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16 pages, 2025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ball Screen and One-on-One on the Level of Opposition and Effectiveness of Shots in the ACB

by Jorge Serna, Verónica Muñoz-Arroyave, Jaume March-Llanes, M. Teresa Anguera, Queralt Prat, Aaron Rillo-Albert, David Falcón and Pere Lavega-Burgués

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052676 - 07 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

In light of the importance of shots on the final result in basketball matches, this research aims to reveal the predictive ability of variables associated with different game actions (ball screen, one-on-one near the basket and one-on-one far away from the basket), shot [...] Read more.

In light of the importance of shots on the final result in basketball matches, this research aims to reveal the predictive ability of variables associated with different game actions (ball screen, one-on-one near the basket and one-on-one far away from the basket), shot zone (near to or far from the basket) and players’ position (outside or inside) of the success of shots and of the type of shot, defended or not defended, in three seasons (2014 to 2016) of the Copa del Rey in the ACB (Asociación de Clubes de Baloncesto) League in Spain. Observational methodology was used, and an ad hoc instrument was created using Lince software. The study was conducted on a total of 7695 game actions, of which an analysis of 877 shots was made using CHAID (Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection) classification trees. The results obtained in this research have led us to the following conclusions: (a) the most important variable in the success of shots is to find “open shots”, regardless of the game action, (b) one-on-one actions outside and inside the zone have a clear connection to the finishes of the plays and end up in defended shots, (c) shots by ball screen lead to more open shots than in one-on-one and (d) play with passes may facilitate to find “open shots”. These results can be of interest for coaches to prepare their teams in the best possible way, but they must be interpreted with caution as the sample was very specific (Copa del Rey in the ACB League) and, therefore, it is necessary to continue investigating this topic in other competition contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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17 pages, 1235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Skills in Youth Basketball Players: Diagnostic and External Validation of a Video-Based Assessment

by David Rösch, Florian Schultz and Oliver Höner

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052331 - 27 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4359

Abstract

Decision-making is a central skill of basketball players intending to excel individually and contribute to their teams’ success. The assessment of such skills is particularly challenging in complex team sports. To address this challenge, this study aimed to conceptualize a reliable and valid [...] Read more.

Decision-making is a central skill of basketball players intending to excel individually and contribute to their teams’ success. The assessment of such skills is particularly challenging in complex team sports. To address this challenge, this study aimed to conceptualize a reliable and valid video-based decision-making assessment in youth basketball. The study sample comprised youth basketball players of the German U16 national team (n = 17; M_Age = 16.01 ± 0.25 years) and students of a sports class (n = 17; M_Age = 15.73 ± 0.35 years). Diagnostic validity was tested by determination of the performance levels according to response accuracy as well as response time in the assessment. External validity was examined by investigation of the correlation between the diagnostic results of the elite athletes and their real game performance data associated with passing skills. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the diagnostic results discriminate between performance levels (χ²(2) = 20.39, p < 0.001, Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.60). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between the diagnostic results and assists (F(2,10) = 4.82, p < 0.05; R² = 0.49) as well as turnovers per game (F(2,10) = 5.23, p < 0.05; R² = 0.51). However, no relationship was detected regarding the assist-turnover ratio. Further, response time discriminated within the elite athletes’ performance data but not between performance levels while for response accuracy the opposite is the case. The results confirm the diagnostic and external validity of the assessment and indicate its applicability to investigate decision-making skills in youth basketball. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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12 pages, 843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Dynamic Balance on Jumping-Based Asymmetries in Team Sport: A between-Sports Comparison in Basketball and Handball Athletes

by Francisco J. Barrera-Domínguez, Antonio Carmona-Gómez, Inmaculada Tornero-Quiñones, Jesús Sáez-Padilla, Ángela Sierra-Robles and Jorge Molina-López

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(4), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041866 - 14 Feb 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3366

Abstract

The aims of the present study were to analyze mobility, dynamic balance and lower-limb strength and the prevalence of asymmetry according to the type of sport and assess the association between inter-limb asymmetry and sports performance. A total of 23 basketball and 25 [...] Read more.

