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Carbonaceous Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation and Application

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2023) | Viewed by 9656

Special Issue Editors

Department of Food Quality Analysis and Evaluation, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
Interests: organic synthesis; chromatography; materials; agriculture; food chemistry; food nanotechnology; material characterization; polymers; nanoparticles; nanomaterials; biocomposites; biopolymers; polymeric materials
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field of science. Innovative structures used in nanotechnology are applied in various fields: the agro-food industry; medical and biological sciences; cosmetics; and many other areas of our lives. The discovery of carbon allotropes, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene as well as carbon quantum dots, has revolutionized the industry. Carbon-allotrope-based nanocomposites have become a leading sector for exploration and progress due to their unique mechanical, optical and electrical properties. Carbon nanoparticles are most widely used as nanofillers in composite materials, as this combination can considerably enhance their functionality. Their key functional properties include extremely good electrical and thermal conductivity, electrochemical and thermal stability, and mechanical strength. The latest studies have also shown their high biocompatibility with cells such as osteocytes and neurons, as well as their antimicrobial activity, which greatly increases their applicability in biomedical sciences. Thanks to the rapid development of nanotechnology, the traditional agro-food sector is being transformed. The development of new nanomaterials has led to an improvement in the quality and safety of food, an increase in crops through the better monitoring of growing plant growth, and the protection of the environment. Medicine is an area where nanotechnology seems to be extremely influential. Nanodevices and nanomaterials have great potential in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases. This is mainly due to the ability of nanostructures to penetrate human cells, thus enabling targeted therapy and accurate detection of the source of disease. The precision of nanotechnology makes it a potential technology for cancer detection and therapy. In the diagnosis of these diseases, nanoparticles are used as contrast agents to detect cancer cells at an early stage and monitor treatment progress. A wide area of scientific interest is the use of carbon nanoparticles in energy storage. Carbon nanotubes and their analogues have great potential in electrical and electronic applications, such as photovoltaics, sensors, semiconductor devices, displays, conductors, smart materials, and energy conversion devices. The production of new varieties of carbonaceous nanomaterials and the study of their properties as well as their subsequent functionalization are important tasks in nanotechnology and materials engineering.

Therefore, this Special Issue aims to present the progress of groundbreaking research into the design, production, and application of carbonaceous nanomaterials in various areas of our lives.

Prof. Dr. Magdalena Krystyjan
Prof. Dr. Gohar Khachatryan
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • carbon nanomaterials
  • carbon (nano)fillers
  • graphene
  • carbon nanotubes
  • carbon quantum dots
  • nanoparticles
  • nanostructures

