Research

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22 pages, 5468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydration and Structural Adaptations of the Human CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 Active Sites by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

by Zbigniew Dutkiewicz and Renata Mikstacka

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(14), 11481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411481 - 14 Jul 2023

Viewed by 982

Abstract

Cytochromes CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, the members of the cytochrome P450 family 1, catalyze the metabolism of endogenous compounds, drugs, and non-drug xenobiotics which include substances involved in the process of carcinogenesis, cancer chemoprevention, and therapy. In the present study, the interactions of [...] Read more.

Cytochromes CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, the members of the cytochrome P450 family 1, catalyze the metabolism of endogenous compounds, drugs, and non-drug xenobiotics which include substances involved in the process of carcinogenesis, cancer chemoprevention, and therapy. In the present study, the interactions of three selected polymethoxy-trans-stilbenes, analogs of a bioactive polyphenol trans-resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) with the binding sites of CYP1 isozymes were investigated with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The most pronounced structural changes in the CYP1 binding sites were observed in two substrate recognition sites (SRS): SRS2 (helix F) and SRS3 (helix G). MD simulations show that the number and position of water molecules occurring in CYP1 APO and in the structures complexed with ligands are diverse. The presence of water in binding sites results in the formation of water–protein, water–ligand, and bridging ligand–water–protein hydrogen bonds. Analysis of the solvent and substrate channels opening during the MD simulation showed significant differences between cytochromes in relation to the solvent channel and the substrate channels 2c, 2ac, and 2f. The results of this investigation lead to a deeper understanding of the molecular processes that occur in the CYP1 binding sites and may be useful for further molecular studies of CYP1 functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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13 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A DSC Test for the Early Detection of Neoplastic Gastric Lesions in a Medium-Risk Gastric Cancer Area

by Valli De Re, Stefano Realdon, Roberto Vettori, Alice Zaramella, Stefania Maiero, Ombretta Repetto, Vincenzo Canzonieri, Agostino Steffan and Renato Cannizzaro

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043290 - 07 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1554

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to assess the accuracy of the proposed novel, noninvasive serum DSC test in predicting the risk of gastric cancer before the use of upper endoscopy. To validate the DSC test, we enrolled two series of individuals living in [...] Read more.

In this study, we aimed to assess the accuracy of the proposed novel, noninvasive serum DSC test in predicting the risk of gastric cancer before the use of upper endoscopy. To validate the DSC test, we enrolled two series of individuals living in Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy (n = 53 and n = 113, respectively), who were referred for an endoscopy. The classification used for the DSC test to predict gastric cancer risk combines the coefficient of the patient’s age and sex and serum pepsinogen I and II, gastrin 17, and anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G concentrations in two equations: Y1 and Y2. The coefficient of variables and the Y1 and Y2 cutoff points (>0.385 and >0.294, respectively) were extrapolated using regression analysis and an ROC curve analysis of two retrospective datasets (300 cases for the Y1 equation and 200 cases for the Y2 equation). The first dataset included individuals with autoimmune atrophic gastritis and first-degree relatives with gastric cancer; the second dataset included blood donors. Demographic data were collected; serum pepsinogen, gastrin G17, and anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG concentrations were assayed using an automatic Maglumi system. Gastroscopies were performed by gastroenterologists using an Olympus video endoscope with detailed photographic documentation during examinations. Biopsies were taken at five standardized mucosa sites and were assessed by a pathologist for diagnosis. The accuracy of the DSC test in predicting neoplastic gastric lesions was estimated to be 74.657% (65%CI; 67.333% to 81.079%). The DSC test was found to be a useful, noninvasive, and simple approach to predicting gastric cancer risk in a population with a medium risk of developing gastric cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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22 pages, 1597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discovery of Small Molecule COX-1 and Akt Inhibitors as Anti-NSCLC Agents Endowed with Anti-Inflammatory Action

by Mehlika Dilek Altıntop, Gülşen Akalın Çiftçi, Nalan Yılmaz Savaş, İpek Ertorun, Betül Can, Belgin Sever, Halide Edip Temel, Özkan Alataş and Ahmet Özdemir

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032648 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1874

Abstract

Targeted therapies have come into prominence in the ongoing battle against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) because of the shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy. In this context, indole-based small molecules, which were synthesized efficiently, were subjected to an in vitro colorimetric assay to evaluate [...] Read more.