The aims of the present study were to analyze mobility, dynamic balance and lower-limb strength and the prevalence of asymmetry according to the type of sport and assess the association between inter-limb asymmetry and sports performance. A total of 23 basketball and 25 handball players performed a test battery consisting of functional movements and a jump test. Inter-limb asymmetry was calculated using a standard percentage difference equation. A between-groups comparison analysis was carried out, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to establish a relationship between asymmetries and physical performance. The results found athletes in different sports to exhibit different performance in functional movements and the jump test, but no bilateral asymmetries. The reactive strength index (RSI) and stiffness asymmetries were significantly associated with the anterior reach Y-balance test (YBT) (r = −0.412; p < 0.01 and r = −0.359; p < 0.05, respectively), and the unilateral triple hop test (THTU) was negatively correlated to anterior reach, posterior lateral reach YBT and YBT composite YBT (r = −0.341 to −0.377; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the asymmetries exhibited important dispersion not dependent upon the type of sport but on each individual and the applied test. In addition, asymmetry in anterior direction YBT showed the strongest association to the rest of the sports performance variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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14 pages, 1559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Dribbling and Passing Skills in Competitive Games of Women’s Basketball

by Tomáš Vencúrik, Jiří Nykodým, Dominik Bokůvka, Tomislav Rupčić, Damir Knjaz, Vedran Dukarić and Ivan Struhár

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031165 - 28 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3384

Abstract

This work aimed to identify the influence of selected endogenous (internal load) and exogenous (possession duration, game quarter, and defensive pressure) factors in natural game conditions on the efficiency of dribbling and passing skills. Dribbling and passing skills were assessed during four games [...] Read more.

This work aimed to identify the influence of selected endogenous (internal load) and exogenous (possession duration, game quarter, and defensive pressure) factors in natural game conditions on the efficiency of dribbling and passing skills. Dribbling and passing skills were assessed during four games of U19 female basketball players and five games of senior (2nd division) female basketball players. In total, 551 dribbling and 914 passing executions were evaluated. Binary logistic regression identified defensive pressure of the opponent as a predictor of dribbling and passing skills effectivity. When the defensive pressure of the opponent was medium, the chances for the ineffective pass were 1.997 times more likely (95% CI; 1.179–3.383), as it is at the minimum defensive pressure. When the defensive pressure of the opponent was high, the chances for ineffective dribbling were 7.45 times more likely (95% CI; 3.672–15.113) and for ineffective pass were 8.419 times more likely (95% CI; 4.6–15.409), as it is at minimum defensive pressure. The game quarter and the internal load were not identified as the predictors influencing the dribbling and passing effectivity. Possession duration was also an insignificant predictor of dribbling and passing skills effectivity. However, the passing skill effectivity decreases when the shot clock is winding down. These findings confirm the importance of transferring game situations into the training process. Coaches should take into account these factors when they want to stimulate determinants of player performance in a balanced and systematic way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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11 pages, 573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Muscular Strength Spurts in Adolescent Male Basketball Players: The INEX Study

by Eduardo Guimarães, José A. R. Maia, Mark Williams, Filipa Sousa, Eduardo Santos, Fernando Tavares, Manuel A. Janeira and Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020776 - 18 Jan 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3266

Abstract

Although successful performance in basketball requires high levels of muscular strength during adolescence, its development is confounded by the effects of normal growth. We examine the timing, intensity and sequence of muscular strength according to biological age (years from peak height velocity (PHV)) [...] Read more.

Although successful performance in basketball requires high levels of muscular strength during adolescence, its development is confounded by the effects of normal growth. We examine the timing, intensity and sequence of muscular strength according to biological age (years from peak height velocity (PHV)) and hypothesize that young basketball players attain their peak muscular strength spurts around PHV. A total of 160 adolescent male basketballers, aged 11–15 years, were followed bi-annually over 3 consecutive years. The years from attainment of PHV and peak weight velocity (PWV) were estimated and five muscular strength measures (sit-ups, handgrip, seated medicine ball throw, squat jump and countermovement jump) were aligned to years from PHV in 3-month intervals. Strength velocities were estimated using a non-smooth mathematical model. The mean ages at-PHV and at-PWV were 13.90 ± 1.40 years and 13.90 ± 1.79 years, respectively. Maximal velocity in sit-ups was attained 6 months prior to attainment of PHV (intensity = 10.69 repetitions·year⁻¹), whereas maximal velocity in squat jump occurred 6 months after-PHV (intensity = 3.93 cm·year⁻¹). Handgrip strength, seated medicine ball throw and countermovement jump maximal velocity peaked at-PHV (intensity = 8.47 kgf·year⁻¹, intensity = 0.75 m·year⁻¹, intensity = 5.59 cm·year⁻¹, respectively). In general, maximal velocity spurts did not differ in their timing, with the velocities reaching a peak concurrent with PHV and PWV or within 6 months of its attainment. Basketball coaches, as well as strength and conditioning trainers, should consider individual differences in strength development and be aware of rapid periods of growth in stature when planning and designing muscular strength training regimes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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10 pages, 1511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Fatigue on Some Kinematic Parameters of Basketball Passing

by Feng Li, Damir Knjaz and Tomislav Rupčić

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020700 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3474

Abstract

Kinematic analysis is an objective method for examining basketball technique. However, there are just a few studies featuring a kinematic analysis of passing. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the kinematic parameters and accuracy of passing changed when players were [...] Read more.

