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Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature...
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Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection

A special issue of International Journal of Plant Biology (ISSN 2037-0164). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Physiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (18 May 2023) | Viewed by 17964

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ekaterina N. Baranova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya, 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
2. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia
Interests: cell biophysics; ontogenesis; symmetry and asymmetry of biological objects and systems; environmental stress; plant development biology; cell biology; genetic engineering; electron microscopy; cell ultrastructure; mathematical models of genome phenotypic manifestations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Stepan A. Senator

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia
Interests: plants; biodiversity; invasive species; invasion biology; conservation; species diversity; biodiversity monitoring; wildlife conservation; species invasion; wildlife ecology; conservation ecology; plant biodiversity; landscape ecology; nature conservation; botanical gardens; botanical collections
Dr. Mikhail S. Romanov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Tropical Plants Laboratory, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia
Interests: biodiversity and conservation; comparative anatomy; angiosperms; morphogenesis; evolution; systematics; cladistics; Arecaceae; anatomy; phylogeny; phylogenetics; plant anatomy; taxonomy; phylogenetic analysis; plant morphology; botany; biodiversity; nomenclature; conservation; ecology and evolution; species diversity; morphological analysis; plant systematics; paleobotany; molecular phylogenetics; seeds; distribution; sectioning; histology; magnolia; conservation biology; plant taxonomy; phylogeography and phylogenetic biogeography
Dr. Vladimir P. Upelniek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia
Interests: genetics; breeding; remote hybridization; cereals; wheat; biodiversity and conservation; plants; nature conservation; botanical gardens

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plants are a fundamental element of the biosphere, playing a key role by providing it with energy and resources. The conservation of native species and cultivated varieties, natural plant communities, conservation of plant gene pools, and distribution of invasive species are on the daily monitoring agenda and at the frontier of research at the global level. The study and protection of plants require a modern approach to morphological and anatomical studies, supported by biochemical and molecular methods. This work plays an important role in the conservation of resource potential, traditional organic farming, and obtaining a responsible approach to agricultural practices while ensuring the protection and biodiversity of the environment. We invite you and your colleagues to contribute to the expansion of scientific knowledge in the field of experimental botany and participate in the Special Issue “Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection”.

This Special Issue will present the results of new and traditional research related to various areas of experimental botany, affecting plant breeding and biotechnology, ex situ and in vitro plant cultivation, plant anatomy and morphology at different stages of ontogeny, cenopopulation studies, and the interaction between plants and the environment.

We invite you to publish reviews, articles and short reports in this issue of the MDPI journal IJPB, considering both traditional fundamental and innovative interdisciplinary approaches to plant research and cultivation, from the natural environment to field experiments, from greenhouses to biotechnological closed systems, and from ex situ to in vitro. 

Dr. Ekaterina N. Baranova
Dr. Stepan A. Senator
Dr. Mikhail S. Romanov
Dr. Vladimir P. Upelniek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Plant Biology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • botany
  • cell and tissue culture
  • plants
  • biotechnology
  • plant protection
  • ex situ
  • in vitro
  • plant breeding
  • environmental stress
  • biodiversity

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

5 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection
by Ekaterina N. Baranova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(1), 64-68; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15010006 - 23 Jan 2024
Viewed by 564
Abstract
As photosynthetic systems, plants are fundamental elements of the Earth’s biosphere, playing key roles in providing energy and resources [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

