Research

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14 pages, 4531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of TiO₂ Nanotubes and Reduced Graphene Oxide on Streptococcus mutans and Preosteoblastic Cells at an Early Stage

by Min-Kyung Ji, Hyeonji Kim, Geonwoo Jeong, Won-Jae Kim, Je-Hwang Ryu, Hoonsung Cho and Hyun-Pil Lim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021351 - 22 Jan 2024

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Abstract

The effects of TiO₂ nanotube (TNT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) deposition onto titanium, which is widely used in dental implants, on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and preosteoblastic cells were evaluated. TNTs were formed through anodic oxidation on pure titanium, [...] Read more.

The effects of TiO₂ nanotube (TNT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) deposition onto titanium, which is widely used in dental implants, on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and preosteoblastic cells were evaluated. TNTs were formed through anodic oxidation on pure titanium, and rGO was deposited using an atmospheric plasma generator. The specimens used were divided into a control group of titanium specimens and three experimental groups: Group N (specimens with TNT formation), Group G (rGO-deposited specimens), and Group NG (specimens under rGO deposition after TNT formation). Adhesion of S. mutans to the surface was assessed after 24 h of culture using a crystal violet assay, while adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse preosteoblastic cell line, were evaluated after 24 and 72 h through a water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. TNT formation and rGO deposition on titanium decreased S. mutans adhesion (p < 0.05) and increased MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion and proliferation (p < 0.0083). In Group NG, S. mutans adhesion was the lowest (p < 0.05), while MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation was the highest (p < 0.0083). In this study, TNT formation and rGO deposition on a pure titanium surface inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans at an early stage and increased the initial adhesion and proliferation of preosteoblastic cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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17 pages, 4023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disparity in the Influence of Implant Provisional Materials on Human Gingival Fibroblasts with Different Phases of Cell Settlement: An In Vitro Study

by Takanori Matsuura, Stella Stavrou, Keiji Komatsu, James Cheng, Alisa Pham, Stephany Ferreira, Tomomi Baba, Ting-Ling Chang, Denny Chao and Takahiro Ogawa

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010123 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 556

Abstract

The development of healthy peri-implant soft tissues is critical to achieving the esthetic and biological success of implant restorations throughout all stages of healing and tissue maturation, starting with provisionalization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight different [...] Read more.

The development of healthy peri-implant soft tissues is critical to achieving the esthetic and biological success of implant restorations throughout all stages of healing and tissue maturation, starting with provisionalization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight different implant provisional materials on human gingival fibroblasts at various stages of cell settlement by examining initial cell attachment, growth, and function. Eight different specimens—bis-acrylic 1 and 2, flowable and bulk–fill composites, self-curing acrylic 1 and 2, milled acrylic, and titanium (Ti) alloy as a control—were fabricated in rectangular plates (n = 3). The condition of human gingival fibroblasts was divided into two groups: those in direct contact with test materials (contact experiment) and those in close proximity to test materials (proximity experiment). The proximity experiment was further divided into three phases: pre-settlement, early settlement, and late settlement. A cell culture insert containing each test plate was placed into a well where the cells were pre-cultured. The number of attached cells, cell proliferation, resistance to detachment, and collagen production were evaluated. In the contact experiment, bis-acrylics and composites showed detrimental effects on cells. The number of cells attached to milled acrylic and self-curing acrylic was relatively high, being approximately 70% and 20–30%, respectively, of that on Ti alloy. There was a significant difference between self-curing acrylic 1 and 2, even with the same curing modality. The cell retention ability also varied considerably among the materials. Although the detrimental effects were mitigated in the proximity experiment compared to the contact experiment, adverse effects on cell growth and collagen production remained significant during all phases of cell settlement for bis-acrylics and flowable composite. Specifically, the early settlement phase was not sufficient to significantly mitigate the material cytotoxicity. The flowable composite was consistently more cytotoxic than the bulk–fill composite. The harmful effects of the provisional materials on gingival fibroblasts vary considerably depending on the curing modality and compositions. Pre-settlement of cells mitigated the harmful effects, implying the susceptibility to material toxicity varies depending on the progress of wound healing and tissue condition. However, cell pre-settlement was not sufficient to fully restore the fibroblastic function to the normal level. Particularly, the adverse effects of bis-acrylics and flowable composite remained significant. Milled and self-curing acrylic exhibited excellent and acceptable biocompatibility, respectively, compared to other materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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16 pages, 10838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Surface Contaminants and Hydrocarbon Pellicle on the Results of Wettability Measurements of Titanium

by Daisuke Kido, Keiji Komatsu, Toshikatsu Suzumura, Takanori Matsuura, James Cheng, Jeong Kim, Wonhee Park and Takahiro Ogawa

