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Health and Rehabilitation Issues in Malaysia Heading Towards 2020
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Health and Rehabilitation Issues in Malaysia Heading Towards 2020 (Closed)

A project collection of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601).

Papers displayed on this page all arise from the same project. Editorial decisions were made independently of project staff and handled by the Editor-in-Chief or qualified Editorial Board members.

Viewed by 92576

Project Leader

Prof. Dr. Suzana Shahar

E-Mail Website
Project Leader
Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
Interests: nutritional epidemiology; aging; clinical nutrition; neuroscience
Prof. Dr. Siti Balkis Budin

E-Mail Website
Project Leader
Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
Interests: diabetes and cardiovascular diseases; free radicals and antioxidants; toxicopathology
Prof. Dr. Bee Koon Poh

E-Mail Website
Project Leader
Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
Interests: childhood and adolescent nutrition; obesity and energy metabolism; physical activity; body composition

Project Overview

Dear Colleagues,

The Faculty of Health Sciences at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia is initiating a Project Collection titled “Health and Rehabilitation Issues in Malaysia Heading Towards 2020”.

Vision 2020 was introduced in 1991 with the Sixth Malaysia Plan. It was a call for Malaysia to become a self-sufficient developed nation by the year 2020. The vision encompasses not just economic prosperity and political stability, but also world class education and healthcare, as well as social and psychological well-being. Time has passed, and the nation has grown from a lower–middle-income in the early nineties to an upper–middle-income country. The infant mortality rate has reduced by nearly half, while life expectancy has increased by more than four years within the past three decades.

Today, our health problems have shifted from those of a developing country to those more closely resembling a developed nation. Three of the top five causes of deaths result from non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases and cancer) and only one infectious disease (pneumonia), with the third being traffic accidents. Over the past decades, the nation has also grown in leaps and bounds in terms of its public and private healthcare systems; Malaysia has been recognized as having the best healthcare in the world according to the International Living Annual Global Retirement Index over the past 5 years.

Today, it is just several months until the year 2020. This Project Collection hopes to be able to provide some answers in terms of the current health and rehabilitation issues facing the Malaysian population. This collection will encompass broad areas, with topics ranging from diet to physical activity, environment to mental health, and vision to hearing and speech. We hope that this collection will provide deeper insights into the impact of health policies and programs being planned for the upcoming 12th Malaysia Plan, which will be implemented from 2021 to 2025.

We invite healthcare professionals and researchers in Malaysia to contribute towards this Project Collection.

Prof. Dr. Suzana Shahar
Prof. Dr. Siti Balkis Budin
Prof. Dr. Bee Koon Poh
Project Leaders

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Aging
  • Diet
  • Environmental health
  • Exercise
  • Health
  • Hearing
  • Mental health
  • Non-communicable diseases
  • Nutrition
  • Physical activity
  • Public health
  • Oral health
  • Rehabilitation
  • Sleep
  • Smoking
  • Special needs
  • Speech
  • Vision
  • Malaysia

Published Papers (20 papers)