15 pages, 2615 KiB  
Article
Morphological Variability of a Rare Species Zygophyllum pinnatum in the South Urals and Adjacent Territories
by Alfiya Mustafina, Larisa Abramova, Yaroslav Golovanov and Olga Karimova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(3), 755-769; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030056 - 08 Aug 2023
Viewed by 769
Abstract
When working with rare plant species, applying morphometric techniques is one of the main ways to obtain a representative data set on plant individuals and the state of particular populations growing in different ecological conditions and experiencing different degrees of anthropogenic load. Zygophyllum [...] Read more.
When working with rare plant species, applying morphometric techniques is one of the main ways to obtain a representative data set on plant individuals and the state of particular populations growing in different ecological conditions and experiencing different degrees of anthropogenic load. Zygophyllum pinnatum, an understudied species growing on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Orenburg region, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, is referred as a rare species. The purpose of the work is to study morphometric parameters and reveal the vitality structure of the Z. pinnatum coenopopulations in two regions of the Russian Federation (the Republic of Bashkortostan and Orenburg region) and in the north-west of the Republic of Kazakhstan (the Aktobe Region). Applying standard morphometric techniques, we analyzed the state of 16 coenopopulations of the species. Judging by most morphometric parameters, the leadership belongs to the individuals from the “Troitsk Cretaceous Mountains” coenopopulation located in the Sol-Iletsky District of Orenburg oblast, where, apparently, the most optimal plant conditions are formed (the absence of human impact and low projective cover of the grass stand to have a favorable effect). The minimum values for most parameters are recorded in the coenopopulations located on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, resulting from arid growing conditions. The variability of most characters is within the normal range of the species response (Cv—5.0–44.6%). The discriminant function analysis revealed the morphostructural similarity of individuals from most coenopopulations. Regarding vitality, eight coenopopulations are prosperous, and another eight are depressed. The condition of the species coenopopulations is stable; however, the species is not provided with proper protection measures. Therefore, further monitoring of its habitats and improvement of environmental measures are necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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15 pages, 11569 KiB  
Communication
Ethyl Methanesulphonate (EMS)-Mediated Mutagenesis Induces Genetic and Morphological Variations in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
by Ranjita Subramaniam and Vijay Subbiah Kumar
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(3), 714-728; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030053 - 01 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1352
Abstract
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a vegetable that holds high economic and nutritional value and is renowned for its distinct shape, color and flavor. There has been a considerable focus on enhancing the genetic makeup of eggplant, with specific attention given to [...] Read more.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a vegetable that holds high economic and nutritional value and is renowned for its distinct shape, color and flavor. There has been a considerable focus on enhancing the genetic makeup of eggplant, with specific attention given to breeding for better agronomic characteristics. However, the crop suffers from a narrow genetic base. As part of the efforts to broaden the gene pool of eggplant, a chemical mutagenesis approach has been employed, aimed to generate eggplant genotypes with distinctive characteristics. Altogether 180 seeds of eggplant cultivar, Surya was treated with EMS at 0.7% v/v concentration. In the development of M2 generation, members of 16 M2 families were inspected for phenotypic variation. Notable variations were observed in traits such as plant height, leaf, flower and fruit morphologies. Furthermore, a subset of the mutants was selected to screen for any DNA alterations in a few targeted genes belonging to the Flowering Locus T/Terminal Flower 1 (FT/TFL1) gene family, via amplicon sequencing performed using Pacbio RSII. A mutant sample was discovered to carry a heterozygous mutation at the upstream region of the coding sequence of one of those particular genes. Taken together, the M2 families developed here represent valuable genetic resources that can be explored for gene functional analysis and future breeding programs of eggplant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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13 pages, 6949 KiB  
Article
Development of Cryopreservation Technique for Meristems of Syringa vulgaris L. Cultivars
by Olga Vasilevna Koroleva, Olga Ivanovna Molkanova and Olga Nikolaevna Vysotskaya
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(3), 625-637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030048 - 25 Jul 2023
Viewed by 670
Abstract
Cryopreservation is considered to be one of the most effective methods for long-term storage of plant genetic resources, particularly for ornamental species. However, there is a very little research on cryopreservation of lilacs. In this study, for the first time the cryopreservation protocol [...] Read more.
Cryopreservation is considered to be one of the most effective methods for long-term storage of plant genetic resources, particularly for ornamental species. However, there is a very little research on cryopreservation of lilacs. In this study, for the first time the cryopreservation protocol (a variation of a pregrowth-dehydration method) was successfully applied to two cultivars of Syringa vulgaris: ‘Aucubaefolia’ and ‘Polina Osipenko’. Explants of both cultivars were able to withstand the different steps of the protocol, and high survival and regrowth percentages were obtained after exposure to liquid nitrogen (67–100% and 63–88%, respectively). The current study is mainly focused on the preculture conditions of the applied method. Based on our results, we propose the use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in the preculture medium for increasing explant tolerance to subsequent dehydration and freezing. During post-LN recovery, the explants appeared morphologically normal, and after 12–16 weeks after thawing, they were propagated and cultured as normal plantlets. Therefore, the reported method is effective for long-term storage of lilac meristems and could be used to create a cryobank of achievements in lilac breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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19 pages, 7951 KiB  