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 5202 KiB  
Article
Enhanced CO2 Capture of Poly(amidoamine)-Modified Graphene Oxide Aerogels with the Addition of Carbon Nanotubes
by Alina Iuliana Pruna, Alfonso Cárcel, Adolfo Benedito and Enrique Giménez
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3865; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043865 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1449
Abstract
Innovative dendrimer-modified graphene oxide (GO) aerogels are reported by employing generation 3.0 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer and a combined synthesis approach based on the hydrothermal method and freeze-casting followed by lyophilization. The properties of modified aerogels were investigated with the dendrimer concentration and the [...] Read more.
Innovative dendrimer-modified graphene oxide (GO) aerogels are reported by employing generation 3.0 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer and a combined synthesis approach based on the hydrothermal method and freeze-casting followed by lyophilization. The properties of modified aerogels were investigated with the dendrimer concentration and the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in varying ratios. Aerogel properties were evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The obtained results indicated a strong correlation of the N content with the PAMAM/CNT ratio, where optimum values were revealed. The CO2 adsorption performance on the modified aerogels increased with the concentration of the dendrimer at an appropriate PAMAM/CNT ratio, reaching the value of 2.23 mmol g−1 at PAMAM/CNT ratio of 0.6/0.12 (mg mL−1). The reported results confirm that CNTs could be exploited to improve the functionalization/reduction degree in PAMAM-modified GO aerogels for CO2 capture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonaceous Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation and Application)
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11 pages, 4592 KiB  
Article
3D-Structured and Blood-Contact-Safe Graphene Materials
by Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska, Marta Michalska-Sionkowska, Pawel Binkowski, Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz and Piotr Kamedulski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3576; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043576 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1248
Abstract
Graphene is a promising material that may be potentially used in biomedical applications, mainly for drug delivery applications. In our study, we propose an inexpensive 3D graphene preparation method by wet chemical exfoliation. The morphology of the graphene was studied by SEM and [...] Read more.
Graphene is a promising material that may be potentially used in biomedical applications, mainly for drug delivery applications. In our study, we propose an inexpensive 3D graphene preparation method by wet chemical exfoliation. The morphology of the graphene was studied by SEM and HRTEM. Moreover, the volumetric elemental composition (C, N, and H) of the materials was analyzed, and Raman spectra of prepared graphene samples were obtained. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, relevant isotherms, and specific surface area were measured. Survey spectra and micropore volume calculations were made. In addition, the antioxidant activity and hemolysis rate in contact with blood were determined. Activity against free radicals of graphene samples before and after thermal modification was tested using the DPPH method. The RSA of the material increased after graphene modification, which suggests that antioxidant properties were improved. All tested graphene samples caused hemolysis in the range of 0.28–0.64%. The results showed that all tested 3D graphene samples might be classified as nonhemolytic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonaceous Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation and Application)
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13 pages, 2164 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Silver and Gold Nanocomposites Based on Potato Starch in Distilled and Cold Plasma-Treated Water
by Magdalena Janik, Karen Khachatryan, Gohar Khachatryan, Magdalena Krystyjan and Zdzisław Oszczęda
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032200 - 22 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1686
Abstract
Nanometal-containing biocomposites find wide use in many industries and fields of science. The physicochemical properties of these materials depend on the character of the polymer, the size and shape of the metallic nanoparticles, and the interactions between the biopolymer and the nanoparticles. The [...] Read more.
Nanometal-containing biocomposites find wide use in many industries and fields of science. The physicochemical properties of these materials depend on the character of the polymer, the size and shape of the metallic nanoparticles, and the interactions between the biopolymer and the nanoparticles. The aim of the work was to synthesise and study the effect of plasma-treated water on the properties of the obtained metallic nanoparticles as well as the physicochemical and functional properties of nanocomposites based on potato starch. The metallic nanoparticles were synthesised within a starch paste made in distilled water and in distilled water exposed to low-temperature, low-pressure plasma. The materials produced were characterised in terms of their physicochemical properties. Studies have shown that gold and silver nanoparticles were successfully obtained in a matrix of potato starch in distilled water and plasma water. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images and UV-Vis spectra confirmed the presence of nanosilver and nanosilver in the obtained composites. On the basis of microscopic images, the size of nanoparticles was estimated in the range from 5 to 20 nm for nanoAg and from 15 to 40 nm for nanoAu. The analysis of FTIR-ATR spectra showed that the type of water used and the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles did not lead to changes in the chemical structure of potato starch. DLS analysis showed that the nanoAg obtained in the plasma water-based starch matrix were smaller than the Ag particles obtained using distilled water. Colour analysis showed that the nanocomposites without nanometals were colourless, while those containing nanoAg were yellow, while those with nanoAu were dark purple. This work shows the possibility of using plasma water in the synthesis of nanometals using potato starch, which is a very promising polysaccharide in terms of many potential applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonaceous Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation and Application)