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2020

Jump to: 2019

8 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
A Survey on Salt Content Labeling of the Processed Food Available in Malaysia
by Hasnah Haron, Ivy Hiew, Suzana Shahar, Viola Michael and Rashidah Ambak
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072469 - 04 Apr 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4249
Abstract
Salt content in processed foods is high, and it is usually used as preservatives, stabilizers, and color enhancers in the products. Increased consumption of processed foods in the modern world has contributed to a high salt intake and thus increased the prevalence of [...] Read more.
Salt content in processed foods is high, and it is usually used as preservatives, stabilizers, and color enhancers in the products. Increased consumption of processed foods in the modern world has contributed to a high salt intake and thus increased the prevalence of hypertension among Malaysian populations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and compare salt content in processed food products available in supermarkets and determine the percentage of processed food products exceeding the reference value stated in International Product Criteria (2016). The percentage of processed food products without salt and sodium labeling was determined in this study, in which 76.5% of unlabeled processed food products were made in Malaysia, while 23.5% were imported products. The food group with the highest average salt content was gravy and sauce (3.97 g/100 g), followed by soup (2.95 g/100 g), cheese (2.14 g/100 g), meat (1.37 g/100 g), fish (1.25 g/100 g), chicken (1.20 g/100 g), vegetables (1.18 g/100 g), butter and margarine (1.13 g/100 g), breakfast cereal (0.94 g/100 g), savory snacks (0.90 g/100 g), flatbread (0.86 g/100 g), sweet snacks (0.30 g/100 g), and potato (0.29 g/100 g). In addition, 79.5% of butter and margarine products had an average salt content above the reference value stated in the International Product Criteria, followed by gravy and sauce (79.3%), vegetables (72%), soup (50%), fish (49.2%), breakfast cereal (41%), cheese (36.6%), potato (36%), savory and sweet snacks (29.1), meat (12.5%) and chicken products (2.3%). Most processed food products available in local supermarkets were high in salt content. Full article
17 pages, 704 KiB  
Article
Incidence and Predictors of Cognitive Frailty Among Older Adults: A Community-based Longitudinal Study
by Nurul Fatin Malek Rivan, Suzana Shahar, Nor Fadilah Rajab, Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh, Normah Che Din, Hazlina Mahadzir, Noor Ibrahim Mohamed Sakian, Wan Syafira Ishak, Mohd Harimi Abd. Rahman, Zainora Mohammed and Yee Xing You
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1547; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051547 - 28 Feb 2020
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 5979
Abstract
(1) Background: Cognitive frailty (CF) is the simultaneous presence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment with an increased risk of dementia. Considering that the risk factors of CF are mostly elucidated from cross-sectional studies, we conducted a community-based longitudinal study to determine the [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Cognitive frailty (CF) is the simultaneous presence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment with an increased risk of dementia. Considering that the risk factors of CF are mostly elucidated from cross-sectional studies, we conducted a community-based longitudinal study to determine the incidence and the predictors of CF among Malaysian older adults.; (2) Methods: Out of 490 older adults participating in the Malaysian Towards Useful Aging (TUA) study, 282 were successfully followed-up at five-years for an analysis of the CF incidence. CF was defined as a comorbid physical frailty (>1 Fried criteria) and mild cognitive impairment (Petersen criteria). A comprehensive interview-based questionnaire was administered for sociodemographic information, cognitive function, physical function, dietary intake, psychosocial, and biochemical indices. Univariate analyses were performed for each variable, followed by a regression analysis to identify the predictors of CF that accounted for confounding effects between the studied factors; (3) Results: The incidence rate of CF was 7.1 per 100 person-years. Advancing age (OR=1.12, 95% CI:1.04-1.21, p < 0.05), depression (OR=1.20, 95% CI:1.05-1.37, p < 0.05), decreased processing speed, assessed by a lower digit symbol score (OR=0.67, 95%CI:0.0.56-0.80, p < 0.05), decreased functional mobility measured using Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) (OR=1.23, 95% CI:1.04-1.46, p < 0.05), low vitamin D intake (OR:0.36, 95% CI:0.14-0.93, p < 0.05) and physical frailty (OR=2.16, 95% CI:1.02-4.58, p < 0.05) were predictors for CF incidence; and (4) Conclusions: Our study results could be used as an initial reference for future studies to formulate effective preventive management and intervention strategies to decelerate CF development among older adults. Full article
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2019