Article
Iris pumila L. and the State of Its Populations in the Samara Region (Southeast of the European Part of Russia)
by Anna Mitroshenkova, Valentina Ilyina, Stepan Senator, Eugene Zibzeev and Olga Kozlovskaya
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(3), 593-611; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030046 - 05 Jul 2023
Viewed by 803
Abstract
The current state of the coenotic populations of Iris pumila L. (Iridaceae) were studied in the southeast of the European part of Russia (Samara Region). The phytocenotic confinement and population structure of the species were assessed. I. pumila preferred growing in steppe zonal [...] Read more.
The current state of the coenotic populations of Iris pumila L. (Iridaceae) were studied in the southeast of the European part of Russia (Samara Region). The phytocenotic confinement and population structure of the species were assessed. I. pumila preferred growing in steppe zonal communities. In total, 118 species of vascular plants were found in the communities, where I. pumila has been registered, and of which 34 (28.8%) were included into the Red List of the Samara Region and 8 species into the Red List of the Russian Federation. In the study area, populations of I. pumila were represented by a significant number of individuals and were in a stable state. According to the “delta-omega” criterion, the populations were mature (47.0%), transitional (23.5%), maturing (17.6%), and aging (11.9%), which testified to the diversity of population structure and thus to a satisfactory state of the species in the Samara Region. The populations recovered mainly due to individuals of vegetative origin, but this process was rather slow. Under unfavorable conditions, I. pumila populations were characterized by a vegetative settled way of life. Fires, grazing, and destruction of habitats had a significant impact on the population structure and absolute abundance in the Samara Region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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8 pages, 1050 KiB  
Article
Influence of Different Packages and Storage Temperatures on the Quality of Edible Allium Species
by Maria I. Ivanova, Elena Yanchenko and Anna Kashleva
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 512-519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020040 - 07 Jun 2023
Viewed by 733
Abstract
Allium resources in Russia are a potential source of genes for expanding the genetic base of agricultural crops. The leaves of Allium crops have a short freshness period and quickly deteriorate due to spoilage and loss of water. The aim of the work [...] Read more.
Allium resources in Russia are a potential source of genes for expanding the genetic base of agricultural crops. The leaves of Allium crops have a short freshness period and quickly deteriorate due to spoilage and loss of water. The aim of the work was to establish the yield and change in the quality of green leaves of Allium species introduced into the Moscow region during short-term storage, depending on the type of packaging, storage period, and temperature. Research methods: introduction and mobilization of existing plant genetic collection of representatives of the genus Allium L. was carried out as part of the implementation of the State task. Four to five-year-old plants of four species (A. altyncolicum, A. chyatophorum, A. nutans and A. turkestanicum) were grown on the collection plot of perennial onions of VNIIO, a branch of the FGBNU FNTSO. In the conditions of the Moscow region, the yield per leaf generation varied from 2.7 kg/m2 (A. altyncolicum) to 4.9 kg/m2 (A. cyathophorum). The maximum yield of marketable products was noted in hermetically sealed plastic bags when stored for 10 days at a temperature of +6 to +8 °C in a refrigerator with controlled conditions: A. turkestanicum—70.0%, A. cyathophorum—75.5%, A. altyncolicum—84.9%, A. nutans—92.9%. The maximum content of vitamin C during storage in hermetic bags with a density of 100 μm was found in A. altyncolicum (37.1 mg per 100 g) and A. nutans (42 mg per 100 g). A slight increase in the amount of sugars after storage for 10 days was noted in species with a linear leaf shape when stored in a polymer box. Temperature control is the most effective approach to extending the shelf life of fresh green leaves by measuring their weight loss and vitamin C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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14 pages, 11190 KiB  
Article
The Study of Crystals in the Fruits of Some Apiaceae Species Using Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
by Tatiana Ostroumova and Ekaterina Zakharova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 347-360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020029 - 03 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1208
Abstract
Crystals in the fruits of Apiaceae are of great importance for taxonomy. The presence/absence and location of large prismatic crystals, druses, and spherical aggregates characterize genera, tribes, and subfamilies. When the fruits of Apiaceae split into mericarps, cell separation occurs, and probably cell [...] Read more.
Crystals in the fruits of Apiaceae are of great importance for taxonomy. The presence/absence and location of large prismatic crystals, druses, and spherical aggregates characterize genera, tribes, and subfamilies. When the fruits of Apiaceae split into mericarps, cell separation occurs, and probably cell death and the destruction of their walls. In clades Saniculeae and Scandicinae, this process is accompanied by the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the abscission layer. However, reports of smaller crystals are rare, and their taxonomic significance is unknown. To fill this gap, we started research with four species of the clade Apieae: Ammi majus, Modesciadium involucratum, Deverra aphylla, and Rutheopsis tortuosa; in the last two species, crystals were described for the first time. We also studied crystals in Chaerophyllum bulbosum from the clade Scandicinae, and in Sanicula rubriflora from the clade Saniculeae. Conventional optical and polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used. In the clade Apieae, the studied species contained crystals in the exocarp and on the commissure, and often in the mesocarp parenchyma as well; the shapes of the crystals are small druses and crystal sand. The calcium content in the crystals was determined as 10–31%; crystals contain also carbon and oxygen and are most likely composed of calcium oxalate. In the fruits of Apiaceae studied, the silicon content is low (<0.3%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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13 pages, 7052 KiB  