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14688; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914688 - 28 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 818

Abstract

Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity—or wettability—is a key surface characterization metric for titanium used in dental and orthopedic implants. However, the effects of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity on biological capability remain uncertain, and the relationships between surface wettability and other surface parameters, such as topography and chemistry, are poorly understood. [...] Read more.

Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity—or wettability—is a key surface characterization metric for titanium used in dental and orthopedic implants. However, the effects of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity on biological capability remain uncertain, and the relationships between surface wettability and other surface parameters, such as topography and chemistry, are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of surface wettability of titanium and establish the reliability and validity of the assessment. Wettability was evaluated as the contact angle of ddH₂O. The age of titanium specimens significantly affected the contact angle, with acid-etched, microrough titanium surfaces becoming superhydrophilic immediately after surface processing, hydrophobic after 7 days, and hydrorepellent after 90 days. Similar age-related loss of hydrophilicity was also confirmed on sandblasted supra-micron rough surfaces so, regardless of surface topography, titanium surfaces eventually become hydrophobic or hydrorepellent with time. On age-standardized titanium, surface roughness increased the contact angle and hydrophobicity. UV treatment of titanium regenerated the superhydrophilicity regardless of age or surface roughness, with rougher surfaces becoming more superhydrophilic than machined surfaces after UV treatment. Conditioning titanium surfaces by autoclaving increased the hydrophobicity of already-hydrophobic surfaces, whereas conditioning with 70% alcohol and hydrating with water or saline attenuated pre-existing hydrophobicity. Conversely, when titanium surfaces were superhydrophilic like UV-treated ones, autoclaving and alcohol cleaning turned the surfaces hydrorepellent and hydrophobic, respectively. UV treatment recovered hydrophilicity without exception. In conclusion, surface roughness accentuates existing wettability and can either increase or decrease the contact angle. Titanium must be age-standardized when evaluating surface wettability. Surface conditioning techniques significantly but unpredictably affect existing wettability. These implied that titanium wettability is significantly influenced by the hydrocarbon pellicle and other contaminants inevitably accumulated. UV treatment may be an effective strategy to standardize wettability by making all titanium surfaces superhydrophilic, thereby allowing the characterization of individual surface topography and chemistry parameters in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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19 pages, 4033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Natural and Synthetic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pyomelanin for Potential Biomedical Applications

by Mateusz M. Urbaniak, Małgorzata Gazińska, Karolina Rudnicka, Przemysław Płociński, Monika Nowak and Magdalena Chmiela

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 7846; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097846 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1301

Abstract

Bacteria are the source of many bioactive compounds, including polymers with various physiological functions and the potential for medical applications. Pyomelanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a nonfermenting Gram-negative bacterium, is a black–brown negatively charged extracellular polymer of homogentisic acid produced during L-tyrosine catabolism. [...] Read more.

Bacteria are the source of many bioactive compounds, including polymers with various physiological functions and the potential for medical applications. Pyomelanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a nonfermenting Gram-negative bacterium, is a black–brown negatively charged extracellular polymer of homogentisic acid produced during L-tyrosine catabolism. Due to its chemical properties and the presence of active functional groups, pyomelanin is a candidate for the development of new antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory formulations. This work aimed to obtain bacterial water-soluble (Pyo_sol), water-insoluble (Pyo_insol) and synthetic (sPyo) pyomelanin variants and characterize their chemical structure, thermosensitivity and biosafety in vitro and in vivo (Galleria mallonella). FTIR analysis showed that aromatic ring connections in the polymer chains were dominant in Pyo_sol and sPyo, whereas Pyo_insol had fewer C_ar-C_ar links between rings. The differences in chemical structure influence the solubility of various forms of pyomelanins, their thermal stability and biological activity. Pyo_sol and Pyo_insol showed higher biological safety than sPyo. The obtained results qualify Pyo_sol and Pyo_insol for evaluation of their antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and proregenerative activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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17 pages, 4010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fundamental Properties and Clinical Application of 3D-Printed Bioglass Porcelain Fused to Metal Dental Restoration

