mitochondrial genes, three markers of ribosomal operon, two homeobox genes, and four other nuclear genes, we clarified the phylogenetic relationships of the new cryptic species. The endosymbiotic bacteria infestation was checked, considering the option that the divergent populations may represent clades isolated by Wolbachia infection; however, it did not demonstrate any specificity. We found only subtle morphological differences in the new clay-nesting species, D. argillicola sp. nov.; the discriminant analysis of morphometric measurements did not reliably segregate it as well. Thus, we provide the molecular characters of the cryptic species, which allow confident identification, its phylogenetic position within the genus, and an updated identification key for the D. tristis species group. Full article
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2023

Jump to: 2024, 2022

31 pages, 10625 KiB  
Article
DNA Barcoding Unveils New Species of the Sexually Dimorphic Genus Anteon Jurine (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China
by Huayan Chen, Massimo Olmi, Frode Ødegaard, Leonardo Capradossi and Jingxian Liu
Insects 2024, 15(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010018 - 30 Dec 2023
Viewed by 940
Abstract
Species of Anteon Jurine, 1807 are a large group of parasitoids attacking leafhoppers, which are important insect pests. Despite their great potential in pest biological control, the taxonomy and biology of these parasitoids are far from clear. Sexual dimorphism is extreme in Anteon [...] Read more.
Species of Anteon Jurine, 1807 are a large group of parasitoids attacking leafhoppers, which are important insect pests. Despite their great potential in pest biological control, the taxonomy and biology of these parasitoids are far from clear. Sexual dimorphism is extreme in Anteon species and has hampered the taxonomy of these parasitoids, resulting in many species described based on a single sex. In this paper, we employed an integrated taxonomic approach for delimitating species, combining morphological examinations with DNA barcoding, to investigate Anteon species from China. In total, 53 COI sequences representing 29 species of Anteon were obtained and analyzed. On the basis of both morphology and DNA barcoding, five new species of Anteon were discovered and described: A. clariclypeum sp. nov., A. maguanense sp. nov., A. parafidum sp. nov., A. shaanxianum sp. nov., and A. shandonganum sp. nov. The neotype of A. claricolle Kieffer is designated. The sexual association of six species was confirmed by DNA barcoding, which led to the synonymy of Anteon liui Xu, Olmi & He 2010, new syn., under Anteon meifenganum Olmi, 1991. Keys to species of Anteon from the Oriental and Eastern Palaearctic are updated to contain the five new species. Our study demonstrates that DNA barcoding is a potent tool for tackling the taxonomic challenges in parasitoids with extreme sexual dimorphism. Full article
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14 pages, 2957 KiB  
Article
Phylogeny of Rhynchium and Its Related Genera (Hymenoptera: Eumeninae) Based on Universal Single-Copy Orthologs and Ultraconserved Elements
by Min Dai, Shu-Lin He, Bin Chen and Ting-Jing Li
Insects 2023, 14(9), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14090775 - 20 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1269
Abstract
The subfamily Eumeninae is a large group of fierce predatory insects that prey mainly on the larvae of Lepidoptera pests. Because of the highly similar morphologies of the genus Rhynchium and its related genera in the subfamily, including Rhynchium Spinola, Allorhynchium van der [...] Read more.
The subfamily Eumeninae is a large group of fierce predatory insects that prey mainly on the larvae of Lepidoptera pests. Because of the highly similar morphologies of the genus Rhynchium and its related genera in the subfamily, including Rhynchium Spinola, Allorhynchium van der Vecht, Anterhynchium de Saussure, Pararrhynchium de Saussure, it is essential to delineate their relationships. A previous phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genomes suggested the inconsistent relationships of these genera under traditional classification based on morphological characters. In this study, we first used single-copy orthologs [USCO] and ultraconserved elements [UCE] extracted from 10 newly sequenced low-coverage whole genomes to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the above genera. The newly sequenced genomes are 152.99 Mb to 211.49 Mb in size with high completeness (BUSCO complete: 91.5–95.6%) and G + C content (36.31–38.76%). Based on extracted 5811 USCOs and 2312 UCEs, the phylogenetic relationships of Rhynchium and its related genera were: ((Allorhynchium + Lissodynerus) + (Pararrhynchium + (Anterhynchium + (Dirhynchium + Rhynchium)))), which was consistent with the mitochondrial genome results. The results supported the genus Rhynchium as monophyletic, whereas Anterhynchium was recovered as paraphyletic, with Anterhynchium (Dirhynchium) as a sister to Rhynchium and hence deserving generic status; In addition, in the genus Pararrhynchium, P. septemfasciatus feanus and P. venkataramani were separated, not clustered on a branch, just as P. septemfasciatus feanus was not together with P. striatum based on mitochondrial genomes. Since Lissodynerus septemfasciatus, the type species of the genus Lissodynerus, was transferred to Pararrhynchium, it is considered that the genus Lissodynerus should be restituted as a valid genus, not a synonym of Pararrhynchium. Full article
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41 pages, 19751 KiB  
Article
A revision of the Encarsia mexicana species-group (=Dirphys Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), gregarious endoparasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Neotropical Region
by Andrew Polaszek, Estrella Hernández-Suárez, Robert L. Kresslein, Paul Hanson, Yvonne M. Linton, Jacqueline MacKenzie-Dodds and Stefan Schmidt
Insects 2023, 14(6), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14060570 - 20 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1305
Abstract
The genus Dirphys Howard 1914 syn. n. is synonymized with Encarsia Förster, and treated as a species-group of Encarsia, referred to henceforth as the Encarsia mexicana species-group. The monophyly of Encarsia is discussed in relation to Dirphys. The new synonymy is [...] Read more.