Kinematic analysis is an objective method for examining basketball technique. However, there are just a few studies featuring a kinematic analysis of passing. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the kinematic parameters and accuracy of passing changed when players were under the influence of fatigue. Eleven Croatian basketball players who are members of the youth national program (age: 18.36 ± 0.67 years; height: 192.32 ± 9.98 cm; weight: 83.35 ± 11.19 kg; body fat: 15.00 ± 4.40%, arm span: 194.34 ± 10.39 cm) participated in fatigue and non-fatigue repetitive tests. A Xsens suit was used to analyze the kinematic parameters of push passing; a radar gun was used to determine ball speed; heart rate and blood lactate were used to identify fatigue and non-fatigue state. There was a significant difference in angular velocities of shoulder (p = 0.01), elbow (p = 0.04), and wrist (p = 0.01), accuracy (p = 0.01), ball speed (p = 0.00), pelvis position (p = 0.00), and velocity of the pelvis in X-axis (p = 0.00) between fatigue and non-fatigue state. Fatigue influences some kinematic parameters and accuracy of passing. The findings of this study suggest that coaches conduct as many drills as possible in situational conditions that are similar to the conditions during the basketball game itself. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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14 pages, 2745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strength and Speed Profiles Based on Age and Sex Differences in Young Basketball Players

by David Mancha-Triguero, Javier García-Rubio, José M. Gamonales and Sergio J. Ibáñez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020643 - 13 Jan 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3678

Abstract

Team sports are in continuous evolution, and physical performance is acquiring greater importance in the game. The assessment of physical fitness is the most reliable method for knowing if the athlete’s physical fitness is appropriate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to [...] Read more.

Team sports are in continuous evolution, and physical performance is acquiring greater importance in the game. The assessment of physical fitness is the most reliable method for knowing if the athlete’s physical fitness is appropriate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to identify profiles of physical-physiological demands with different specific tests of physical fitness related to the maximum strength of the lower body and speed. Moreover, some differences based on the sex and age of the players were identified. One hundred and forty-nine basketball players were analyzed (men n = 103 vs. women n = 46, weight: 74.74 ± 11.65 kg vs. 56.89 ± 3.71 kg, height: 184.66 ± 11.67 vs. 164 ± 4 and BMI: 21.7 ± 0.83 vs. 21.6 ± 0.90). The players performed an Abalakov test, a multi-jump test, and a repeat sprint ability test. Each player was equipped with a WIMU PRO device, and photoelectric cells were used. A MANOVA was performed to discover the differences between ages, and a t-test was used regarding sex. The results showed significant differences based on age and sex in variables related to time and Player Load/min (p < 0.001). The variables related to steps (contact, step, flight) also showed significant differences as a function of age (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.05). The multi-jump test showed differences based on age (p < 0.05 except in between jumps), but not on sex. These results confirm the importance of working together on lower body strength and speed skills. In addition, the planning of the work on these abilities must be individualized and according to the characteristics of the athlete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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14 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Performance, Intrinsic Motivation and Adherence in Athletes

by Bartolomé J. Almagro, Pedro Sáenz-López, Sebastián Fierro-Suero and Cristina Conde

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249441 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9060

Abstract

Sports performance depends on a complex interaction of variables, such as psychological, physical, technical and tactical abilities. The purpose of the three studies described in this article was to validate an instrument to measure perceived performance in athletes (studies 1 and 2), and [...] Read more.

Sports performance depends on a complex interaction of variables, such as psychological, physical, technical and tactical abilities. The purpose of the three studies described in this article was to validate an instrument to measure perceived performance in athletes (studies 1 and 2), and to analyze the predictive power of perceived performance, basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation on the intention to be physically active (which was used as a predictor of adherence to sport) (study 3). In study 1, the Perceived Performance in Sports Questionnaire was validated in the Spanish sports context, analyzing its factorial structure, reliability, and temporal stability with 146 soccer players. The objective of study 2 was to check the factorial structure of the questionnaire with an objective performance measure (points scored and time played). The sample was 180 young basketball players. The objective of study 3 was to analyze the predictive power of basic psychological needs in exercise, intrinsic motivation, and perceived performance on the intention to be physically active in 339 athletes of fifteen different sports. The results show the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, and positive correlations with the points scored. Finally, the analysis of the structural equation model showed that the satisfaction of the need for competence predicted perceived performance and intrinsic motivation predicted perceived performance and intention to remain physically active. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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12 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Want to Impact Physical, Technical, and Tactical Performance during Basketball Small-Sided Games in Youth Athletes? Try Differential Learning Beforehand

by Sogand Poureghbali, Jorge Arede, Kathrin Rehfeld, Wolfgang Schöllhorn and Nuno Leite