Targeted therapies have come into prominence in the ongoing battle against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) because of the shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy. In this context, indole-based small molecules, which were synthesized efficiently, were subjected to an in vitro colorimetric assay to evaluate their cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory profiles. Compounds 3b and 4a were found to be the most selective COX-1 inhibitors in this series with IC₅₀ values of 8.90 µM and 10.00 µM, respectively. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to evaluate their anti-NSCLC and anti-inflammatory action, respectively. 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N′-(4-morpholinobenzylidene)acetohydrazide (3b) showed selective cytotoxic activity against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells through apoptosis induction and Akt inhibition. The in vivo experimental data revealed that compound 3b decreased the serum myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide levels, pointing out its anti-inflammatory action. Moreover, compound 3b diminished the serum aminotransferase (particularly aspartate aminotransferase) levels. Based on the in vitro and in vivo experimental data, compound 3b stands out as a lead anti-NSCLC agent endowed with in vivo anti-inflammatory action, acting as a dual COX-1 and Akt inhibitor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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17 pages, 6297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ONC201 Suppresses Neuroblastoma Growth by Interrupting Mitochondrial Function and Reactivating Nuclear ATRX Expression While Decreasing MYCN

by Jian-Ching Wu, Chao-Cheng Huang, Pei-Wen Wang, Ting-Ya Chen, Wen-Ming Hsu, Jiin-Haur Chuang and Hui-Ching Chuang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(2), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021649 - 13 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1850

Abstract

Neuroblastoma (NB) is characterized by several malignant phenotypes that are difficult to treat effectively without combination therapy. The therapeutic implication of mitochondrial ClpXP protease ClpP and ClpX has been verified in several malignancies, but is unknown in NB. Firstly, we observed a significant [...] Read more.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is characterized by several malignant phenotypes that are difficult to treat effectively without combination therapy. The therapeutic implication of mitochondrial ClpXP protease ClpP and ClpX has been verified in several malignancies, but is unknown in NB. Firstly, we observed a significant increase in ClpP and ClpX expression in immature and mature ganglion cells as compared to more malignant neuroblasts and less malignant Schwannian-stroma-dominant cell types in human neuroblastoma tissues. We used ONC201 targeting ClpXP to treat NB cells, and found a significant suppression of mitochondrial protease, i.e., ClpP and ClpX, expression and downregulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain subunits SDHB and NDUFS1. The latter was associated with a state of energy depletion, increased reactive oxygen species, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, consequently promoting apoptosis and suppressing cell growth of NB. Treatment of NB cells with ONC201 as well as the genetic attenuation of ClpP and ClpX through specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in the significant upregulation of the tumor suppressor alpha thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) and promotion of neurite outgrowth, implicating mitochondrial ClpXP proteases in MYCN-amplified NB cell differentiation. Furthermore, ONC201 treatment significantly decreased MYCN protein expression and suppressed tumor formation with the reactivation of ATRX expression in MYCN-amplified NB-cell-derived xenograft tumors. Taken together, ONC201 could be the potential agent to provide diversified therapeutic application in NB, particularly in NB with MYCN amplification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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21 pages, 5907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Synthesis of Acridine-Triazole and Acridine-Thiadiazole Derivatives and Their Inhibitory Effect against Cancer Cells

by Lini Huo, Xiaochen Liu, Yogini Jaiswal, Hao Xu, Rui Chen, Rumei Lu, Yaqin Nong, Leonard Williams, Yan Liang and Zhiruo Jia

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010064 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of novel acridine-triazole and acridine-thiadiazole derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds and the key intermediates were all evaluated for their antitumor activities against human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), human gastric cancer cells-803 (MGC-803), hepatocellular carcinoma [...] Read more.