The genus Dirphys Howard 1914 syn. n. is synonymized with Encarsia Förster, and treated as a species-group of Encarsia, referred to henceforth as the Encarsia mexicana species-group. The monophyly of Encarsia is discussed in relation to Dirphys. The new synonymy is based on phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal 28S-D2 gene region (43 taxa, 510 bp). The Encarsia mexicana species-group is recovered as strongly monophyletic within Encarsia. All species of the Encarsia mexicana species-group are revised. The group includes six previously described species, and fourteen newly described species. All species are described (or redescribed) and illustrated. Detailed distributional data, and, where available, plant associate and host records are provided for all species. Encarsia myartsevae Kresslein and Polaszek nom. nov. is here proposed as a replacement name for Encarsia mexicana Myartseva, now preoccupied by Encarsia mexicana (Howard). A dichotomous identification key, supplemented by an online multiple-entry key, is provided for all species. Full article
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14 pages, 2096 KiB  
Article
Nematode and Strepsipteran Parasitism in Bait-Trapped and Hand-Collected Hornets (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespa)
by Natsumi Kanzaki, Shun’ichi Makino, Hajime Kosaka, Katsuhiko Sayama, Keiko Hamaguchi and Shinji Narayama
Insects 2023, 14(4), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14040398 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1262
Abstract
The parasitism of two groups of host-manipulating parasites of hornets was examined in Kyoto, Japan. Vespa mandarinia (661 individuals), V. simillima (303), V. analis (457), V. ducalis (158), V. crabro (57), and V. dybowskii (4) were collected either by bait trap or hand [...] Read more.
The parasitism of two groups of host-manipulating parasites of hornets was examined in Kyoto, Japan. Vespa mandarinia (661 individuals), V. simillima (303), V. analis (457), V. ducalis (158), V. crabro (57), and V. dybowskii (4) were collected either by bait trap or hand collection with an insect net, and examined for their parasites. An endoparasitic nematode, Sphaerularia vespae was isolated from three overwintered gynes of V. mandarinia and a gyne of V. ducalis. While endoparasitic insects, Xenos spp., were recovered from 13 V. mandarinia, 77 V. analis, two V. ducalis, and three V. crabro, and those recovered from V. analis and others were molecularly identified as X. oxyodontes and X. moutoni, respectively. Comparing Xenos parasitism level and capturing methods, the parasitism level was significantly higher in trapped hosts than in hand-collected ones, suggesting that stylopized hosts are more strongly attracted to the food source (bait trap) compared with unparasitized hosts. The genotypes of S. vespae were identical to each other, and near identical to its type population. While each of the two Xenos spp. showed four mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. A phylogenetic comparison suggested that Xenos haplotypes found in the present study are close to those previously reported from Japan and other Asian countries. Full article
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44 pages, 17022 KiB  
Article
Descriptions of Three New Species of the Genus Acerataspis Uchida, 1934 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Metopiinae), with an Illustrated Identification Key to Extant Species
by Jing-Xian Liu, Alexey Reshchikov and Hua-Yan Chen
Insects 2023, 14(4), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14040389 - 17 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1558
Abstract
The Asian genus Acerataspis Uchida, 1934 is reviewed based on both morphology and DNA barcodes. Ten species are recognized in total, of which three species from Yunnan Province of China are described as new: Acerataspis maliae sp. nov., A. seperata sp. nov. and A. [...] Read more.