Jump to: 2020

15 pages, 460 KiB  
Article
Employment Experiences among Young Malaysian Adults with Learning Disabilities
by Dzalani Harun, Normah Che’ Din, Hanif Farhan Mohd Rasdi and Khadijah Shamsuddin
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010115 - 23 Dec 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4605
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the employment experiences of persons with learning disabilities (LDs) in developing countries, such as Malaysia. Factors associated with respondents’ employment were also determined. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among young adults with LD who left [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to describe the employment experiences of persons with learning disabilities (LDs) in developing countries, such as Malaysia. Factors associated with respondents’ employment were also determined. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among young adults with LD who left the special education programs in secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Ninety young adults with LD, aged 18 to 25 years were interviewed face-to-face at an agreed upon convenient place on their working experiences after leaving secondary schools. A total of 13 respondents were excluded from the analysis because their intellectual quotient (IQ) score demonstrated a high possibility of intellectual disability with IQ estimation <70. Of the 77 young adults analyzed, 74.0% reported having work experience and 64.9% were working at the time of interview. Statistical analysis showed significant associations between individual, family, and community factors with respondents’ employment. Two factors made a unique statistically significant contribution to the model (gender, p = 0.043 and adult service: Financial support p = 0.012). This study suggests the current school-to-work transition program at secondary and post-secondary schools should be improved to better prepare young adults with LD with necessary skills relevant for the current job market so that they could improve their employability. Full article
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13 pages, 3502 KiB  
Article
An Eye Tracking Analysis on Diagnostic Performance of Digital Fundus Photography Images between Ophthalmologists and Optometrists
by Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin and Azalia Razali
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010030 - 18 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3434
Abstract
To investigate the parameters of eye movement between ophthalmologists and optometrists while diagnosing digital fundus photographs, sixteen participants (eight ophthalmologists and eight optometrists) were recruited in this study. Every participant’s eye movement during diagnosis of a randomized set of fundus photographs displayed on [...] Read more.
To investigate the parameters of eye movement between ophthalmologists and optometrists while diagnosing digital fundus photographs, sixteen participants (eight ophthalmologists and eight optometrists) were recruited in this study. Every participant’s eye movement during diagnosis of a randomized set of fundus photographs displayed on an eye tracker were recorded. Fixation metrics (duration, count and rate) and scan path patterns were extracted from the eye tracker. These parameters of eye movement and correct diagnosis score were compared between both groups. Correlation analyses between fixation metrics and correct diagnosis score were also performed. Although fixation metrics between ophthalmologists and optometrists were not statistically different (p > 0.05), these parameters were statistically different when compared between different area of interests. Both participant groups had a similar correct diagnosis score. No correlation was found between fixation metrics and correct diagnosis score between both groups, except for total fixation duration and ophthalmologists’ diagnosis score of diabetic retinopathy photographs. The ophthalmologists’ scan paths were simpler, with larger saccades, and were distributed at the middle region of the photographs. Conversely, optometrists’ scan paths were extensive, with shorter saccades covering wider fundus areas, and were accumulated in some unrelated fundus areas. These findings indicated comparable efficiency and systematic visual search patterns between both the groups. Understanding visual search strategy could expedite the creation of a novel training routine for interpretation of ophthalmic diagnostic imaging. Full article
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7 pages, 271 KiB  
Article
Patterns of Use and Knowledge about Contact Lens Wear amongst Teenagers in Rural Areas in Malaysia
by Bariah Mohd-Ali and Xuan Li Tan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245161 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3831
Abstract
Background: Contact lenses (CLs) are more popular than spectacles for vision correction amongst the youth. Knowledge about the risks of wearing CLs is critical especially for those with poor access to public health education. This study investigates the patterns of use and level [...] Read more.
Background: Contact lenses (CLs) are more popular than spectacles for vision correction amongst the youth. Knowledge about the risks of wearing CLs is critical especially for those with poor access to public health education. This study investigates the patterns of use and level of knowledge about CL wear amongst teenagers living in rural areas in Selangor, Malaysia using a set of validated questionnaires. Methods: A total of 8500 self-administered questionnaires were distributed in eight selected secondary schools. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 2474 (29%) completed questionnaires were collected. The mean age of the respondents was 14.8 ± 1.5 years, and approximately 7.2% were CL wearers. The majority of the wearers were females (76.0%) and wore soft CLs (92.2%). Cosmetic purposes (58.1%) and comfort (24.6%) were the main reasons for wearing CLs. Many of the respondents purchased their lenses from optical shops (50.1%) and beauty accessory shops (15.6%), and approximately 10% did not disinfect their lenses properly. Regarding knowledge about CL care, approximately 56% of the respondents responded correctly. Conclusion: Half of the respondents do not have sufficient knowledge about the risks of wearing CLs. Thus, aggressive public health education aimed at teenagers is needed to prevent improper CL usage. Full article
11 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
The Unmet Needs of Parents of Highly Dependent Children with Cerebral Palsy
by Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin, Eyu Hui Shan and Asfarina Zanudin
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245145 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4579
Abstract
The overall care for children with cerebral palsy (CP) is challenging to the family which causes significant impacts to their livelihood. There is limited qualitative research that reports the unmet needs of parents with physically disabled children, especially highly dependent CP. The aim [...] Read more.
The overall care for children with cerebral palsy (CP) is challenging to the family which causes significant impacts to their livelihood. There is limited qualitative research that reports the unmet needs of parents with physically disabled children, especially highly dependent CP. The aim of this study was to explore the unmet needs of parents of highly dependent children with CP. A qualitative study using semi-structured face to face interviews was carried out among nine parents of children with CP with gross motor classification function score (GMFCS) levels III, IV, and V. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcribed data was analysed using thematic analysis method. Several unmet needs were highlighted by the parents; namely the needs in receiving information regarding CP conditions, getting psychological and financial support and explaining the child’s condition to strangers. In addition, parents expressed the need for better support from the social welfare department, as well as in effectively organising family functioning. The findings of this study indicate that there is a need for the healthcare professionals to develop suitable strategies to assist the parents of highly dependent children with CP in fulfilling their specific needs. The role of relevant agencies should be optimised in addressing this area of concern. Full article
9 pages, 1276 KiB  
Article
Virtual Reality Games as an Adjunct in Improving Upper Limb Function and General Health among Stroke Survivors
by Mohd Azzuan Ahmad, Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh, Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin, Khor Hooi Nee and Norliza Ibrahim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245144 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5804
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) games has the potential to improve patient outcomes in stroke rehabilitation. However, there is limited information on VR games as an adjunct to standard physiotherapy in improving upper limb function. This study involved 36 participants in both experimental (n = [...] Read more.
Virtual reality (VR) games has the potential to improve patient outcomes in stroke rehabilitation. However, there is limited information on VR games as an adjunct to standard physiotherapy in improving upper limb function. This study involved 36 participants in both experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups with a mean age (SD) of 57 (8.20) and 63 (10.54) years, respectively. Outcome measures were the Fugl-Meyer assessment for upper extremities (FMA-UE), Wolf motor function test (WMFT), intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI), Lawton of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and stroke impact scale (SIS) assessed at pre-post intervention. The experimental group had 0.5 h of upper limb (UL) VR games with 1.5 h of standard physiotherapy, and the control group received 2 h of standard physiotherapy. The intervention for both groups was performed once a week for eight consecutive weeks. The results showed a significant time–group interaction effect for IMI (p = 0.001), Lawton IADL (p = 0.01) and SIS domain of communication (p = 0.03). A significant time effect was found in FMA-UE (p = 0.001), WMFT (p = 0.001), Lawton IADL (p = 0.01), and SIS domains; strength, ADL and stroke recovery (p < 0.05). These results indicated an improvement in UL motor ability, sensory function, instrumental ADL, and quality of life in both groups after eight weeks of intervention. However, no significant (p > 0.05) group effect on all the outcome measures was demonstrated. Thus, replacing a portion of standard physiotherapy time with VR games was equally effective in improving UL function and general health compared to receiving only standard physiotherapy among stroke survivors. Full article
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17 pages, 516 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulation Systems Using PLGA of Bioactive Phenolics for Protection against Chronic Diseases
by Rohanizah Abdul Rahim, Putri Ayu Jayusman, Norliza Muhammad, Fairus Ahmad, Norfilza Mokhtar, Isa Naina Mohamed, Norazlina Mohamed and Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 4962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244962 - 06 Dec 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3939
Abstract
Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds have gained widespread recognition as remarkable nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of various disorders, such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, diabetes, osteoporosis, and neoplastic diseases. Evidence from the epidemiological studies has suggested the association between long-term consumption of diets rich in [...] Read more.
Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds have gained widespread recognition as remarkable nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of various disorders, such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, diabetes, osteoporosis, and neoplastic diseases. Evidence from the epidemiological studies has suggested the association between long-term consumption of diets rich in polyphenols and protection against chronic diseases. Nevertheless, the applications of these phytochemicals are limited due to its low solubility, low bioavailability, instability, and degradability by in vivo and in vitro conditions. Therefore, in recent years, newer approaches have been attempted to solve the restrictions related to their delivery system. Nanoencapsulation of phenolic compounds with biopolymeric nanoparticles could be a promising strategy for protection and effective delivery of phenolics. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is one of the most successfully developed biodegradable polymers that has attracted considerable attention due to its attractive properties. In this review, our main goal is to cover the relevant recent studies that explore the pharmaceutical significance and therapeutic superiority of the advance delivery systems of phenolic compounds using PLGA-based nanoparticles. A summary of the recent studies implementing encapsulation techniques applied to polyphenolic compounds from plants confirmed that nanoencapsulation with PLGA nanoparticles is a promising approach to potentialize their therapeutic activity. Full article
