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Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Plant Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (24 January 2024) | Viewed by 15994

Special Issue Editors

Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
Interests: arabinogalactan proteins; cell cycle; cell wall; epigenetics; extensins; model plants; pectins; plant transformation; ploidy instability; proteomics; somatic embryogenesis; somaclonal variation; stem cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska St, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
Interests: cell differentiation; cell wall; auxin; somatic embryogenesis; nanoparticles; symplasmic communication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern plant cell biotechnology is a very diverse, multidisciplinary field of science. Biotechnological products are created by combining basic research in the field of biological sciences (biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, cell biology, immunology) and engineering sciences, and are used on a large scale in health care (medicine, pharmaceutical industry and diagnostics), agriculture, environmental protection, production (including food, chemicals and cosmetics) and the development of alternative energy sources.

This Special Issue includes a wide range of topics linked with plant cell biotechnology, with a particular but not exclusive emphasis on the use of agriculturally important plants. Recent research related, for example, to genetic engineering techniques; modification, editing and regulation of gene expression; and other related topics are welcome.

Dr. Alexander Betekhtin
Prof. Dr. Ewa Kurczyńska
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • genetic engineering techniques
  • gene modification
  • gene editing
  • regulation of gene expression

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 7357 KiB  
Article
Unregulated GmAGL82 due to Phosphorus Deficiency Positively Regulates Root Nodule Growth in Soybean
by Jia Song, Ying Liu, Wangxiao Cai, Silin Zhou, Xi Fan, Hanqiao Hu, Lei Ren and Yingbin Xue
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031802 - 01 Feb 2024
Viewed by 788
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation, occurring through the symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia in root nodules, is crucial in sustainable agriculture. Nodulation and soybean production are influenced by low levels of phosphorus stress. In this study, we discovered a MADS transcription factor, GmAGL82, which [...] Read more.
Nitrogen fixation, occurring through the symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia in root nodules, is crucial in sustainable agriculture. Nodulation and soybean production are influenced by low levels of phosphorus stress. In this study, we discovered a MADS transcription factor, GmAGL82, which is preferentially expressed in nodules and displays significantly increased expression under conditions of phosphate (Pi) deficiency. The overexpression of GmAGL82 in composite transgenic plants resulted in an increased number of nodules, higher fresh weight, and enhanced soluble Pi concentration, which subsequently increased the nitrogen content, phosphorus content, and overall growth of soybean plants. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that the overexpression of GmAGL82 significantly upregulated the expression of genes associated with nodule growth, such as GmENOD100, GmHSP17.1, GmHSP17.9, GmSPX5, and GmPIN9d. Based on these findings, we concluded that GmAGL82 likely participates in the phosphorus signaling pathway and positively regulates nodulation in soybeans. The findings of this research may lay the theoretical groundwork for further studies and candidate gene resources for the genetic improvement of nutrient-efficient soybean varieties in acidic soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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16 pages, 3340 KiB  
Article
Differences in the Occurrence of Cell Wall Components between Distinct Cell Types in Glands of Drosophyllum lusitanicum
by Bartosz J. Płachno, Małgorzata Kapusta, Piotr Stolarczyk, Piotr Świątek and Irene Lichtscheidl
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(20), 15045; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015045 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1177
Abstract
Carnivorous plants are mixotrophs that have developed the ability to lure, trap, and digest small organisms and utilize components of the digested bodies. Leaves of Drosophyllum lusitanicum have two kinds of glands (emergences): stalked mucilage glands and sessile digestive glands. The stalked mucilage [...] Read more.
