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Anti-Tumor Immune Response in Three Dimensional Culture Systems

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 3078

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The immune response has a key role in the regulation of several features of cancer cells, such as growth, expansion, and metastasization. Indeed, it is evident that anti-tumor effector lymphocytes including the innate arm of immune system as natural killer (NK) and innate lymphoid cells (ILC), as well as different subsets of T lymphocytes, can be involved in the regulation of cancer development. Additionally, it is clear that animal models cannot fully resemble the pathophysiological microenvironment that exists during tumor cell growth and selection of tumor cells with the driven mutations which are leading to the uncontrollable expansion of the tumor. On the other hand, the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems with either well-established cell lines or primary patient-derived tumor cells that can be a model to study immune response in vitro is becoming more frequent and reliable. These models are mainly tumor spheroids and organoids produced by several artificial means. The immunological studies that can be performed with these 3D culture systems can deal not only with the classical killing of tumor cells but also with the localization and cytokine regulation of immune cells in the context of the spheroid and/or organoid microenvironment. This Special Issue of IJMS will offer an updated overview of the main 3D models applied to study several aspects of the immune response, with a special focus on cancer development and anti-tumor drug selection.

Prof. Dr. Alessandro Poggi
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

24 pages, 2088 KiB  
Review
Photodynamic Therapy-Mediated Immune Responses in Three-Dimensional Tumor Models
by Nkune Williams Nkune, Nokuphila Winifred Nompumelelo Simelane, Hanieh Montaseri and Heidi Abrahamse
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(23), 12618; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312618 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2406
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive phototherapeutic approach for cancer therapy that can eliminate local tumor cells and produce systemic antitumor immune responses. In recent years, significant efforts have been made in developing strategies to further investigate the immune mechanisms triggered by [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive phototherapeutic approach for cancer therapy that can eliminate local tumor cells and produce systemic antitumor immune responses. In recent years, significant efforts have been made in developing strategies to further investigate the immune mechanisms triggered by PDT. The majority of in vitro experimental models still rely on the two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures that do not mimic a three-dimensional (3D) cellular environment in the human body, such as cellular heterogeneity, nutrient gradient, growth mechanisms, and the interaction between cells as well as the extracellular matrix (ECM) and therapeutic resistance to anticancer treatments. In addition, in vivo animal studies are highly expensive and time consuming, which may also show physiological discrepancies between animals and humans. In this sense, there is growing interest in the utilization of 3D tumor models, since they precisely mimic different features of solid tumors. This review summarizes the characteristics and techniques for 3D tumor model generation. Furthermore, we provide an overview of innate and adaptive immune responses induced by PDT in several in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Future perspectives are highlighted for further enhancing PDT immune responses as well as ideal experimental models for antitumor immune response studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-Tumor Immune Response in Three Dimensional Culture Systems)
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