We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of novel acridine-triazole and acridine-thiadiazole derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds and the key intermediates were all evaluated for their antitumor activities against human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), human gastric cancer cells-803 (MGC-803), hepatocellular carcinoma bel-7404 (BEL-7404), large cell lung cancer cells (NCI-H460), and bladder cancer cells (T24). Most of the compounds exhibited high levels of antitumor activity against MGC-803 and T24 but low toxicity against human normal liver cells (LO2), and their effect was even better than the commercial anticancer drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cis-platinum. Further, pharmacological mechanisms such as topo I, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and neovascularization were all evaluated. Only a few compounds exhibited potent topo I inhibitory activity at 100 μM. In addition, the most active compounds with an IC₅₀ value of 5.52–8.93 μM were chosen, and they could induce cell apoptosis in the G2 stage of MGC-803 or mainly arrest T24 cells in the S stage. To our delight, most of the compounds exhibited lower zebrafish cytotoxicity but could strongly inhibit the formation of zebrafish sub-intestinal veins, indicating a potential for clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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17 pages, 3233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BPR0C261, An Analogous of Microtubule Disrupting Agent D-24851 Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via p53-Dependent and p53-Independent Pathways

by Jyh-Der Leu, Shih-Ting Lin, Chiung-Tong Chen, C.-Allen Chang and Yi-Jang Lee

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 14083; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214083 - 15 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1264

Abstract

(1) Destabilization of microtubule dynamics is a primary strategy to inhibit fast growing tumor cells. The low cytotoxic derivative of microtubule inhibitor D-24851, named BPR0C261 exhibits antitumor activity via oral administration. In this study, we investigated if BPR0C261 could modulate the radiation response [...] Read more.

(1) Destabilization of microtubule dynamics is a primary strategy to inhibit fast growing tumor cells. The low cytotoxic derivative of microtubule inhibitor D-24851, named BPR0C261 exhibits antitumor activity via oral administration. In this study, we investigated if BPR0C261 could modulate the radiation response of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with or without p53 expression. (2) Different doses of BPR0C261 was used to treat human NSCLC A549 (p53+/+) cells and H1299 (p53−/−) cells. The cytotoxicity, radiosensitivity, cell cycle distribution, DNA damage, and protein expression were evaluated using an MTT assay, a colony formation assay, flow cytometry, a comet assay, and an immunoblotting analysis, respectively. (3) BPR0C261 showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity on A549 cells and H1299 cells with IC₅₀ at 0.38 μM and 0.86 μM, respectively. BPR0C261 also induced maximum G₂/M phase arrest and apoptosis in both cell lines after 24 h of treatment with a dose-dependent manner. The colony formation analysis demonstrated that a combination of low concentration of BPR0C261 and X-rays caused a synergistic radiosensitizing effect on NSCLC cells. Additionally, we found that a low concentration of BPR0C261 was sufficient to induce DNA damage in these cells, and it increased the level of DNA damage induced by a fractionation radiation dose (2 Gy) of conventional radiotherapy. Furthermore, the p53 protein level of A549 cell line was upregulated by BPR0C261. On the other hand, the expression of PTEN tumor suppressor was found to be upregulated in H1299 cells but not in A549 cells under the same treatment. Although radiation could not induce PTEN in H1299 cells, a combination of low concentration of BPR0C261 and radiation could reverse this situation. (4) BPR0C261 exhibits specific anticancer effects on NSCLC cells by the enhancement of DNA damage and radiosensitivity with p53-dependent and p53-independent/PTEN-dependent manners. The combination of radiation and BPR0C261 may provide an important strategy for the improvement of radiotherapeutic treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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19 pages, 6252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dysregulation of miRISC Regulatory Network Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

by Maheshkumar Kannan, Sridharan Jayamohan, Rajesh Kannan Moorthy, Siva Chander Chabattula, Mathan Ganeshan and Antony Joseph Velanganni Arockiam

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911300 - 25 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1630