Carnivorous plants are mixotrophs that have developed the ability to lure, trap, and digest small organisms and utilize components of the digested bodies. Leaves of Drosophyllum lusitanicum have two kinds of glands (emergences): stalked mucilage glands and sessile digestive glands. The stalked mucilage glands perform the primary role in prey lure and trapping. Apart from their role in carnivory, they absorb water condensed from oceanic fog; thus, plants can survive in arid conditions. To better understand the function of carnivorous plant emergences, the molecular composition of their cell walls was investigated using immunocytochemical methods. In this research, Drosophyllum lusitanicum was used as a study system to determine whether cell wall immunocytochemistry differs between the mucilage and digestive glands of other carnivorous plant species. Light and electron microscopy were used to observe gland structure. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of carbohydrate epitopes associated with the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The mucilage gland (emergence) consists of a glandular head, a connecting neck zone, and stalk. The gland head is formed by an outer and inner layer of glandular (secretory) cells and supported by a layer of endodermoid (barrier) cells. The endodermoid cells have contact with a core of spongy tracheids with spiral-shaped thickenings. Lateral tracheids are surrounded by epidermal and parenchymal neck cells. Different patterns of cell wall components were found in the various cell types of the glands. Cell walls of glandular cells generally are poor in both low and highly esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) but enriched with hemicelluloses. Cell walls of inner glandular cells are especially rich in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The cell wall ingrowths in glandular cells are significantly enriched with hemicelluloses and AGPs. In the case of cell wall components, the glandular cells of Drosophyllum lusitanicum mucilage glands are similar to the glandular cells of the digestive glands of Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Dionaea muscipula. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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20 pages, 8068 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Survey of the RWP-RK Gene Family in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Functional Analysis
by Chenyu Lin, Xin Guo, Xiaohui Yu, Shuxia Li, Wenbin Li, Xiaoling Yu, Feng An, Pingjuan Zhao and Mengbin Ruan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(16), 12925; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612925 - 18 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1074
Abstract
The plant-specific RWP-RK transcription factor family plays a central role in the regulation of nitrogen response and gametophyte development. However, little information is available regarding the evolutionary relationships and characteristics of the RWP-RK family genes in cassava, an important tropical crop. Herein, 13 [...] Read more.
The plant-specific RWP-RK transcription factor family plays a central role in the regulation of nitrogen response and gametophyte development. However, little information is available regarding the evolutionary relationships and characteristics of the RWP-RK family genes in cassava, an important tropical crop. Herein, 13 RWP-RK proteins identified in cassava were unevenly distributed across 9 of the 18 chromosomes (Chr), and these proteins were divided into two clusters based on their phylogenetic distance. The NLP subfamily contained seven cassava proteins including GAF, RWP-RK, and PB1 domains; the RKD subfamily contained six cassava proteins including the RWP-RK domain. Genes of the NLP subfamily had a longer sequence and more introns than the RKD subfamily. A large number of hormone- and stress-related cis-acting elements were found in the analysis of RWP-RK promoters. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that all MeNLP1-7 and MeRKD1/3/5 genes responded to different abiotic stressors (water deficit, cold temperature, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, NaCl, and H2O2), hormonal treatments (abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate), and nitrogen starvation. MeNLP3/4/5/6/7 and MeRKD3/5, which can quickly and efficiently respond to different stresses, were found to be important candidate genes for further functional assays in cassava. The MeRKD5 and MeNLP6 proteins were localized to the cell nucleus in tobacco leaf. Five and one candidate proteins interacting with MeRKD5 and MeNLP6, respectively, were screened from the cassava nitrogen starvation library, including agamous-like mads-box protein AGL14, metallothionein 2, Zine finger FYVE domain containing protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, E3 Ubiquitin-protein ligase HUWE1, and PPR repeat family protein. These results provided a solid basis to understand abiotic stress responses and signal transduction mediated by RWP-RK genes in cassava. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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19 pages, 5065 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Gold Nanoparticles on Somatic Embryogenesis Using the Example of Arabidopsis thaliana
by Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska, Anna Milewska-Hendel, Katarzyna Sala, Rafał Barański and Ewa Kurczyńska
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(12), 10356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210356 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1211
Abstract
Although the influence of nanoparticles (NPs) on developmental processes is better understood, little is known about their impact on somatic embryogenesis (SE). This process involves changes in the direction of cell differentiation. Thus, studying the effect of NPs on SE is essential to [...] Read more.