by Yangan Yun, Hyeon Kang, Eun-Chae Kim, Sangwon Park, Yong-Seok Lee and Kwidug Yun

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087203 - 13 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1919

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties and clinical fitness of 3D-printed bioglass porcelain fused to metal (PFM) dental crowns. To evaluate the mechanical properties, tensile strength, Vickers microhardness, shear bond strength, and surface roughness tests of the SLM [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties and clinical fitness of 3D-printed bioglass porcelain fused to metal (PFM) dental crowns. To evaluate the mechanical properties, tensile strength, Vickers microhardness, shear bond strength, and surface roughness tests of the SLM printed Co-Cr alloy was conducted. A right mandibular 1st molar tooth was prepared for a single dental crown (n = 10). For a three-unit metal crown and bridge, the right mandibular first premolar and first molar were prepared. Bioglass porcelain was fired to fabricate PFM dental restorations. A clinical gap was observed and measured during each of the four times porcelain was fired. A statistical analysis was conducted. The SLM technique showed the largest statistically significant tensile strength and a 0.2% yield strength value. The milling technique had the lowest statistically significant compressive strength value. The shear bond strength and surface roughness showed no statistically significant difference between the fabricated method. There was a statistically significant change in marginal discrepancy according to the porcelain firing step. The casting technique showed the greatest statistically significant margin discrepancy value. The SLM method showed better fitness than the traditional casting method and showed better mechanical properties as a dental material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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20 pages, 7638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extensive Investigation on the Effect of Niobium Insertion on the Physical and Biological Properties of 45S5 Bioactive Glass for Dental Implant

by Imen Hammami, Sílvia Rodrigues Gavinho, Ana Sofia Pádua, Maria do Carmo Lança, João Paulo Borges, Jorge Carvalho Silva, Isabel Sá-Nogueira, Suresh Kumar Jakka and Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(6), 5244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065244 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1906

Abstract

Dental implants have emerged as one of the most consistent and predictable treatments in the oral surgery field. However, the placement of the implant is sometimes associated with bacterial infection leading to its loss. In this work, we intend to solve this problem [...] Read more.

Dental implants have emerged as one of the most consistent and predictable treatments in the oral surgery field. However, the placement of the implant is sometimes associated with bacterial infection leading to its loss. In this work, we intend to solve this problem through the development of a biomaterial for implant coatings based on 45S5 Bioglass^® modified with different amounts of niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅). The structural feature of the glasses, assessed by XRD and FTIR, did not change in spite of Nb₂O₅ incorporation. The Raman spectra reveal the Nb₂O₅ incorporation related to the appearance of NbO₄ and NbO₆ structural units. Since the electrical characteristics of these biomaterials influence their osseointegration ability, AC and DC electrical conductivity were studied by impedance spectroscopy, in the frequency range of 10²–10⁶ Hz and temperature range of 200–400 K. The cytotoxicity of glasses was evaluated using the osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells line. The in vitro bioactivity studies and the antibacterial tests against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria revealed that the samples loaded with 2 mol% Nb₂O₅ had the highest bioactivity and greatest antibacterial effect. Overall, the results showed that the modified 45S5 bioactive glasses can be used as an antibacterial coating material for implants, with high bioactivity, being also non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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17 pages, 3440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Anodized and Low-Pressure Oxygen Plasma-Treated Titanium Dental Implant Surface—Preliminary Report

by Jakub Hadzik, Kamil Jurczyszyn, Tomasz Gębarowski, Andrzej Trytek, Tomasz Gedrange, Marcin Kozakiewicz, Marzena Dominiak, Paweł Kubasiewicz-Ross, Anna Trzcionka-Szajna, Ernest Szajna and Wojciech Simka

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043603 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1471

Abstract

Chemical composition and physical parameters of the implant surface, such as roughness, regulate the cellular response leading to implant bone osseointegration. Possible implant surface modifications include anodization or the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment process that produces a thick and dense oxide coating [...] Read more.