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the third leading malignancy worldwide, causing high mortality in adults and children. The neuropathology-associated gene AEG-1 functions as a scaffold protein to correctly assemble the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and optimize or increase its activity. The overexpression of oncogenic [...] Read more.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the third leading malignancy worldwide, causing high mortality in adults and children. The neuropathology-associated gene AEG-1 functions as a scaffold protein to correctly assemble the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and optimize or increase its activity. The overexpression of oncogenic miRNAs periodically degrades the target tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenic miR-221 plays a seminal role in the carcinogenesis of HCC. Hence, the exact molecular and biological functions of the oncogene clusters miR-221/AEG-1 axis have not yet been examined widely in HCC. Here, we explored the expression of both miR-221 and AEG-1 and their target/associate genes by qRT-PCR and western blot. In addition, the role of the miR-221/AEG-1 axis was studied in the HCC by flow cytometry analysis. The expression level of the AEG-1 did not change in the miR-221 mimic, and miR-221-transfected HCC cells, on the other hand, decreased the miR-221 expression in AEG-1 siRNA-transfected HCC cells. The miR-221/AEG-1 axis silencing induces apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest and inhibits cellular proliferation and angiogenesis by upregulating p57, p53, RB, and PTEN and downregulating LSF, LC3A, Bcl-2, OPN, MMP9, PI3K, and Akt in HCC cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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20 pages, 6205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mass Spectrometric Metabolic Fingerprinting of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG)-Induced Inhibition of Glycolysis and Comparative Analysis of Methionine Restriction versus Glucose Restriction under Perfusion Culture in the Murine L929 Model System

by Julian Manuel Volland, Johannes Kaupp, Werner Schmitz, Anna Chiara Wünsch, Julia Balint, Marc Möllmann, Mohamed El-Mesery, Kyra Frackmann, Leslie Peter, Stefan Hartmann, Alexander Christian Kübler and Axel Seher

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169220 - 16 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1870

Abstract

All forms of restriction, from caloric to amino acid to glucose restriction, have been established in recent years as therapeutic options for various diseases, including cancer. However, usually there is no direct comparison between the different restriction forms. Additionally, many cell culture experiments [...] Read more.

All forms of restriction, from caloric to amino acid to glucose restriction, have been established in recent years as therapeutic options for various diseases, including cancer. However, usually there is no direct comparison between the different restriction forms. Additionally, many cell culture experiments take place under static conditions. In this work, we used a closed perfusion culture in murine L929 cells over a period of 7 days to compare methionine restriction (MetR) and glucose restriction (LowCarb) in the same system and analysed the metabolome by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition, we analysed the inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) over a period of 72 h. 2-DG induced very fast a low-energy situation by a reduced glycolysis metabolite flow rate resulting in pyruvate, lactate, and ATP depletion. Under perfusion culture, both MetR and LowCarb were established on the metabolic level. Interestingly, over the period of 7 days, the metabolome of MetR and LowCarb showed more similarities than differences. This leads to the conclusion that the conditioned medium, in addition to the different restriction forms, substantially reprogramm the cells on the metabolic level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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17 pages, 1472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discovery of Long Non-Coding RNA MALAT1 Amplification in Precancerous Colorectal Lesions

by Anna Siskova, Jan Kral, Jana Drabova, Klara Cervena, Kristyna Tomasova, Jiri Jungwirth, Tomas Hucl, Pavel Kohout, Sandra Summerova, Ludmila Vodickova, Pavel Vodicka and Veronika Vymetalkova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7656; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147656 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1969

Abstract

A colorectal adenoma, an aberrantly growing tissue, arises from the intestinal epithelium and is considered as precursor of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in adenomas, hypothesizing that chromosomal instability (CIN) occurs early in adenomas. We [...] Read more.