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11 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Analysis of the Factor Structure, Reliability and Validity of an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Screening Tool for Use with Adults in Malaysia
by Normah Che Din, Liana Mohd Nawi, Shazli Ezzat Ghazali, Mahadir Ahmad, Norhayati Ibrahim, Zaini Said, Noh Amit and Ponnusamy Subramaniam
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4763; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234763 - 28 Nov 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3427
Abstract
This is a preliminary study to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) screening tool for use in the Malaysian setting. A total of 199 Malaysian adults were recruited for this study. After cleaning and normalizing the data, [...] Read more.
This is a preliminary study to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) screening tool for use in the Malaysian setting. A total of 199 Malaysian adults were recruited for this study. After cleaning and normalizing the data, 190 samples were left to be analyzed. Principle component analysis using varimax rotation was then performed to examine various factors derived from psychometric tools commonly used to assess OCD patients. The screening tool exhibited three factors that fit the description of obsessions and compulsions from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—5th Edition (DSM 5), as well as other common symptoms that co-morbid with OCD. The labels given to the three factors were: Severity of Compulsions, Severity of Obsessions, and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety. Reliability analysis showed high reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94, whereas convergent validity of the tool with the Yale Brown Obsessive-compulsive Scale—Self Report demonstrated good validity of r = 0.829. The three-factor model explained 68.91% of the total variance. Subsequent studies should focus on OCD factors that are culturally unique in the Malaysian context. Future research may also use online technology, which is cost-efficient and accessible, to further enhance the screening tool. Full article
10 pages, 587 KiB  
Article
Self-Reported Sleep Quality Using the Malay Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-M) In Malaysian Adults
by Nor MF Farah, Teh Saw Yee and Hanif Farhan Mohd Rasdi
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4750; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234750 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 9382
Abstract
(1) Background: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a useful tool for the assessment of subjective sleep quality in non-clinical and clinical settings. This study aimed to determine sleep quality in a general Malaysian adult population using a validated Malay version of [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a useful tool for the assessment of subjective sleep quality in non-clinical and clinical settings. This study aimed to determine sleep quality in a general Malaysian adult population using a validated Malay version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI-M); (2) Methods: The original PSQI was translated into Malay following forward and backward translation guidelines. The final Malay version was administered to a sample of healthy working adults (n = 106; mean age: 35.3 ± 7.6 years) without history of sleep disorders. Reliability and agreement were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, intra-class correlations coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and Bland–Altman plot. Convergent validity of PSQI-M was examined with the Malay version of Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS-M) using Pearson’s correlation coefficient; (3) Results: Overall mean PSQI global score was 5.25 ± 1.85. About 45% of the sample had PSQI global score >5, indicating poor sleep quality. Total sleep duration per night was 5.95 ± 1.05 h, below the recommended amount. Sleep quality seems to be affected by age but not gender. Internal consistency as measured by Cronbach’s alpha in the whole sample was 0.74, with test–retest reliability (ICC) of 0.58 and SEM of 1.34. The PSQI test–retest scores indicated that most of the respondents (90%) lay within the 95% limits of agreement. The PSQI-M also showed significant correlation with ESS-M scores (r = 0.37, p < 0.01); (4) Conclusion: The PSQI-M showed acceptable reliability and is valid to be used in a general Malaysian adult population. Findings also indicate that a majority of the adults in our sample were experiencing inadequate sleep, thus further research is needed to identify the factors associated with poor sleep quality. Full article
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10 pages, 302 KiB  
Article
Facilitating Exercise Engagement among Community Dwelling Stroke Survivors: Is a once Per Week Group Session Sufficient?
by Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin, Nor Asma Husna Yusoff and Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4746; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234746 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2583
Abstract
Although exercise is proven as an effective strategy to combat post-stroke complications and the risk of stroke recurrence, many stroke survivors fail to engage in this activity following rehabilitation. In this study, we assessed the feasibility and usefulness of a low-frequency group exercise [...] Read more.
Although exercise is proven as an effective strategy to combat post-stroke complications and the risk of stroke recurrence, many stroke survivors fail to engage in this activity following rehabilitation. In this study, we assessed the feasibility and usefulness of a low-frequency group exercise to determine its suitability as an approach to facilitate exercise engagement among stroke survivors. Forty-one stroke survivors, mean (SD) age 59.34 (10.02) years, mean time post-stroke 17.13 (17.58) months, completed a 90 minute, once per week, group exercise supervised by therapists for 12 weeks. The exercise outcomes were measured using standardized clinical tests. We observed improvement in the group’s physical performance; balance score by 3 units (Z = −3.88, p < 0.001), speed of repetitive sit to stand by 3.4 s (Z = −4.69, p < 0.001), and walking speed by 8.22 m/min (Z = −3.25, p < 0.001). Scores of seven out of 14 Berg’s balance scale items increased significantly, indicating better balance ability among the survivors. In conclusion, a 12-week, once per week group exercise session seems feasible and sufficient to improve the physical performance of community dwelling stroke survivors. This exercise arrangement may be offered to stroke survivors to facilitate exercise practice following rehabilitation. Full article