Chemical composition and physical parameters of the implant surface, such as roughness, regulate the cellular response leading to implant bone osseointegration. Possible implant surface modifications include anodization or the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment process that produces a thick and dense oxide coating superior to normal anodic oxidation. Experimental modifications with Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) titanium and titanium alloy Ti6Al4V plates and PEO additionally treated with low-pressure oxygen plasma (PEO-S) were used in this study to evaluate their physical and chemical properties. Cytotoxicity of experimental titanium samples as well as cell adhesion to their surface were assessed using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) or L929 cell line. Moreover, the surface roughness, fractal dimension analysis, and texture analysis were calculated. Samples after surface treatment have substantially improved properties compared to the reference SLA (sandblasted and acid-etched) surface. The surface roughness (Sa) was 0.59–2.38 µm, and none of the tested surfaces had cytotoxic effect on NHDF and L929 cell lines. A greater cell growth of NHDF was observed on the tested PEO and PEO-S samples compared to reference SLA sample titanium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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Review

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20 pages, 700 KiB

Open AccessReview

Considerations about Cytotoxicity of Resin-Based Composite Dental Materials: A Systematic Review

by Kacper Wiertelak-Makała, Izabela Szymczak-Pajor, Kinga Bociong and Agnieszka Śliwińska

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010152 - 21 Dec 2023

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Abstract

The dental material industry is rapidly developing resin-based composites (RBCs), which find widespread use in a variety of clinical settings. As such, their biocompatibility has gained increasing interest. This literature review presents a summary of research into the cytotoxicity of methacrylate-based composites published [...] Read more.

The dental material industry is rapidly developing resin-based composites (RBCs), which find widespread use in a variety of clinical settings. As such, their biocompatibility has gained increasing interest. This literature review presents a summary of research into the cytotoxicity of methacrylate-based composites published from 2017 to 2023. Subject to analysis were 14 in vitro studies on human and murine cell lines. Cytotoxicity in the included studies was measured via MTT assay, LDH assay, and WST-1 assay. The QUIN Risk of Bias Tool was performed to validate the included studies. Included studies (based entirely on the results of in vitro studies) provide evidence of dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of dental resin-based composites. Oxidative stress and the depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH) were suggested as reasons for cytotoxicity. Induction of apoptosis by RBCs was indicated. While composites remain the golden standard of dental restorative materials, their potential cytotoxicity cannot be ignored due to direct long-term exposure. Further in vitro investigations and clinical trials are required to understand the molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity and produce novel materials with improved safety profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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14 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Salivary Gland Regeneration—Where Are We Today?

by David Muallah, Jan Matschke, Matthias Kappler, Lysann Michaela Kroschwald, Günter Lauer and Alexander W. Eckert

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108664 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2170

Abstract

Xerostomia is the phenomenon of dry mouth and is mostly caused by hypofunction of the salivary glands. This hypofunction can be caused by tumors, head and neck irradiation, hormonal changes, inflammation or autoimmune disease such as Sjögren’s syndrome. It is associated with a [...] Read more.

Xerostomia is the phenomenon of dry mouth and is mostly caused by hypofunction of the salivary glands. This hypofunction can be caused by tumors, head and neck irradiation, hormonal changes, inflammation or autoimmune disease such as Sjögren’s syndrome. It is associated with a tremendous decrease in health-related quality of life due to impairment of articulation, ingestion and oral immune defenses. Current treatment concepts mainly consist of saliva substitutes and parasympathomimetic drugs, but the outcome of these therapies is deficient. Regenerative medicine is a promising approach for the treatment of compromised tissue. For this purpose, stem cells can be utilized due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types. Dental pulp stem cells are adult stem cells that can be easily harvested from extracted teeth. They can form tissues of all three germ layers and are therefore becoming more and more popular for tissue engineering. Another potential benefit of these cells is their immunomodulatory effect. They suppress proinflammatory pathways of lymphocytes and could therefore probably be used for the treatment of chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. These attributes make dental pulp stem cells an interesting tool for the regeneration of salivary glands and the treatment of xerostomia. Nevertheless, clinical studies are still missing. This review will highlight the current strategies for using dental pulp stem cells in the regeneration of salivary gland tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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26 pages, 6325 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inorganic Compounds as Remineralizing Fillers in Dental Restorative Materials: Narrative Review