A colorectal adenoma, an aberrantly growing tissue, arises from the intestinal epithelium and is considered as precursor of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in adenomas, hypothesizing that chromosomal instability (CIN) occurs early in adenomas. We applied array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to fresh frozen colorectal adenomas and their adjacent mucosa from 16 patients who underwent colonoscopy examination. In our study, histologically similar colorectal adenomas showed wide variability in chromosomal instability. Based on the obtained results, we further stratified patients into four distinct groups. The first group showed the gain of MALAT1 and TALAM1, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The second group involved patients with numerous microdeletions. The third group consisted of patients with a disrupted karyotype. The fourth group of patients did not show any CIN in adenomas. Overall, we identified frequent losses in genes, such as TSC2, COL1A1, NOTCH1, MIR4673, and GNAS, and gene gain containing MALAT1 and TALAM1. Since long non-coding RNA MALAT1 is associated with cancer cell metastasis and migration, its gene amplification represents an important event for adenoma development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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Review

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34 pages, 1585 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modulating Glycolysis to Improve Cancer Therapy

by Chaithanya Chelakkot, Vipin Shankar Chelakkot, Youngkee Shin and Kyoung Song

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2606; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032606 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7513

Abstract

Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming and switch to a ‘glycolysis-dominant’ metabolic profile to promote their survival and meet their requirements for energy and macromolecules. This phenomenon, also known as the ‘Warburg effect,’ provides a survival advantage to the cancer cells and make the [...] Read more.

Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming and switch to a ‘glycolysis-dominant’ metabolic profile to promote their survival and meet their requirements for energy and macromolecules. This phenomenon, also known as the ‘Warburg effect,’ provides a survival advantage to the cancer cells and make the tumor environment more pro-cancerous. Additionally, the increased glycolytic dependence also promotes chemo/radio resistance. A similar switch to a glycolytic metabolic profile is also shown by the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, inducing a competition between the cancer cells and the tumor-infiltrating cells over nutrients. Several recent studies have shown that targeting the enhanced glycolysis in cancer cells is a promising strategy to make them more susceptible to treatment with other conventional treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. Although several targeting strategies have been developed and several of them are in different stages of pre-clinical and clinical evaluation, there is still a lack of effective strategies to specifically target cancer cell glycolysis to improve treatment efficacy. Herein, we have reviewed our current understanding of the role of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells and how targeting this phenomenon could be a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of conventional cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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13 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessReview

Taste and Smell Disorders in Cancer Treatment: Results from an Integrative Rapid Systematic Review

by Tania Buttiron Webber, Irene Maria Briata, Andrea DeCensi, Isabella Cevasco and Laura Paleari

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2538; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032538 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2324

Abstract

Taste and smell disorders (TSDs) are common side effects in patients undergoing cancer treatments. Knowing which treatments specifically cause them is crucial to improve patients’ quality of life. This review looked at the oncological treatments that cause taste and smell alterations and their [...] Read more.

Taste and smell disorders (TSDs) are common side effects in patients undergoing cancer treatments. Knowing which treatments specifically cause them is crucial to improve patients’ quality of life. This review looked at the oncological treatments that cause taste and smell alterations and their time of onset. We performed an integrative rapid review. The PubMed, PROSPERO, and Web of Science databases were searched in November 2022. The article screening and study selection were conducted independently by two reviewers. Data were analyzed narratively. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. A high heterogeneity was detected. Taste disorders ranged between 17 and 86%, while dysosmia ranged between 8 and 45%. Docetaxel, paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel, capecitabine, cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, anthracyclines, and oral 5-FU analogues were found to be the drugs most frequently associated with TSDs. This review identifies the cancer treatments that mainly lead to taste and smell changes and provides evidence for wider studies, including those focusing on prevention. Further studies are warranted to make conclusive indication possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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22 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessReview

Liquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer: Up-to-Date and Perspectives for Screening Programs

by Giovanna Maria Stanfoca Casagrande, Marcela de Oliveira Silva, Rui Manuel Reis and Letícia Ferro Leal

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2505; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032505 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4983

Abstract

Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer worldwide. Tissue biopsy is currently employed for the diagnosis and molecular stratification of lung cancer. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive approach to determine biomarkers from body fluids, such as blood, urine, sputum, and saliva. Tumor cells [...] Read more.

Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer worldwide. Tissue biopsy is currently employed for the diagnosis and molecular stratification of lung cancer. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive approach to determine biomarkers from body fluids, such as blood, urine, sputum, and saliva. Tumor cells release cfDNA, ctDNA, exosomes, miRNAs, circRNAs, CTCs, and DNA methylated fragments, among others, which can be successfully used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response. Predictive biomarkers are well-established for managing lung cancer, and liquid biopsy options have emerged in the last few years. Currently, detecting EGFR p.(Tyr790Met) mutation in plasma samples from lung cancer patients has been used for predicting response and monitoring tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi)-treated patients with lung cancer. In addition, many efforts continue to bring more sensitive technologies to improve the detection of clinically relevant biomarkers for lung cancer. Moreover, liquid biopsy can dramatically decrease the turnaround time for laboratory reports, accelerating the beginning of treatment and improving the overall survival of lung cancer patients. Herein, we summarized all available and emerging approaches of liquid biopsy—techniques, molecules, and sample type—for lung cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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14 pages, 1417 KiB

Open AccessReview

Statins as Repurposed Drugs in Gynecological Cancer: A Review

by Kai-Hung Wang, Chin-Hung Liu and Dah-Ching Ding

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 13937; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213937 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2293

Abstract

Discovering new drugs is an expensive and time-consuming process, including target identification, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic (PK) tests, pharmacodynamic (PD) tests, toxicity profiles, recommended dosage test, and observation of the side effects, etc. Repurposed drugs could bypass some steps, starting from phase II trials, and [...] Read more.

Discovering new drugs is an expensive and time-consuming process, including target identification, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic (PK) tests, pharmacodynamic (PD) tests, toxicity profiles, recommended dosage test, and observation of the side effects, etc. Repurposed drugs could bypass some steps, starting from phase II trials, and shorten the processes. Statins, also known as HMG-CoA inhibitors (HMGCR), are commonly used to manage and prevent various cardiovascular diseases and have been shown to improve the morbidity and mortality of patients. In addition to the inhibitory effects on the production of cholesterol, the beneficial effects of statins on the prognosis and risk of various cancers are also shown. Statins not only inhibited cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance but affected the tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, statins have great potential to be repurposed in oncology. Hence, we review the meta-analysis, cohort, and case-control studies of statins in gynecological cancers, and elucidate how statins regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Although the results in gynecological cancers remain controversial and the effects of different statins in different histotypes of gynecological cancers and TME are needed to elucidate further, statins are excellent candidates and worthy of being repurposed drugs in treating gynecological cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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13 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Roles of the α-Catenin Family Member α-Catulin in Development, Homeostasis and Cancer Progression

by Mateusz Gielata, Kamila Karpińska, Tomasz Pieczonka and Agnieszka Kobielak

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911962 - 08 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

α-catulin, together with vinculin and the α-catenins, belongs to the vinculin family of proteins, best known for their actin-filament binding properties and crucial roles in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. In the past few years, an array of binding partners for α-catulin have surfaced, [...] Read more.

α-catulin, together with vinculin and the α-catenins, belongs to the vinculin family of proteins, best known for their actin-filament binding properties and crucial roles in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. In the past few years, an array of binding partners for α-catulin have surfaced, which has shed new light on the possible functions of this protein. Despite all this information, the molecular basis of how α-catulin acts in cells and controls a wide variety of signals during morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and cancer progression remains elusive. This review aims to highlight recent discoveries on how α-catulin is involved in a broad range of diverse biological processes with an emphasis on cancer progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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22 pages, 4404 KiB

Open AccessReview

Zinc Fingers and Homeobox Family in Cancer: A Double-Edged Sword

by Yonghua Bao, Haifeng Zhang, Zhixue Han, Yongchen Guo and Wancai Yang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911167 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1867

Abstract

The zinc fingers and homeobox (ZHX) family includes ZHX1, ZHX2, and ZHX3, and their proteins have similar unique structures, containing two C2H2-type zinc finger motifs and four or five HOX-like homeodomains. The members of the ZHX family can form homodimers or heterodimers with [...] Read more.