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249279 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3297

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the acute effect of small-sided games, based on differential learning, on the physical, technical, and positioning performance of young basketball players. Eight basketball players under 13 (U13) participated in this study. A total of eight sessions involving half-court [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the acute effect of small-sided games, based on differential learning, on the physical, technical, and positioning performance of young basketball players. Eight basketball players under 13 (U13) participated in this study. A total of eight sessions involving half-court small-sided games (4 sets × 3 min + 1 min of passive recovery) under randomly different numerical relations were performed. Before each trial, players were verbally instructed to perform the drill in one of the conditions, in random order. Pre- and post-tests were performed in the 4v4 half-court format, in each session. External load and positional data were collected via a WIMU PRO local positioning system. Individual heart rate monitoring was used to assess the internal load. Game videos also collected notational data. The results revealed that, after the intervention, the players significantly decreased the total distance covered, the peak acceleration, average speed, training impulse, and the spatial exploration index; conversely, the results confirmed an increase in the number of dribbles. Small-sided games under randomly different numerical relations imposed acute effects in distinct variables during 4v4 half-court games. However, further studies are warranted, including longer interventions and parallel-group designs, to confirm if the training-induced effects of this method are significantly better compared to other approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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11 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Athletic Career and Retirement Depending on the Type of Sport: A Comparison between Individual and Team Sports

by Cristina López de Subijana, Larisa Galatti, Rubén Moreno and Jose L. Chamorro

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249265 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4000

Abstract

The type of sport practiced may shape the athletic career, considered as the period in which an athlete is dedicated to obtaining their maximum performance in one or more sports. The aim of this study was to compare athletic careers and retirement in [...] Read more.

The type of sport practiced may shape the athletic career, considered as the period in which an athlete is dedicated to obtaining their maximum performance in one or more sports. The aim of this study was to compare athletic careers and retirement in individual and team sports. Four hundred and ten former elite athletes (38.5 ± 7.6 years) answered an ad hoc questionnaire; 61.5% were men and 38.5% women; 45.1% were from individual sports, while 54.9% were from team sports. It emerged that the age of maximum sports performance and the retirement age occurred significantly later in team sports than in individual sports (U = 15,042 and U = 12,624.5, respectively p < 0.001). Team sports athletes combined their athletic career with work to a greater extent than those from individual sports (χ2 (3, N = 408) = 14.2; p = 0.003; Cv = 0.187). Individual sports athletes trained more hours per week (30.0 ± 11.7 h) than those involved in team sports (19.2 ± 10.7 h; U = 9682; p < 0.001). These athletes (team sports) were in a better economic and working situation at retirement transition (χ2 (3, N = 406) = 23.9; p < 0.001; Cv = 0.242). Individual sports athletes perform physical activity more frequently than team sports athletes (U = 16,267.5; p = 0.045), while team sports athletes participate more actively in veteran competitions (χ2 (1, N = 390) = 3.9; p = 0.047; Cv = 0.104) and more frequently attend events as spectators (χ2 (1, N = 390) = 8.4; p = 0.004; Cv = 0.151). dual career support providers should be aware that team sports athletes enjoy a longer athletic career, and they are in a better position to face the retirement transition than individual sports athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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12 pages, 577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Well-Being Measure on Young Basketball Players: The NFAPW Scale

by Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Jorge García-González, Monica Flo García and Daniel Mon-López

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7987; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217987 - 30 Oct 2020

Viewed by 2450

Abstract

Basketball is a sport in which, beyond the physical and technical skills, the psychological aspects are a decisive factor and could negatively affect the well-being of the player. The present study analyzes how 11 items belonging to two stakeholders (coach and player) could [...] Read more.

Basketball is a sport in which, beyond the physical and technical skills, the psychological aspects are a decisive factor and could negatively affect the well-being of the player. The present study analyzes how 11 items belonging to two stakeholders (coach and player) could negatively affect the well-being of the athlete. A sample of elite young basketball players (n = 121) consisting of 55 males and 66 females, ranging in age from 16 to 23 (M = 20.12 ± 1.71), completed the Negative Factors Affecting Players’ Well-being (NFAPW) Questionnaire. This questionnaire was designed ad hoc and demonstrated good psychometric properties that confirmed that it is a valid and reliable instrument to measure how those factors negatively affect their well-being. The results showed that females have a greater perception of the factors that negatively affect their well-being, especially those related to the actions of the coach. However, no differences were found regarding the experience. Although this research provides an initial tool for measuring the well-being of the player during competition, future studies are encouraged to provide guidance to the coaches and players in dealing with the psychological variables in a better way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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10 pages, 488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Citius, Altius, Fortius; Is It Enough to Achieve Success in Basketball?

by Javier García-Rubio, Daniel Carreras, Sebastian Feu, Antonio Antunez and Sergio J. Ibáñez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(20), 7355; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207355 - 09 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3043

Abstract

The NBA Draft Combine includes a series of standardized measurements and drills that provide NBA teams with an opportunity to evaluate players. The purpose of this research was to identify the Combine tests that explain draft position and future performance in the NBA [...] Read more.