Although the influence of nanoparticles (NPs) on developmental processes is better understood, little is known about their impact on somatic embryogenesis (SE). This process involves changes in the direction of cell differentiation. Thus, studying the effect of NPs on SE is essential to reveal their impact on cell fate. This study aimed to examine the influence of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with different surface charges on the SE of 35S:BBM Arabidopsis thaliana, with particular emphasis on the spatiotemporal localization of pectic arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensin epitopes in cells changing the direction of their differentiation. The results show that under the influence of nanoparticles, the explant cells of 35S:BBM Arabidopsis thaliana seedling origin did not enter the path of SE. Bulges and the formation of organ-like structures were observed in these explants, in contrast to the control, where somatic embryos developed. Additionally, spatiotemporal changes in the chemical composition of the cell walls during the culture were observed. Under the influence of Au NPs, the following effects were observed: (1) explant cells did not enter the SE pathway, (2) the impacts of Au NPs with different surface charges on the explants were variable, and (3) the compositions of the analyzed pectic AGPs and extensin epitopes were diverse in the cells with different developmental programs: SE (control) and non-SE (treated with Au NPs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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15 pages, 5498 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification of the YABBY Gene Family in Dendrobium Orchids and Its Expression Patterns in Dendrobium chrysotoxum
by Qinyao Zheng, Xuewei Zhao, Ye Huang, Meng-Meng Zhang, Xin He, Shijie Ke, Yuanyuan Li, Cuili Zhang, Sagheer Ahmad, Siren Lan, Minghe Li and Zhong-Jian Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(12), 10165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210165 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1057
Abstract
The small plant-specific YABBY gene family plays key roles in diverse developmental processes in plants. Dendrobium chrysotoxum, D. huoshanense, and D. nobile are perennial herbaceous plants belonging to Orchidaceae with a high ornamental value. However, the relationships and specific functions of [...] Read more.
The small plant-specific YABBY gene family plays key roles in diverse developmental processes in plants. Dendrobium chrysotoxum, D. huoshanense, and D. nobile are perennial herbaceous plants belonging to Orchidaceae with a high ornamental value. However, the relationships and specific functions of the YABBY genes in the Dendrobium species remain unknown. In this study, six DchYABBYs, nine DhuYABBYs, and nine DnoYABBYs were identified from the genome databases of the three Dendrobium species, which were unevenly distributed on five, eight, and nine chromosomes, respectively. The 24 YABBY genes were classified into four subfamilies (CRC/DL, INO, YAB2, and FIL/YAB3) based on their phylogenetic analysis. A sequence analysis showed that most of the YABBY proteins contained conserved C2C2 zinc-finger and YABBY domains, while a gene structure analysis revealed that 46% of the total YABBY genes contained seven exons and six introns. All the YABBY genes harbored a large number of Methyl Jasmonate responsive elements, as well as anaerobic induction cis-acting elements in the promoter regions. Through a collinearity analysis, one, two, and two segmental duplicated gene pairs were identified in the D. chrysotoxum, D. huoshanense, and D. nobile genomes, respectively. The Ka/Ks values of these five gene pairs were lower than 0.5, indicating that the Dendrobium YABBY genes underwent negative selection. In addition, an expression analysis revealed that DchYABBY2 plays a role in ovary and early-stage petal development, while DchYABBY5 is essential for lip development and DchYABBY6 is crucial for early sepal formation. DchYABBY1 primarily regulates sepals during blooming. Furthermore, there is the potential involvement of DchYABBY2 and DchYABBY5 in gynostemium development. The results of a comprehensive genome-wide study would provide significant clues for future functional investigations and pattern analyses of YABBY genes in different flower parts during flower development in the Dendrobium species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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14 pages, 2179 KiB  
Article
Glycoalkaloid Composition and Flavonoid Content as Driving Forces of Phytotoxicity in Diploid Potato
by Katarzyna Szajko, Paulina Smyda-Dajmund, Jarosław Ciekot, Waldemar Marczewski and Dorota Sołtys-Kalina
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(2), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021657 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1455
Abstract
Despite their advantages, biotechnological and omic techniques have not been applied often to characterize phytotoxicity in depth. Here, we show the distribution of phytotoxicity and glycoalkaloid content in a diploid potato population and try to clarify the source of variability of phytotoxicity among [...] Read more.