The zinc fingers and homeobox (ZHX) family includes ZHX1, ZHX2, and ZHX3, and their proteins have similar unique structures, containing two C2H2-type zinc finger motifs and four or five HOX-like homeodomains. The members of the ZHX family can form homodimers or heterodimers with each other or with a subunit of nuclear factor Y. Previous studies have suggested that ZHXs can function as positive or negative transcriptional regulators. Recent studies have further revealed their biological functions and underlying mechanisms in cancers. This review summarized the advances of ZHX-mediated functions, including tumor-suppressive and oncogenic functions in cancer formation and progression, the molecular mechanisms, and regulatory functions, such as cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, the differential expression levels and their association with good or poor outcomes in patients with various malignancies and differential responses to chemotherapy exert opposite functions of oncogene or tumor suppressors. Therefore, the ZHXs act as a double-edged sword in cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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13 pages, 840 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of RBMS3 Novel Potential Regulator of the EMT Phenomenon in Physiological and Pathological Processes

by Tomasz Górnicki, Jakub Lambrinow, Monika Mrozowska, Marzena Podhorska-Okołów, Piotr Dzięgiel and Jędrzej Grzegrzółka

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(18), 10875; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810875 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2019

Abstract

RNA-binding protein 3 (RBMS3) plays a significant role in embryonic development and the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially cancer initiation and progression. The multiple roles of RBMS3 are conditioned by its numerous alternative expression products. It has been proven that the main form [...] Read more.

RNA-binding protein 3 (RBMS3) plays a significant role in embryonic development and the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially cancer initiation and progression. The multiple roles of RBMS3 are conditioned by its numerous alternative expression products. It has been proven that the main form of RBMS3 influences the regulation of microRNA expression or stabilization. The absence of RBMS3 activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The expression of c-Myc, another target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, is correlated with the RBMS3 expression. Numerous studies have focused solely on the interaction of RBMS3 with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) protein machinery. EMT plays a vital role in cancer progression, in which RBMS3 is a new potential regulator. It is also significant that RBMS3 may act as a prognostic factor of overall survival (OS) in different types of cancer. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the role of RBMS3 in physiological and pathological processes, with particular emphasis on carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the role of RBMS3 are not fully understood; hence, a broader explanation and understanding is still needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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Open AccessReview

Nutrition as Personalized Medicine against SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Clinical and Oncological Options with a Specific Female Groups Overview

by Miriam Dellino, Eliano Cascardi, Marina Vinciguerra, Bruno Lamanna, Antonio Malvasi, Salvatore Scacco, Silvia Acquaviva, Vincenzo Pinto, Giovanni Di Vagno, Gennaro Cormio, Raffaele De Luca, Miria Lafranceschina, Gerardo Cazzato, Giuseppe Ingravallo, Eugenio Maiorano, Leonardo Resta, Antonella Daniele and Daniele La Forgia

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169136 - 15 Aug 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3130

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is acknowledged that vulnerable people can suffer from mortal complications of COVID-19. Therefore, strengthening the immune system particularly in the most fragile people could help to [...] Read more.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is acknowledged that vulnerable people can suffer from mortal complications of COVID-19. Therefore, strengthening the immune system particularly in the most fragile people could help to protect them from infection. First, general nutritional status and food consumption patterns of everyone affect the effectiveness of each immune system. The effects of nutrition could impact the level of intestinal and genital microbiota, the adaptive immune system, and the innate immune system. Indeed, immune system cells and mediators, which are crucial to inflammatory reaction, are in the structures of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins and are activated through vitamins (vit) and minerals. Therefore, the association of malnutrition and infection could damage the immune response, reducing the immune cells and amplifying inflammatory mediators. Both amount and type of dietary fat impact on cytokine biology, that consequently assumes a crucial role in inflammatory disease. This review explores the power of nutrition in the immune response against COVID-19 infection, since a specific diet could modify the cytokine storm during the infection phase. This can be of vital importance in the most vulnerable subjects such as pregnant women or cancer patients to whom we have deemed it necessary to dedicate personalized indications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Prevention with Molecular Target Therapies 3.0)

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