The NBA Draft Combine includes a series of standardized measurements and drills that provide NBA teams with an opportunity to evaluate players. The purpose of this research was to identify the Combine tests that explain draft position and future performance in the NBA rookie season. Variables were selected from the previous categories of anthropometric measurements and strength and agility tests. A regression analysis was carried out. Combine variables, anthropometric and agility/strength variables were analyzed to explore their effect on draft position. Moreover, correlation analyses were performed to identify relationships among: (i) Combine anthropometric and strength and agility measures and game performance through game related statistics; and (ii) the draft position and game performance using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results show that the Combine test does not predict draft position, with the exception of hand width and height in frontcourt players, and standard vertical jump and running vertical jump. Future performance indicators were explained by several Combine tests in all players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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12 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Sprint Velocity and Peak Moment at Shoulder and Elbow in Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players

by Jorge Villacieros, Javier Pérez-Tejero, Guadalupe Garrido, Lena Grams, África López-Illescas and Amelia Ferro

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 6989; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196989 - 24 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2318

Abstract

Specific wheelchair basketball (WB) skills on the court have been poorly analyzed in relation to improving players’ performance according to their functional class. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between maximum velocity (Vmax) and peak moment (PM) in the [...] Read more.

Specific wheelchair basketball (WB) skills on the court have been poorly analyzed in relation to improving players’ performance according to their functional class. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between maximum velocity (Vmax) and peak moment (PM) in the shoulder and elbow joints in specific WB skills and to compare performance between the main two groups by functional class. Twelve male WB players, divided in categories A (functional classes 1.0–2.5) and B (class 3.0–4.5), performed a sprint test battery composed by four tests (with and without ball) and isokinetic tests. A significant relationship between PM of the internal and external shoulder rotation and the flexion and extension elbow with Vmax (p < 0.05) was found. During a 5 m backward sprint test, category B was faster in the last three meters than category A (p < 0.05) and also for the rest of the test but p = NS. Category B showed higher PM than category A for internal shoulder rotation (ISR) at 60 °/s and at 180 °/s on the dominant side (DS) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ISR on the DS was found different for both groups and showed significant relationship with Vmax in all of the tests performed. Moreover, at higher speeds the elbow flexion and extension in DS were correlated with Vmax in all the actions with ball (passing, bouncing, and braking) reflected the importance of these joints movements in acquiring speed when performing sport specific WB skills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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18 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decisive Factors for a Greater Performance in the Change of Direction and Its Angulation in Male Basketball Players

by Francisco J. Barrera-Domínguez, Bartolomé J. Almagro, Inmaculada Tornero-Quiñones, Jesús Sáez-Padilla, Ángela Sierra-Robles and Jorge Molina-López

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186598 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2800

Abstract

A study was made to initially evaluate whether the age category directly could influence anthropometric measurements, functional movement tests, linear sprint (30 m) and strength. Moreover, and as the main purpose, this study aimed to examine the relationship between the time execution and [...] Read more.

A study was made to initially evaluate whether the age category directly could influence anthropometric measurements, functional movement tests, linear sprint (30 m) and strength. Moreover, and as the main purpose, this study aimed to examine the relationship between the time execution and angles in different changes of direction (COD) test with the analyzed sport performance variables. A total sample of 23 basketball players (age: 17.5 ± 2.42 years; height: 184.6 ± 6.68 cm; body weight: 78.09 ± 11.9 kg). Between-groups’ comparison explored the differences between basketball categories (Junior, n = 12; Senior, n = 11). The COD variables were divided by the time execution into low responders (LR) and high responders (HR) to establish comparisons between groups related to COD time execution. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to establish correlations between different CODs and sport performance variables. The results showed a greater influence of age category upon COD performance, especially when the cutting angle was sharper (7.05% [Confidence limits (CL) 90%: 2.33; 11.99]; Quantitative chances (QC) 0/2/98), in which athletes need greater application of strength. Moreover, the sharper the angle or the larger the number of cuts made, the greater the relationship with the vertical force–velocity profile (−42.39 [CL 90%: −57.37; −22.16]; QC 100/0/0%). Thus, the usefulness of the f–v profile to implement training programs that optimize the f–v imbalance and the improvement of the COD performance in basketball players is suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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11 pages, 886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling the Relationship between Match Outcome and Match Performances during the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup: A Quantile Regression Analysis

by Shaoliang Zhang, Miguel Ángel Gomez, Qing Yi, Rui Dong, Anthony Leicht and Alberto Lorenzo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165722 - 07 Aug 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4038

Abstract

The FIBA Basketball World Cup is one of the most prominent sporting competitions for men’s basketball, with coaches interested in key performance indicators (KPIs) that give a better understanding of basketball competitions. The aims of the study were to (1) examine the relationship [...] Read more.