Despite their advantages, biotechnological and omic techniques have not been applied often to characterize phytotoxicity in depth. Here, we show the distribution of phytotoxicity and glycoalkaloid content in a diploid potato population and try to clarify the source of variability of phytotoxicity among plants whose leaf extracts have a high glycoalkaloid content against the test plant species, mustard. Six glycoalkaloids were recognized in the potato leaf extracts: solasonine, solamargine, α-solanine, α-chaconine, leptinine I, and leptine II. The glycoalkaloid profiles of the progeny of the group with high phytotoxicity differed from those of the progeny of the group with low phytotoxicity, which stimulated mustard growth. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the upregulated flavonol synthase/flavonone 3-hydroxylase-like gene was expressed in the progeny of the low phytotoxicity group, stimulating plant growth. We concluded that the metabolic shift among potato progeny may be a source of different physiological responses in mustard. The composition of glycoalkaloids, rather than the total glycoalkaloid content itself, in potato leaf extracts, may be a driving force of phytotoxicity. We suggest that, in addition to glycoalkaloids, other metabolites may shape phytotoxicity, and we assume that these metabolites may be flavonoids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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16 pages, 756 KiB  
Article
The Use of DArTseq Technology to Identify Markers Linked to Genes Responsible for Seed Germination and Seed Vigor in Maize
by Bartosz Nowak, Agnieszka Tomkowiak, Jan Bocianowski, Aleksandra Sobiech, Roksana Bobrowska, Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski and Marianna Bocianowska
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 14865; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314865 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
Seed vigor and seed germination are very important traits, determined by several factors including genetic and physical purity, mechanical damage, and physiological condition, characterized by maintaining a high seed vigor and stable content after storage. The search for molecular markers related to improvement [...] Read more.
Seed vigor and seed germination are very important traits, determined by several factors including genetic and physical purity, mechanical damage, and physiological condition, characterized by maintaining a high seed vigor and stable content after storage. The search for molecular markers related to improvement in seed vigor under adverse condition is an important issue in maize breeding currently. Higher sowing quality of seeds is necessary for the development of the agriculture production and better ability to resist all kinds of adversity in the seeds’ storage. Condition is a very important factor affecting the yield of plants, thanks to the construction of their vitality. Identification of molecular markers associated with seed germination and seed vigor may prove to be very important in the selection of high-yielding maize varieties. The aim of this study was to identify and select new markers for maize (SNP and SilicoDArT) linked to genes influencing the seed germination and seed vigor in inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.). The plant material used for the research was 152 inbred maize lines. The seed germination and seed vigor were analyzed. For identification of SNP and SilicoDArT markers related to the seed germination and seed vigor, the SilicoDarT technique developed by Diversity Arrays Technology was used. The analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant differentiation between genotypes for both observed traits. Positive (r = 0.41) correlation (p < 0.001) between seed germination and seed vigor was observed. As a result of next-generation sequencing, the molecular markers SilicoDArT (53,031) and SNP (28,571) were obtained. Out of 81,602 identified SilicoDArT and SNP markers, 15,409 (1559 SilicoDArT and 13,850 SNP) were selected as a result of association mapping, which showed them to be significantly related to the analyzed traits. The 890 molecular markers were associated with seed vigor, and 1323 with seed germination. Fifty-six markers (47 SilicoDArT and nine SNP) were significant for both traits. Of these 56 markers, the 20 most significant were selected (five of these markers were significant at the level of 0.001 for seed vigor and at the level of 0.05 for seed germination, another five markers were significant at the level of 0.001 for seed germination and at the level of 0.05 for seed vigor, five markers significant at the level of 0.001 only for seed vigor and five significant at the level of 0.001 only for seed germination also selected). These markers were used for physical mapping to determine their location on the genetic map. Finally, it was found that six of these markers (five silicoDArT—2,435,784, 4,772,587, 4,776,334, 2,507,310, 25,981,291, and one SNP—2,386,217) are located inside genes, the action of which may affect both seed germination and seed vigor. These markers can be used to select genotypes with high vigor and good seed germination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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16 pages, 2563 KiB  
Article
SDG102, a H3K36-Methyltransferase-Encoding Gene, Plays Pleiotropic Roles in Growth and Development of Maize (Zea mays L.)
by Yongjian Li, Weifeng Sun, Zhenhui Wang, Chang Wan, Jun Zhang, Xin Qi and Jian Zhang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 7458; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137458 - 05 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1684
Abstract
Although histone lysine methylation has been studied in thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) in recent years, its function in maize (Zea mays L.) remains poorly characterized. To better understand the function of histone lysine [...] Read more.