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13 pages, 3364 KiB  
Article
Voltammetric Quantification of Anti-Cancer Antibiotic Bleomycin Using an Electrochemically Pretreated and Decorated with Lead Nanoparticles Screen-Printed Sensor
by Jędrzej Kozak, Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko and Radovan Metelka
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(1), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010472 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
In this paper, we report a highly sensitive voltammetric sensor for the determination of the anti-cancer antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) based on a screen-printed carbon sensor that is electrochemically pretreated and decorated with lead nanoparticles in the sample solution (pSPCE/PbNPs). These sensor surface manipulations [...] Read more.
In this paper, we report a highly sensitive voltammetric sensor for the determination of the anti-cancer antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) based on a screen-printed carbon sensor that is electrochemically pretreated and decorated with lead nanoparticles in the sample solution (pSPCE/PbNPs). These sensor surface manipulations contribute to significant amplification of the analytical signal and improvement of its shape and repeatability. The effect of the electrochemical behavior of BLM on the pSPCE/PbNPs was examined by electrochemical strategies. CV, EIS, and XPS were used to compare the sensor surface modifications. The effects of the type and pH of the supporting electrolyte and the procedure parameters were optimized. The features of the proposed procedure include: (a) very low limits of detection and quantification (2.8 × 10−11 and 9.3 × 10−11 M, respectively), (b) linear ranges (1.0 × 10−10–2.0 × 10−9 M and 2.0 × 10−9–2.0 × 10−8 M, and (c) a high sensitivity of 0.32 µA/nM. The electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for the determination of BLM in wastewater and reference material of human urine samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonaceous Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation and Application)
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12 pages, 2027 KiB  
Article
The Consequences of Water Interactions with Nitrogen-Containing Carbonaceous Quantum Dots—The Mechanistic Studies
by Marek Wiśniewski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 14292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214292 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1050
Abstract
Despite the importance of quantum dots in a wide range of biological, chemical, and physical processes, the structure of the molecular layers surrounding their surface in solution remains unknown. Thus, knowledge about the interaction mechanism of Nitrogen enriched Carbonaceous Quantum Dots’ (N-CQDs) surface [...] Read more.
Despite the importance of quantum dots in a wide range of biological, chemical, and physical processes, the structure of the molecular layers surrounding their surface in solution remains unknown. Thus, knowledge about the interaction mechanism of Nitrogen enriched Carbonaceous Quantum Dots’ (N-CQDs) surface with water—their natural environment—is highly desirable. A diffusive and Stern layer over the N-CQDs, characterized in situ, reveals the presence of anionic water clusters [OH(H2O)n]. Their existence explains new observations: (i) the unexpectedly low adsorption enthalpy (ΔHads) in a pressure range below 0.1 p/ps, and ΔHads being as high as 190 kJ/mol at 0.11 p/ps; (ii) the presence of a “conductive window” isolating nature—at p/ps below 0.45—connected to the formation of smaller clusters and increasing conductivity above 0.45 p/ps, (iii) Stern layer stability; and (iv) superhydrophilic properties of the tested material. These observables are the consequences of H2O dissociative adsorption on N-containing basic centers. The additional direct application of surfaces formed by N-CQDs spraying is the possibility of creating antistatic, antifogging, bio-friendly coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonaceous Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation and Application)
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10 pages, 3677 KiB  
Article
Non-Thermal Ammonia Decomposition for Hydrogen Production over Carbon Films under Low-Temperature Plasma—In-Situ FTIR Studies
by Julia Moszczyńska, Xinying Liu and Marek Wiśniewski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 9638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179638 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1713
Abstract
Due to easy storage and transportation, liquid hydrogen carriers will play a significant role in diversifying the energy supply pathways by transporting hydrogen on a large scale. Thus, in this study, amorphous carbonaceous materials have been employed for hydrogen production via ammonia decomposition [...] Read more.
Due to easy storage and transportation, liquid hydrogen carriers will play a significant role in diversifying the energy supply pathways by transporting hydrogen on a large scale. Thus, in this study, amorphous carbonaceous materials have been employed for hydrogen production via ammonia decomposition under non-thermal plasma (NTP) conditions. The adsorption and splitting of ammonia over carbons differing in the chemical structure of surface functional groups have been investigated by in situ spectral studies directly under NTP conditions. As a result of NH3 physical and chemical sorption, surface species in the form of ammonium salts, amide and imide structures decompose immediately after switching on the plasma environment, and new functionalities are formed. Carbon catalysts are very active for NH3 splitting. The determined selectivity to H2 is close to 100% on N-doped carbon material. The data obtained indicate that the tested materials possess excellent catalytic ability for economical, COx-free hydrogen production from NH3 at a low temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonaceous Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation and Application)
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