The Asian genus Acerataspis Uchida, 1934 is reviewed based on both morphology and DNA barcodes. Ten species are recognized in total, of which three species from Yunnan Province of China are described as new: Acerataspis maliae sp. nov., A. seperata sp. nov. and A. similis sp. nov. The male of A. fukienensis Chao, 1957 is described and illustrated for the first time. The genus is recorded from Thailand and Southeast Asia for the first time. An illustrated key to all known extant species is provided. With the supplement of DNA barcodes, a few diagnostic morphological characters are found useful in species identification. Full article
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2022

Jump to: 2024, 2023

9 pages, 1432 KiB  
Article
Chinese Species of the Genus Pseudanaphes Noyes & Valentine (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with Description of a New Species
by Zhulidezi Aishan, Huan-Xi Cao, Hong-Ying Hu and Chao-Dong Zhu
Insects 2023, 14(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14010039 - 31 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1608
Abstract
The fairyfly Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are widely distributed worldwide, but species of this family have rarely been collected and recorded from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. In this study, mymarids collected in Tibet, China, are identified based on morphology and molecular data. Two species of [...] Read more.
The fairyfly Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are widely distributed worldwide, but species of this family have rarely been collected and recorded from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. In this study, mymarids collected in Tibet, China, are identified based on morphology and molecular data. Two species of the genus Pseudanaphes Noyes & Valentine are treated and illustrated here, including a known species, P. zhaoi Lin, and a new species, P. yadongicus Aishan & Cao sp. nov. In addition, a key to the world species of Pseudanaphes (females) and DNA barcodes for P. yadongicus and P. zhaoi are provided. Full article
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10 pages, 1194 KiB  
Article
The Association between the Distribution of Resin Beads and the Emergence of Sirex noctilio on Red Pine in North America
by Hajar Faal and Stephen A. Teale
Insects 2022, 13(12), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13121111 - 30 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 974
Abstract
This study examined the relationships of the abundance and distribution of resin beads (signs of Sirex noctilio parent female ovipositor activity) with the abundance and distribution of emerging progeny of S. noctilio, S. nigricornis and their parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides. S. noctilio is [...] Read more.
This study examined the relationships of the abundance and distribution of resin beads (signs of Sirex noctilio parent female ovipositor activity) with the abundance and distribution of emerging progeny of S. noctilio, S. nigricornis and their parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides. S. noctilio is native to Europe and is an invasive pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere and North America; S. nigricornis is native to North America and is a secondary pest of dying pines. I. leucospoides is a parasitoid that has been widely deployed for biological control of S. noctilio. This study aimed to determine if the distribution of resin beads is associated with the height, diameter, or cardinal direction on red pines, Pinus resinosa, as well as the distribution of wood wasp and parasitoid emergence. Our results showed that among log sections taken at five heights, resin beads were most abundant on the north, east, and south sides of logs and mid log at 4.5 m above the ground. Emergence of S. noctilio was most abundant only from logs with more than five resin beads per square meter, while diameter and height were not contributing factor. None of variables evaluated (resin bead densities, height, and diameter) had significant effects on the emergence of S. nigricornis and I. leucospoides. These findings help clarify the biological significance of resin beads as indicators of S. noctilio colonization of host trees in North America. Full article
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14 pages, 10167 KiB  
Article
New Pamphiliids with Varying Venations from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Northeast China (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae)
by Jialiang Zhuang, Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn, Chungkun Shih, Dong Ren and Mei Wang
Insects 2022, 13(10), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100947 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1639
Abstract
One new genus and three new species of Pamphiliidae, Dolicholyda obtusata gen. et sp. nov., Dolicholyda confluens sp. nov., and Dolicholyda angusta sp. nov. are described and illustrated. All of them were collected from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Duolun County, Inner [...] Read more.
One new genus and three new species of Pamphiliidae, Dolicholyda obtusata gen. et sp. nov., Dolicholyda confluens sp. nov., and Dolicholyda angusta sp. nov. are described and illustrated. All of them were collected from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. The new genus is established based on the following characters: body surface without punctations; forewing with pterostigma lanceolate and sclerotized around the margins; angle between 1-M and 1-Cu nearly 90°; cell 1mcu long and obviously longer than length of pterostigma. In most cases, the ap-Cu is present, and its length varied. Additionally, we revise the diagnostic characteristics of Juralydinae based on the new specimens. New findings enhance our understanding of the wing venation characteristics of fossil pamphiliids and expand the diversity of Pamphiliidae in the Mesozoic. Full article
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65 pages, 18595 KiB  
Article
Revision of the World Species of Megaphragma Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
by Andrew Polaszek, Lucian Fusu, Gennaro Viggiani, Andie Hall, Paul Hanson and Alexey A. Polilov
Insects 2022, 13(6), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13060561 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7772
Abstract
Megaphragma species are important models for basic organismal research, and many are potential biological control agents. We present the first extensive revision of species of the genus Megaphragma based on morphological and molecular data. Our revision includes all previously described species, 6 of [...] Read more.