11 pages, 441 KiB  
Article
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Related to Vitamin D and Its Relationship with Vitamin D Status among Malay Female Office Workers
by Nor Aini Jamil, Nurul Nadiah Shahudin, Nur Surfina Abdul Aziz, Chew Jia Qi, Wan Az Aleesa Wan Aminuddin, Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin, Kok-Yong Chin, Zahara Abd Manaf and Norlida Mat Daud
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4735; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234735 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3916
Abstract
This study assessed knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) related to vitamin D and its relationship with vitamin D status among Malay female office workers. A total of 147 women aged between 20 and 55 years were recruited from a university in Kuala Lumpur. [...] Read more.
This study assessed knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) related to vitamin D and its relationship with vitamin D status among Malay female office workers. A total of 147 women aged between 20 and 55 years were recruited from a university in Kuala Lumpur. They answered questionnaires related to KAP on vitamin D, sun exposure, dietary vitamin D intake and physical activity. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was analysed using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Nearly half (45%) of the subjects had good knowledge but moderate attitude (76%) and practice (84%) towards sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D intake. Median serum 25OHD was 34.1 nmol/L with the majority (91%) had vitamin D insufficiency (25OHD < 50 nmol/L). Knowledge was weakly associated with attitude (r = 0.29, p < 0.001) but no association was found between knowledge and practice (r = 0.08, p = 0.355) nor attitude and practice (r = −0.001, p = 0.994). Serum 25OHD was positively associated with sunlight exposure (r = 0.22, p = 0.008) and dietary vitamin D intake (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). It can be implied that this group is at increased risk of low bone health status, which highlights the needs of public health campaigns to improve their vitamin D status. Full article
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11 pages, 452 KiB  
Article
Distribution of Refractive Errors among Healthy Infants and Young Children between the Age of 6 to 36 Months in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia—A Pilot Study
by Arifah Nur Yahya, Sharanjeet Sharanjeet-Kaur and Saadah Mohamed Akhir
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4730; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234730 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3676
Abstract
Uncorrected refractive error, especially myopia, in young children can cause permanent visual impairment in later life. However, data on the normative development of refractive error in this age group is limited, especially in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine the [...] Read more.
Uncorrected refractive error, especially myopia, in young children can cause permanent visual impairment in later life. However, data on the normative development of refractive error in this age group is limited, especially in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of refractive error in a sample of infants and young children between the ages of 6 to 36 months in a prospective, cross-sectional study. Cycloplegic retinoscopy was conducted on both eyes of 151 children of mean age 18.09 ± 7.95 months. Mean spherical equivalent refractive error for the right and left eyes was +0.85 ± 0.97D and +0.86 ± 0.98D, respectively. The highest prevalence of refractive error was astigmatism (26%), followed by hyperopia (12.7%), myopia (1.3%) and anisometropia (0.7%). There was a reduction of hyperopic refractive error with increasing age. Myopia was seen to emerge at age 24 months. In conclusion, the prevalence of astigmatism and hyperopia in infants and young children was high, but that of myopia and anisometropia was low. There was a significant reduction in hyperopic refractive error towards emmetropia with increasing age. It is recommended that vision screening be conducted early to correct significant refractive error that may cause disruption to clear vision. Full article
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7 pages, 297 KiB  
Article
Reading Performance and Compensatory Head Posture in Infantile Nystagmus after Null Zone Training
by Norliza Mohamad Fadzil, Zainora Mohammed, Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin and Noor Haziq Saliman
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4728; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234728 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2547
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the visual function, reading performance, and compensatory head posture (CHP) in schoolchildren with infantile nystagmus. A total of 18 participants aged between 13 to 18 years old were divided into spectacle (n = 9) and null zone [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the visual function, reading performance, and compensatory head posture (CHP) in schoolchildren with infantile nystagmus. A total of 18 participants aged between 13 to 18 years old were divided into spectacle (n = 9) and null zone group (n = 9) based on their visual acuity. Visual acuity (LogMAR), contrast sensitivity (Pelli–Robson), reading time and rate (Tobii TX300), and CHP were measured pre and post null zone reading training. Participants in the null zone group received 10 sessions of training (5 weeks). Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of participants in the spectacle and null zone groups were not significantly different pre and post training. Reading performance, i.e., reading time (z = −1.36; p = 0.173) and reading rate (z = −0.06; p = 0.953), of participants in the spectacle group was not significantly different after 5 weeks. Reading time (z = −2.55; p = 0.011) and reading rate (z = −2.07; p = 0.038 of participants in the null zone group showed significant improvement post training. After 5 weeks, CHP improved in six out of the nine participants (66.7%) of the null zone group and was unchanged in all participants in the spectacle group. Null zone reading training could benefit children with infantile nystagmus in improving reading performance and compensatory head posture. Full article