Article
The Structural–Rhythmological Organization of Coelogyne (Orchidaceae Juss.) Inflorescences
by Galina Kolomeitseva, Vladimir Koval and Andrey Ryabchenko
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(1), 286-298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14010024 - 11 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1360
Abstract
The morphostructure of inflorescences in the genus Coelogyne Lindl. was studied for the first time using a structural–rhythmological approach. Three species of Coelogyne were used to describe one-season, intercalary, and all-season inflorescences. In C. monilirachis, a new type of all-season inflorescence was [...] Read more.
The morphostructure of inflorescences in the genus Coelogyne Lindl. was studied for the first time using a structural–rhythmological approach. Three species of Coelogyne were used to describe one-season, intercalary, and all-season inflorescences. In C. monilirachis, a new type of all-season inflorescence was identified, characterized by a prolonged sympodial growth of the rachis, lack of a pronounced dormant period, and thickening of all rachis internodes except the first. This inflorescence has been determined to be a compound monochasial cyme, with each floral unit represented by a separate flower. C. ovalis has a one-season inflorescence, with the floral unit being a determinate bracteous spike (stachyoid), and C. prolifera developed intercalary inflorescences united in an indeterminate bracteous spike. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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9 pages, 1255 KiB  
Article
Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis in Coelogyne speciosa subsp. fimbriata (J.J.Sm.) Gravendeel (Orchidaceae Juss.)
by Galina Kolomeitseva, Vladimir Koval, Andrey Ryabchenko and Alexander Babosha
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(1), 190-198; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14010016 - 29 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1885
Abstract
Understanding the critical stages in ovule development is essential for optimizing in vitro seed propagation, cryopreservation, and indirect somatic plant embryogenesis. We studied the main stages of the megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis of Coelogyne speciosa subsp. fimbriata (J.J.Sm.) Gravendeel by confocal laser scanning microscopy. [...] Read more.
Understanding the critical stages in ovule development is essential for optimizing in vitro seed propagation, cryopreservation, and indirect somatic plant embryogenesis. We studied the main stages of the megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis of Coelogyne speciosa subsp. fimbriata (J.J.Sm.) Gravendeel by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The ovule is anatropic, tenuinucellate, bitegmal, and funicular. The embryo sac is monosporic, Polygonum-type, bipolar, and usually 8-nuclear, but in cases of a reduction in the last mitotic division, it is 6-nuclear. Endosperm formation was not detected. The formation of a functional megaspore occurred 65–70 days after pollination (DAP), while the formation of a mature embryo sac and fertilization occurred after 85–100 DAP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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12 pages, 1767 KiB  
Article
Influence of Abiotic Stresses on Morphophysiological Characteristics and Biological Value of Grain Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
by Oksana Pavlovna Kibalnik, Irina Alexandrovna Sazonova, Yulia Valerievna Bochkareva, Vera Valerievna Bychkova and Dmitry Sergeevich Semin
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(1), 150-161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14010013 - 18 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1447
Abstract
Sorghum is the agricultural crop most adaptable to the effects of abiotic factors, able to tolerate prolonged soil and air droughts, changes in air temperature, insufficient precipitation, salinization, acidification of soils, and many others with the least loss of yield compared to traditional [...] Read more.
Sorghum is the agricultural crop most adaptable to the effects of abiotic factors, able to tolerate prolonged soil and air droughts, changes in air temperature, insufficient precipitation, salinization, acidification of soils, and many others with the least loss of yield compared to traditional crops such as wheat and barley. However, even among sorghum genotypes, there are samples with varying degrees of resistance to stressors, for example, drought. The aim of this study is a comprehensive study of the influence of abiotic factors on the physiological characteristics and biochemical parameters of sorghum grain. The experiment was carried out on the experimental field and laboratory conditions of the Rossorgo Institute. Drought resistance of plants is determined in the initial phase of development and during the flowering period by the degree of seed swelling in hypertonic solutions and the water regime of the leaves (total water content, water deficiency, moisture loss, and water-holding capacity). The quality of the grain is determined using the spectrophotometry method for the main biochemical components, and likewise, the separation of the protein into fractions. The growing conditions of plants in 2021–2022 differ significantly in terms of hydrothermal indicators. As a result of the conducted research for use in breeding programs for the creation of new varieties and hybrids with increased stress resistance selected samples L-65/14, Magistr has high drought resistance in the degree of seed swelling in hypertonic solutions (55.2–58.9%), which turned out to be at the level of the control variant (61.6–63.7%), and indicators of the water regime of the leaves (total water content of leaf tissues—74.20–77.83%; water-retaining capacity—83.77–85.56%; low moisture loss for 1 h/day—2.86–3.01%). These samples were characterized by the biological value determined by the optimal ratio of major indicators of grain and protein fractions: albumin (16.59–22.75%), globulin (8.13–9.09%), glutelin (9.09–14.01%), and prolamin (5.79–11.50%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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16 pages, 8837 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Root Cells during In Vitro Rhizogenesis under Action of NaCl in Two Tomato Genotypes Differing in Salt Tolerance