Megaphragma species are important models for basic organismal research, and many are potential biological control agents. We present the first extensive revision of species of the genus Megaphragma based on morphological and molecular data. Our revision includes all previously described species, 6 of which are synonymized, and 22 of which are described here as new. We also provide the first key to all species of the genus and reconstruct their phylogeny based on 28S and CO1 molecular markers. The following species are synonymized with M. longiciliatum Subba Rao: M. aligarhensis Yousuf and Shafee syn. nov.; M. amalphitanum Viggiani syn. nov.; M. decochaetum Lin syn. nov.; M. magniclava Yousuf and Shafee syn. nov.; M. shimalianum Hayat syn. nov.M. anomalifuniculi Yuan and Lou syn. nov. is synonymized with M. polychaetum Lin. The following species are described as new: M. antecessor Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. breviclavum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. chienleei Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. cockerilli Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. digitatum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. fanenitrakely Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. funiculatum Fusu, Polaszek, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. giraulti Viggiani, Fusu, and Polaszek sp. nov.; M. hansoni Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. kinuthiae Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. liui Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. momookherjeeae Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. nowickii Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. noyesi Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. pintoi Viggiani sp. nov.; M. polilovi Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. rivelloi Viggiani sp. nov.; M. tamoi Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. tridens Fusu, and Polaszek sp. nov.; M. uniclavum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. vanlentereni Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. viggianii Fusu, Polaszek, and Polilov sp. nov. Full article
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16 pages, 25196 KiB  
Article
First Comprehensive Analysis of Both Mitochondrial Characteristics and Mitogenome-Based Phylogenetics in the Subfamily Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
by Li Luo, James M. Carpenter, Bin Chen and Tingjing Li
Insects 2022, 13(6), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13060529 - 08 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2001
Abstract
The subfamily Eumeninae plays a significant role in the biological control of agricultural pests. However, the characteristics of eumenine mitogenomes that are important molecular markers for phylogenetics are not clearly revealed. Here, 52 eumenine mitogenomes are newly sequenced and annotated, and the phylogenetic [...] Read more.
The subfamily Eumeninae plays a significant role in the biological control of agricultural pests. However, the characteristics of eumenine mitogenomes that are important molecular markers for phylogenetics are not clearly revealed. Here, 52 eumenine mitogenomes are newly sequenced and annotated, and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily are comprehensively analyzed based on 87 vespid mitogenomes. Through the comparative analysis of the 54 eumenine mitogenomes, the gene compositions of about one half of the 54 species match with ancestral insect mitogenome, and remaining others contain two trnM which are highly similar, with 51.86% (Eumenes tripunctatus) to 90.65% (Pseumenes nigripectus) sequence identities, which is unique among the reported mitogenomes of the family Vespidae. Moreover, the translocation trnL1 upstream of nad1 is a common rearrangement event in all eumenine mitogenomes. The results of phylogenetic analyses support the paraphyly of the subfamily Eumeninae and the tribe Odynerini, respectively, and the monophyly of the tribe Eumenini, and verify that the tribe Zethini is a valid subfamily Zethinae. In this study, the relationships between some genera such as Allorhynchium and Pararrhynchium or the taxonomic status of the subgenera such as Eremodynerus and Dirhynchium are found to be confusing and there should be further inquiry with more samples. Full article
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21 pages, 10211 KiB  
Article
Notes on the Genus Aceratoneuromyia Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
by Ning Huangfu, Huan-Xi Cao and Chao-Dong Zhu
Insects 2022, 13(5), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13050450 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1956
Abstract
Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are well known as economically important pests of edible fruits and can often cause serious damage and losses to both agriculture and the economy. One of the common parasitoids of fruit flies, Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri), has [...] Read more.
Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are well known as economically important pests of edible fruits and can often cause serious damage and losses to both agriculture and the economy. One of the common parasitoids of fruit flies, Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri), has been used in biological programs. However, the biocontrol utilities of parasitoids are impeded by the difficulties of proper identification. Species of the genus Aceratoneuromyia Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), usually developed as parasitoids of fruit flies, are studied here. Trjapitzinichus Kostjukov and Kosheleva is proposed as a new synonym under Aceratoneuromyia. Three new species of Aceratoneuromyia, A. bilinis Huangfu and Cao sp. nov., A. carinata Cao and Zhu sp. nov., and A. trilinus Cao and Zhu sp. nov., are described and illustrated from China. Aceratoneuromyia indica is also treated here with diagnosis and illustrations. DNA barcodes of A. bilinis and A. indica and a key to the world species of Aceratoneuromyia are provided. This study provided important identification information of parasitoids with morphology and molecular evidence, which is useful for imperative needs regarding the identity of parasitoids attacking fruit flies. Full article
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