Although histone lysine methylation has been studied in thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) in recent years, its function in maize (Zea mays L.) remains poorly characterized. To better understand the function of histone lysine methylation in maize, SDG102, a H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methylase, was chosen for functional characterization using overexpressed and knockout transgenic plants. SDG102-deficiency in maize caused multiple phenotypes including yellow leaves in seedlings, late-flowering, and increased adult plant height, while the overexpression of SDG102 led to reduced adult plant height. The key flowering genes, ZCN8/ZCN7 and MADS4/MADA67, were downregulated in SDG102-deficient plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed that H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) levels were reduced at these loci. Perturbation of SDG102 expression caused the misexpression of multiple genes. Interestingly, the overexpression or knockout of SDG102 also led to genome-wide decreases and increases in the H3K36me3 levels, respectively. Together, our results suggest that SDG102 is a methyltransferase that catalyzes the trimethylation of H3K36 of many genes across the maize genome, which are involved in multiple biological processes including those controlling flowering time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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Review

Jump to: Research

27 pages, 501 KiB  
Review
Alternative Splicing Variation: Accessing and Exploiting in Crop Improvement Programs
by Sangam L. Dwivedi, Luis Felipe Quiroz, Anireddy S. N. Reddy, Charles Spillane and Rodomiro Ortiz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(20), 15205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015205 - 15 Oct 2023
Viewed by 3094
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a gene regulatory mechanism modulating gene expression in multiple ways. AS is prevalent in all eukaryotes including plants. AS generates two or more mRNAs from the precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) to regulate transcriptome complexity and proteome diversity. Advances in next-generation [...] Read more.
Alternative splicing (AS) is a gene regulatory mechanism modulating gene expression in multiple ways. AS is prevalent in all eukaryotes including plants. AS generates two or more mRNAs from the precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) to regulate transcriptome complexity and proteome diversity. Advances in next-generation sequencing, omics technology, bioinformatics tools, and computational methods provide new opportunities to quantify and visualize AS-based quantitative trait variation associated with plant growth, development, reproduction, and stress tolerance. Domestication, polyploidization, and environmental perturbation may evolve novel splicing variants associated with agronomically beneficial traits. To date, pre-mRNAs from many genes are spliced into multiple transcripts that cause phenotypic variation for complex traits, both in model plant Arabidopsis and field crops. Cataloguing and exploiting such variation may provide new paths to enhance climate resilience, resource-use efficiency, productivity, and nutritional quality of staple food crops. This review provides insights into AS variation alongside a gene expression analysis to select for novel phenotypic diversity for use in breeding programs. AS contributes to heterosis, enhances plant symbiosis (mycorrhiza and rhizobium), and provides a mechanistic link between the core clock genes and diverse environmental clues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
10 pages, 1409 KiB  
Review
Graph Pangenomes Track Genetic Variants for Crop Improvement
by Amir Hameed, Pawel Poznanski, Anna Nadolska-Orczyk and Waclaw Orczyk
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 13420; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113420 - 03 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1831
Abstract
Global climate change and the urgency to transform crops require an exhaustive genetic evaluation. The large polyploid genomes of food crops, such as cereals, make it difficult to identify candidate genes with confirmed hereditary. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been proficient in [...] Read more.
Global climate change and the urgency to transform crops require an exhaustive genetic evaluation. The large polyploid genomes of food crops, such as cereals, make it difficult to identify candidate genes with confirmed hereditary. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been proficient in identifying genetic variants that are associated with complex traits, the resolution of acquired heritability faces several significant bottlenecks such as incomplete detection of structural variants (SV), genetic heterogeneity, and/or locus heterogeneity. Consequently, a biased estimate is generated with respect to agronomically complex traits. The graph pangenomes have resolved this missing heritability and provide significant details in terms of specific loci segregating among individuals and evolving to variations. The graph pangenome approach facilitates crop improvements through genome-linked fast breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Plant Cell Biotechnology: From Genes to Structure)
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