11 pages, 656 KiB  
Article
Validity and Reliability of a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to Assess Dietary Intake of Preschool Children
by Yatiman Noor Hafizah, Lee Choo Ang, Fendy Yap, Wan Nurul Najwa, Whye Lian Cheah, Abd Talib Ruzita, Farra Aidah Jumuddin, Denise Koh, Julia Ai Cheng Lee, Cecilia A. Essau, Sue Reeves, Carolyn Summerbell, Edward Leigh Gibson and Bee Koon Poh
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234722 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7827
Abstract
As there are few food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to assess the dietary intake of preschool children, this study examined the validity and reliability of an FFQ for this purpose. A total of 210 preschoolers aged 4 to 6 years participated in the validation [...] Read more.
As there are few food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to assess the dietary intake of preschool children, this study examined the validity and reliability of an FFQ for this purpose. A total of 210 preschoolers aged 4 to 6 years participated in the validation study, while a subsample of 66 participants joined the reliability study. The FFQ is modified from the ToyBox-study and South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS), and comprised 108 food items from 13 food groups. A three-day estimated dietary record (3DR) was used as reference and reliability was assessed through a second administration of the FFQ (FFQ2), four weeks after the first administration (FFQ1). For the validation study, Spearman’s correlation coefficients showed moderate to high correlations (p < 0.001) between FFQ and 3DR. Cross-classification of quartile analysis showed moderate agreement between the two methods. As for reliability, Spearman’s correlation coefficients showed moderate to high correlations (p < 0.001) between FFQ1 and FFQ2. Cronbach’s alpha values (0.708 to 0.824) and intraclass correlation coefficients (0.710 to 0.826) showed good agreement between repeated FFQs. The results suggest that the FFQ has acceptable validity and good reliability. Hence, the FFQ can be used to assess preschool children’s food intake. Full article
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14 pages, 310 KiB  
Article
Utilization of a Diet Optimization Model in Ensuring Adequate Intake among Pregnant Women in Selangor, Malaysia
by Zeenat Begam Sawal Hamid, Roslee Rajikan, Siti Masitah Elias and Nor Aini Jamil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4720; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234720 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3260
Abstract
Achieving nutritional requirements for pregnant women in rural or suburban households while maintaining the intake of local and culture-specific foods can be difficult. Usage of a linear programming approach can effectively generate diet optimization models that incorporate local and culturally acceptable menus. This [...] Read more.
Achieving nutritional requirements for pregnant women in rural or suburban households while maintaining the intake of local and culture-specific foods can be difficult. Usage of a linear programming approach can effectively generate diet optimization models that incorporate local and culturally acceptable menus. This study aimed to determine whether a realistic and affordable diet that achieves recommended nutrient intakes for pregnant women could be formulated from locally available foods in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the dietary intake of 78 pregnant women using a 24-h dietary recall and a 3-day food record. A market survey was also carried out to estimate the cost of raw foods that are frequently consumed. All linear programming analyses were done using Excel Solver to generate optimal dietary patterns. Our findings showed that the menus designed from diet optimization models using locally available foods would improve dietary adequacy for the seven food groups based on the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 2010 (MDG 2010) and the 14 nutrients based on Recommended Nutrient Intake 2017 (RNI 2017) in pregnant women. However, inadequacies remained for iron and niacin, indicating that these nutrients may require supplementation. Full article
13 pages, 539 KiB  
Article
Prevalence of Frailty and its Association with Cognitive Status and Functional Fitness among Ambulating Older Adults Residing in Institutions within West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
by Resshaya Roobini Murukesu, Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh, Ponnusamy Subramaniam, Xee Vern Tan, Ibtisam Arfah Mohamd Izhar, Pavapriya Ponvel and Hanif Farhan Mohd Rasdi
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234716 - 26 Nov 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3536
Abstract
Aim: There is limited information about the association between frailty, cognitive status and functional fitness in older adults living in institutions. We aimed to determine the prevalence of frailty and its association with cognitive status and functional fitness among pre-frail and frail Malaysian [...] Read more.
Aim: There is limited information about the association between frailty, cognitive status and functional fitness in older adults living in institutions. We aimed to determine the prevalence of frailty and its association with cognitive status and functional fitness among pre-frail and frail Malaysian older adults residing in institutions on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Methods: This study included 302 ambulating Malaysian institutionalised older adults. Frailty was identified using Fried’s frailty criteria. Cognitive status was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination. Functional fitness was assessed using the Senior Fitness test. The association between frailty groups, cognitive status and functional fitness was analysed using binary logistic regression. Results: Prevalence of frailty, prefrailty and robustness in the older adults was 56.6%, 40.7% and 2.9%, respectively. Frailty was found to be associated with hypertension (OR 2.15, 95% CI: 1.11–4.16, p = 0.024), lower cognitive status (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination) (OR 0.98, 95% C.I: 0.96–0.99, p = 0.038), and lower dynamic balance and mobility (Timed Up and Go test) (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01–1.16, p = 0.024). Conclusion: Frailty is highly prevalent among Malaysian institutionalised older adults. Hypertension, cognitive impairment and lower dynamic balance and mobility were found to be risk factors of frailty. Screening of frailty and its associated factors should be prioritized among institutionalised older adults in view of early prevention and rehabilitation. Full article