The FIBA Basketball World Cup is one of the most prominent sporting competitions for men’s basketball, with coaches interested in key performance indicators (KPIs) that give a better understanding of basketball competitions. The aims of the study were to (1) examine the relationship between match KPIs and outcome in elite men’s basketball; and (2) identify the most suitable analysis (multiple linear regression (MLR) vs. quantile regression (QR)) to model this relationship during the men’s basketball tournament. A total of 184 performance records from 92 games were selected and analyzed via MLR and QR, using 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantiles. Several offensive (Paint Score, Mid-Range Score, Three-Point Score, Offensive Rebounds and Turnovers) and defensive (Defensive Rebounds, Steals and Personal Fouls) KPIs were associated with match outcome. The QR model identified additional KPIs that influenced match outcome than the MLR model, with these being Mid-Range Score at the 10th quantile and Offensive Rebounds at the 90th quantile. In terms of contextual variables, the quality of opponent had no impact on match outcome across the entire range of quantiles. Our results highlight QR modelling as a potentially superior tool for performance analysts and coaches to design and monitor technical–tactical plans during match-play. Our study has identified the KPIs contributing to match success at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup with QR modelling assisting with a more detailed performance analysis, to support coaches with the optimization of training and match-play styles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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10 pages, 333 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

by Lorenzo Gasperi, Daniele Conte, Anthony Leicht and Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(15), 5507; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155507 - 30 Jul 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2898

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the differences in game-related statistics between national and foreign female basketball players in the Women’s EuroLeague, according to playing positions and team ability. The official box-scores of 112 games from the 2016–2017 season of [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to examine the differences in game-related statistics between national and foreign female basketball players in the Women’s EuroLeague, according to playing positions and team ability. The official box-scores of 112 games from the 2016–2017 season of the Women’s EuroLeague (FIBA) were examined. Players were categorised based upon country of nationality versus competition (i.e., foreign or national), playing positions (i.e., Guards, Forwards, Centers), and team ability (i.e., four groups using a cluster of k-means analysis according to the winning percentage of each team during the competition). A structural coefficient (SC) above |0.30| was used to identify the variables that best differentiated the national and foreign players. Results showed that foreign players had a better performance according to team ability and playing position for most of the performance indicators, with higher values for minutes played, percentage of successful 2-point field-goals, percentage of successful free-throws, and percentage of assists. Moreover, foreign players performed better in variables associated with offensive situations, while national players were prevailing with indicators associated with defensive actions. These results have highlighted the unique contributions of foreign and national players, based upon playing position and team ability, to team success in the Euroleague. This information will assist the recruitment process of national and foreign athletes for coaches to develop successful elite female basketball teams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

21 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Talent Development Pathway for Elite Basketball Players in China

by José Bonal, Sergio Lorenzo Jiménez and Alberto Lorenzo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(14), 5110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145110 - 15 Jul 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5628

Abstract

A large portion of previous sport talent development research has been conducted using Western countries study subjects such as Canadian, Swedish, Spanish, British, or American athletes. However, the factors that affect oriental culture athletes remain an unexplored field. The aims of this investigation [...] Read more.

A large portion of previous sport talent development research has been conducted using Western countries study subjects such as Canadian, Swedish, Spanish, British, or American athletes. However, the factors that affect oriental culture athletes remain an unexplored field. The aims of this investigation were to consolidate the exploration of the pilot study that studied the key factors for Chinese elite basketball players’ careers and understand what facts have helped them to achieve the highest sportive level through qualitative research. The pathway to excellence of 11 Chinese elite basketball players were analyzed through a semi-structured interview with different categories such as social context, sport context, tactical factors, or anthropometric factors. Results showed that cultural factors, family tradition, academic studies, coaches, mental strength, training structuration, and international competitions had a great effect and influence in the talent development of Chinese basketball players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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14 pages, 358 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Deliberate Practice, Functional Performance and Psychological Characteristics in Young Basketball Players: A Bayesian Multilevel Analysis

by Ahlan B. Lima, Juarez V. Nascimento, Thiago J. Leonardi, André L. Soares, Roberto R. Paes, Carlos E. Gonçalves and Humberto M. Carvalho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(11), 4078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114078 - 08 Jun 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3548

Abstract

Background: Early sport specialization has increased its popularity mostly based on the deliberate practice theory premises. In this study, we examined the influence of the age of onset of deliberate basketball practice on body size, functional performance (countermovement jump, line drill and yo-yo [...] Read more.