by Liliya R. Bogoutdinova, Ekaterina N. Baranova, Neonila V. Kononenko, Inna A. Chaban, Ludmila N. Konovalova, Alexander A. Gulevich, Elena M. Lazareva and Marat R. Khaliluev
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(1), 104-119; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14010010 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1556
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance as a complex trait is an integral part of many studies, the results of which have been used in the breeding process. The aim of this study was to compare the root response of two tomato [...] Read more.
Understanding the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance as a complex trait is an integral part of many studies, the results of which have been used in the breeding process. The aim of this study was to compare the root response of two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes (breeding line YaLF and cultivar Recordsmen) differing in salt tolerance. Rhizogenesis was induced in tomato shoots in vitro with different concentrations of NaCl in the culture medium. A number of morphobiological and cytological parameters were evaluated at the organ, tissue, and cellular levels for possible use in a comprehensive assessment of genotypes for salt tolerance. The influence of NaCl caused disruption of the cell cycle and redistribution of cells in the phases of the cell cycle. An increase in the degree of vacuolization was shown in cv Recordsmen at 75 and 150 mM NaCl and in the YaLF line at 150 mM NaCl. Under salt action, an increase/decrease in the length of cells such as columella cells (both genotypes) and epidermal cells (in cv Recordsmen at 75 and 150 mM NaCl) was shown. Differences between genotypes were demonstrated by changes in the area of the central cylinder and primary root cortex cells, as well as by changes of the Snucleolus/Snucleus ratio in these cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the modification of the chromatin structure in the root cells of these genotypes. Various cytoskeletal disorders were revealed in interphase cells of the tomato root of cv Recordsmen and the YaLF line by immunofluorescent staining under saline conditions. These morphometric and cytological parameters can be used for a comparative evaluation of genotypes differing in salt tolerance in a comprehensive assessment of varieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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11 pages, 61819 KiB  
Article
Clonal Micropropagation of Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe
by Muthab Hussien, Viktoriya Kryuchkova, Ekaterina Raeva-Bogoslovskaya and Olga Molkanova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(1), 28-38; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14010003 - 24 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1403
Abstract
Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe is one of the most beautiful species of the genus cymbidium which is used as a cut flower or indoor plant. However, it was registered as a rare species even in its original habitat. This study was carried out to [...] Read more.
Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe is one of the most beautiful species of the genus cymbidium which is used as a cut flower or indoor plant. However, it was registered as a rare species even in its original habitat. This study was carried out to develop a protocol for in vitro propagation of C. erythrostilum. We used protosomes obtained by the asymbiotic germination of seed on 1/2 of Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium (MS) supplemented with 1 mg/L 2-Isopentenyl adenine (2iP) as objects of study. During the multiplication stage, the number of formed protosomes on a culture medium containing 0.8 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) was higher (3.8 ± 0.2 protosomes). During the subsequent cultivation on ½ MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 6-BAP and 0.5 mg/L a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), the highest numbers of shoots (4.00 ± 0.19 shoots/plantlet) and leaves (4.50 ± 0.14 leaves/plantlet) were obtained. At the rooting stage under in vitro conditions, the most effective was the use of ½ MS nutrient medium with the addition of 0.5 mg/L of indolyl-3-butyric acid IBA, 1 g/l charcoal, and 50 g/l banana puree. The obtained plants were successfully adapted to a substrate consisting of bark, perlite, and peat in a ratio of 1:1:1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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10 pages, 1526 KiB  
Article
Population Structure of Pyrola chlorantha (Family Ericaceae) at the Southern Range Margin (Samara Region, Russia)
by Valentina Ilyina, Stepan Senator, Anna Mitroshenkova, Olga Kozlovskaya and Ivan Kazantsev
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2022, 13(4), 634-643; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb13040051 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1133
Abstract
The population structure of endangered species is one of the main criteria for assessing their state in their habitats. Representatives of the Ericaceae family are sensitive to environmental changes, including anthropogenic pressure; thus, they are considered the indicator species in assessing phytocenose stability. [...] Read more.
The population structure of endangered species is one of the main criteria for assessing their state in their habitats. Representatives of the Ericaceae family are sensitive to environmental changes, including anthropogenic pressure; thus, they are considered the indicator species in assessing phytocenose stability. The population structure and density of the threatened species green-flowered wintergreen, Pyrola chlorantha Sw., have been described at the southern range margin (south-east of the European part of Russia, Samara Region). The observations were performed here in 2006–2021, and the main parameters of the age and spatial structure of P. chlorantha populations were revealed for the first time. Green-flowered wintergreen populations were studied at monitoring study sites and at temporarily established study plots. A bush part (ramet) was set as a counting unit. In total, 27 sub-populations were surveyed, with 1520 individuals registered. The age structure of populations was characterized using common demographic indicators: the recovery index and the population age index. The age structure of the population was associated with the efficiency of both vegetative and seed reproduction. Generally, the share of pre-generative individuals was 32.3%, generative, 66.9%, and senile, 1.8%. The studied populations were stable due to low anthropogenic impact at the growth sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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Review