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12 pages, 2039 KiB  
Article
Effect of Sequence of Fruit Intake in a Meal on Satiety
by Bibi Nabihah Abdul Hakim, Hanis Mastura Yahya, Suzana Shahar, Zahara Abdul Manaf and Hanafi Damanhuri
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4464; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224464 - 13 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5098
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of manipulating sequence of fruit consumption during a meal in suppressing an individual’s appetite. Therefore, we investigate the effects of the sequence of fruit intake on satiety and blood glucose in a group of 17 healthy, young [...] Read more.
Little is known about the effects of manipulating sequence of fruit consumption during a meal in suppressing an individual’s appetite. Therefore, we investigate the effects of the sequence of fruit intake on satiety and blood glucose in a group of 17 healthy, young male adults. This intervention study repeatedly measured the effects of fruit intake (120 g red apple) before and after a meal and control (no fruit). Ad libitum test meal was weighed before and after a meal. Subjective appetite rating and appetite-related hormones were assessed at regular time intervals. The satiety score was significantly higher for fruit intake before a meal followed by after a meal and control (p < 0.05). Eating fruit before a meal reduced 18.5% (166 kcal) subsequent energy intake compared to control (p < 0.05). Fruit intake before a meal had a significantly higher incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), compared to after a meal (p < 0.05). There were no differences in plasma changes of ghrelin, Cholecystokinin 8 (CCK8), or blood glucose in all sessions. Consuming fruit before a meal potentially enhanced satiety. Further research is required to confirm both short- and long-term effects of the sequence of fruit intake on appetite regulation in a wider population. Full article
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9 pages, 289 KiB  
Communication
Microbiological Safety of Street-Vended Beverages in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur
by Nur Syakirah Mohd Nawawee, Nur Faizah Abu Bakar and Siti Shahara Zulfakar
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224463 - 13 Nov 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4049
Abstract
Improper handling, poor hygienic practices, and lack of environmental control affect the safety of street-vended beverages. The objective of this study is to determine the bacterial contamination level of three types of beverages (cordial-based drinks, milk-based drinks, fruit juices) sold by street vendors [...] Read more.
Improper handling, poor hygienic practices, and lack of environmental control affect the safety of street-vended beverages. The objective of this study is to determine the bacterial contamination level of three types of beverages (cordial-based drinks, milk-based drinks, fruit juices) sold by street vendors at Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 31 samples of beverages were analyzed to determine total viable count (TVC), total coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus counts via the standard plate count method. The results showed that only 9.7% of the total samples were not contaminated with the tested microorganisms. All milk-based drink samples were positive for TVC and also had the highest average bacterial counts at 5.30 ± 1.11 log Colony Forming Unit/mL (CFU/mL). About 71% of the samples were contaminated with total coliform with the average readings ranging between 4.30 and 4.75 log CFU/mL, whereas 58.1% of the samples were positive with S. aureus, with fruit juices having the highest average reading (3.42 ± 1.15 log CFU/mL). Only one sample (milk-based drink) was E. coli positive. This study showed that the microbiological safety level of street-vended beverages in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur was average and needs to be improved. Provision of food safety education and adequate sanitary facilities at vending sites are suggested to increase the safety of food products. Full article
13 pages, 3455 KiB  
Article
Resveratrol Supplementation Protects against Nicotine-Induced Kidney Injury
by Anand Ramalingam, Thulasiprevinnah Santhanathas, Shafreena Shaukat Ali and Satirah Zainalabidin
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224445 - 12 Nov 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3749
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to nicotine accelerates onset and progression of renal diseases in habitual cigarette smokers. Exposure to nicotine, either via active or passive smoking is strongly shown to enhance renal oxidative stress and augment kidney failure in various animal models. In this study, [...] Read more.
Prolonged exposure to nicotine accelerates onset and progression of renal diseases in habitual cigarette smokers. Exposure to nicotine, either via active or passive smoking is strongly shown to enhance renal oxidative stress and augment kidney failure in various animal models. In this study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol supplementation on nicotine-induced kidney injury and oxidative stress in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given nicotine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in combination with either resveratrol (8 mg/kg, i.p.), or angiotensin II type I receptor blocker, irbesartan (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Upon completion of treatment, kidneys were investigated for changes in structure, kidney injury markers and oxidative stress. Administration of nicotine alone for 28 days resulted in significant renal impairment as shown by marked increase in plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and oxidative stress. Co-administration with resveratrol however successfully attenuated these changes, with a concomitant increase in renal antioxidants such as glutathione similar to the conventionally used angiotensin II receptor blocker, irbesartan. These data altogether suggest that targeting renal oxidative stress with resveratrol could alleviate nicotine-induced renal injury. Antioxidants may be clinically important for management of renal function in habitual smokers. Full article
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