Background: Early sport specialization has increased its popularity mostly based on the deliberate practice theory premises. In this study, we examined the influence of the age of onset of deliberate basketball practice on body size, functional performance (countermovement jump, line drill and yo-yo intermittent recovery level 1), motivation for achievement and competitiveness, motivation for deliberate practice and sources of enjoyment among young Brazilian basketball players. In addition, we adjusted for the influence of gender, age group, maturity status and state basketball federation on the outcomes. Methods: The sample included 120 female and 201 male adolescent basketball players aged 14.0 (1.7) years, on average. We grouped players by the age of onset of deliberate basketball practice as related to biologic maturation milestones (pre-puberty deliberate practice onset, mid-puberty deliberate practice onset and late-puberty deliberate practice onset). Results: There was no substantial variation among contrasting players by the onset of deliberate practice in all of the outcomes. Adjusting for gender, male players with late-puberty deliberate practice onset had better functional performance than players with pre- and mid-puberty onset of practice. Females players with late-puberty deliberate practice onset had slightly worst functional performance than players with pre- and mid-puberty onset of practice. Conclusions: Early deliberate basketball practice does not appear to provide an advantage for the development of physiological functions. Likewise, enjoyment, motivation for deliberate practice and motivation for achievement and competition do not appear to be negatively influenced by early deliberate basketball practice. The debate about the relationship between time spent in deliberate practice and performance development in young athletes will need to emphasize the coaching pedagogical quality and the training environment and account for informal practice and deliberate play. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

12 pages, 1547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Red Arch-Support Insoles on Subjective Comfort and Movement Biomechanics in Various Landing Heights

by Yi Wang, Wing-Kai Lam, Cheuk-Hei Cheung and Aaron Kam-Lun Leung

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072476 - 05 Apr 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4573

Abstract

Red is perceived as a “winning color”, which may influence actual and perceived performances in sports, but little effort has been done to assess the added value on colored foot insoles in basketball movements. This study examined if colored foot insole would influence [...] Read more.

Red is perceived as a “winning color”, which may influence actual and perceived performances in sports, but little effort has been done to assess the added value on colored foot insoles in basketball movements. This study examined if colored foot insole would influence perceived comfort and lower extremity biomechanics during drop landing. Nineteen male basketball players performed drop landing trials with different insoles (red arch-support, white arch-support, and white-flat) and landing heights (0.45 and 0.61 m). Two-way (Insole x Height) ANOVAs with repeated measures were performed on each of the knee and ankle angles and moments variables. Wearing red arch-support insoles induced better perception of forefoot and rearfoot cushioning and overall comfort but smaller plantarflexion moment than the white-flat insoles (p < 0.05). Increased landing height was related to higher ground reaction loading, sagittal flexion angles, range of motion, and joint moments but smaller ankle eversion (p < 0.05). Findings indicate that foot insoles might have influenced comfort perception and joint kinetics, but not joint kinematics. The use of red color in foot insoles could potentially maximize the effectiveness of foot insoles in a way that alters comfort perception and motor control during landing, with implications for risk of injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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10 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peak Match Demands in Young Basketball Players: Approach and Applications

by Enrique Alonso, Nicolas Miranda, Shaoliang Zhang, Carlos Sosa, Juan Trapero, Jorge Lorenzo and Alberto Lorenzo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072256 - 27 Mar 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4086

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study is to describe the peak match demands and compare them with average demands in basketball players, from an external load point of view, using different time windows. Another objective is to determine whether there are differences between [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study is to describe the peak match demands and compare them with average demands in basketball players, from an external load point of view, using different time windows. Another objective is to determine whether there are differences between positions and to provide an approach for practical applications. Methods: During this observational study, each player wore a micro technology device. We collected data from 12 male basketball players (mean ± SD: age 17.56 ± 0.67 years, height 196.17 ± 6.71 cm, body mass 90.83 ± 11.16 kg) during eight games. We analyzed intervals for different time windows using rolling averages (ROLL) to determine the peak match demands for Player Load. A separate one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify statistically significant differences between playing positions across different intense periods. Results: Separate one-way ANOVAs revealed statistically significant differences between 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, and full game periods for Player Load, F (3,168) = 231.80, η_p² = 0.76, large, p < 0.001. It is worth noting that guards produced a statistically significantly higher Player Load in 5 min (p < 0.01, η_p² = −0.69, moderate), 10 min (p < 0.001, η_p² = −0.90, moderate), and full game (p < 0.001, η_p² = −0.96, moderate) periods than forwards. Conclusions: The main finding is that there are significant differences between the most intense moments of a game and the average demands. This means that understanding game demands using averages drastically underestimates the peak demands of the game. This approach helps coaches and fitness coaches to prepare athletes for the most demanding periods of the game and present potential practical applications that could be implemented during training and rehabilitation sessions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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11 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