by Leena Ibraheem Bin-Jardan, Dalal Ibrahim Almadani, Leen Saleh Almutairi, Hadi A. Almoabid, Mohammed A. Alessa, Khalid S. Almulhim, Rasha N. AlSheikh, Yousif A. Al-Dulaijan, Maria S. Ibrahim, Afnan O. Al-Zain and Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098295 - 05 May 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2824

Abstract

Secondary caries is one of the leading causes of resin-based dental restoration failure. It is initiated at the interface of an existing restoration and the restored tooth surface. It is mainly caused by an imbalance between two processes of mineral loss (demineralization) and [...] Read more.

Secondary caries is one of the leading causes of resin-based dental restoration failure. It is initiated at the interface of an existing restoration and the restored tooth surface. It is mainly caused by an imbalance between two processes of mineral loss (demineralization) and mineral gain (remineralization). A plethora of evidence has explored incorporating several bioactive compounds into resin-based materials to prevent bacterial biofilm attachment and the onset of the disease. In this review, the most recent advances in the design of remineralizing compounds and their functionalization to different resin-based materials’ formulations were overviewed. Inorganic compounds, such as nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), calcium fluoride (CaF₂), bioactive glass (BAG), hydroxyapatite (HA), fluorapatite (FA), and boron nitride (BN), displayed promising results concerning remineralization, and direct and indirect impact on biofilm growth. The effects of these compounds varied based on these compounds’ structure, the incorporated amount or percentage, and the intended clinical application. The remineralizing effects were presented as direct effects, such as an increase in the mineral content of the dental tissue, or indirect effects, such as an increase in the pH around the material. In some of the reported investigations, inorganic remineralizing compounds were combined with other bioactive agents, such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), to maximize the remineralization outcomes and the antibacterial action against the cariogenic biofilms. The reviewed literature was mainly based on laboratory studies, highlighting the need to shift more toward testing the performance of these remineralizing compounds in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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58 pages, 4146 KiB

Open AccessReview

Functional Surface Coatings on Orthodontic Appliances: Reviews of Friction Reduction, Antibacterial Properties, and Corrosion Resistance

by Ruichu Zhang, Bing Han and Xiaomo Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 6919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086919 - 07 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2715

Abstract

Surface coating technology is an important way to improve the properties of orthodontic appliances, allowing for reduced friction, antibacterial properties, and enhanced corrosion resistance. It improves treatment efficiency, reduces side effects, and increases the safety and durability of orthodontic appliances. Existing functional coatings [...] Read more.

Surface coating technology is an important way to improve the properties of orthodontic appliances, allowing for reduced friction, antibacterial properties, and enhanced corrosion resistance. It improves treatment efficiency, reduces side effects, and increases the safety and durability of orthodontic appliances. Existing functional coatings are prepared with suitable additional layers on the surface of the substrate to achieve the abovementioned modifications, and commonly used materials mainly include metal and metallic compound materials, carbon-based materials, polymers, and bioactive materials. In addition to single-use materials, metal-metal or metal-nonmetal materials can be combined. Methods of coating preparation include, but are not limited to, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical deposition, sol-gel dip coating, etc., with a variety of different conditions for preparing the coatings. In the reviewed studies, a wide variety of surface coatings were found to be effective. However, the present coating materials have not yet achieved a perfect combination of these three functions, and their safety and durability need further verification. This paper reviews and summarizes the effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages, and clinical perspectives of different coating materials for orthodontic appliances in terms of friction reduction, antibacterial properties, and enhanced corrosion resistance, and discusses more possibilities for follow-up studies as well as for clinical applications in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Process Design and Development Strategies for Dental Materials)

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