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13 pages, 13902 KiB  
Review
Histological Approach to the Study of Morphogenesis in Callus Cultures In Vitro: A Review
by Natalia Kruglova, Anna Zinatullina and Natalia Yegorova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 533-545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020042 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1776
Abstract
The use of in vitro callus cultures as experimental model systems allows us to get closer to understanding the patterns and features of morphogenesis in intact plants. In this regard, the problem of realizing the morphogenetic potential of callus cells due to their [...] Read more.
The use of in vitro callus cultures as experimental model systems allows us to get closer to understanding the patterns and features of morphogenesis in intact plants. In this regard, the problem of realizing the morphogenetic potential of callus cells due to their pluri- and totipotency properties is of great interest. To solve this problem, it is important to use the histological approach, which involves studying the structures of developing tissues, organs and organisms in their interactions and relationships. This review article analyzes data devoted to the study of the histological features of formed primary morphogenic calli (formation of morphogenetic centers and superficial meristematic zones), as well as the in vitro morphogenesis pathways in calli that lead to the formation of regenerants (de novo organogenesis and in vitro somatic embryogenesis). The terminology used is considered. Some questions for discussion are raised. The opinion is expressed that histological (structural) studies should be considered as a methodologic basis for further investigation of various morphogenetic scenarios in in vitro callus cultures, especially in economically valuable plants and for biotechnological purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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