External Workload Can Be Anticipated During 5 vs. 5 Games-Based Drills in Basketball Players: An Exploratory Study

by Cody J. O’Grady, Vincent J. Dalbo, Masaru Teramoto, Jordan L. Fox and Aaron T. Scanlan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 2103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062103 - 22 Mar 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2823

Abstract

This study determined whether external workload could be anticipated during 5 vs. 5 games-based drills in basketball. Thirteen semi-professional, male basketball players were monitored during 5 vs. 5 training drills across the season. External workload was determined using PlayerLoad™ (AU∙min⁻¹). The [...] Read more.

This study determined whether external workload could be anticipated during 5 vs. 5 games-based drills in basketball. Thirteen semi-professional, male basketball players were monitored during 5 vs. 5 training drills across the season. External workload was determined using PlayerLoad™ (AU∙min⁻¹). The reference workload for each drill was calculated across all sessions, using bootstrapping. The bootstrap mean workload and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were then calculated for session 1, sessions 1–2, and continued for remaining sessions (1–3, 1–4, etc.), and were compared with those of the reference workload. The minimum sessions to anticipate workload for each drill was identified when the first normative value fell within ±5% or ±10% of the reference workload 95% CI. The minimum sessions were then tested to determine the accuracy to which workload could be anticipated. Three to four sessions were needed to anticipate workload within ±5%, while 2–3 sessions were needed to anticipate workload within ±10%. External workload was anticipated in 0–55% of future sessions using an error range of ±5%, and in 58–89% of sessions using an error range of ±10%. External workload during 5 vs. 5 games-based drills can be anticipated in most sessions using normative values established during a short-term monitoring period with an error range of ±10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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Review

Jump to: Research

31 pages, 1391 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Basketball: A Qualitative Systematic Review

by Alfonso de la Rubia Riaza, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Daniel Mon-López and Alberto Lorenzo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(22), 8596; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228596 - 19 Nov 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4367

Abstract

Performance in basketball is multifactorial. One of the modifying factors is the “Relative Age Effect—RAE”. However, its impact depends on the sample characteristics and sport context. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the RAE on basketball competition performance [...] Read more.

Performance in basketball is multifactorial. One of the modifying factors is the “Relative Age Effect—RAE”. However, its impact depends on the sample characteristics and sport context. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the RAE on basketball competition performance by analysing peer-reviewed articles published until July 2020. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses systematic search guidelines, nine studies were identified in four databases: Sport Discus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Moreover, a study quality analysis using “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology” guidelines was carried out. The results confirmed an impact of the RAE on competition performance in basketball (56% measurements) and a higher influence of the RAE on short-term collective performance (54% measurements). Statistical parameters were affected, especially in men and U14-U18 categories. No impact of the RAE reversal and no influence of the RAE on long-term collective performance were found. There was a higher impact of the RAE in men (71%), the U14-U18 categories (44%), and at the national level (40%) was identified. The RAE has a variable influence on basketball performance according to developmental constraints. Nevertheless, the findings should be considered based on the sport context due to the heterogeneity and variability of the identified results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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15 pages, 2254 KiB

Open AccessReview

Training and Competition Load in Female Basketball: A Systematic Review

by María Reina, Javier García-Rubio and Sergio J. Ibáñez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2639; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082639 - 12 Apr 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5371

Abstract

The scientific literature on women’s basketball is still limited, mainly in performance parameters. The purpose of this study was to analyse the state of art on the internal and external loads supported by female basketball players during sports practice. The design of this [...] Read more.

The scientific literature on women’s basketball is still limited, mainly in performance parameters. The purpose of this study was to analyse the state of art on the internal and external loads supported by female basketball players during sports practice. The design of this research is theoretical. The most relevant databases were searched for pertinent published studies according to the following keywords: “basketball”, “female” or “woman”, “training” or “competition”, “load” or “demand”. Of the 644 studies initially identified, 26 were selected for a complete review. These investigations were characterised by having as an objective an individualization of training for this type of population. Of the selected studies, it was evaluated: (i) goal (training, competition or both); (ii) category (stages: U14, U16, U18 and senior; level: state, national or international); (iii) type of load (Internal, External or both); (iv) instruments used and (v) variables analysed. The most studied goal was competition, mainly in senior national level, carrying out an analysis of the external and internal load together. Depending on the instruments and the variables used, the subjective load analysis was recurrent and important in the publication of articles in this topic. The quality of the studies was good, but for a better description of women’s basketball, there is a need to jointly investigate sports training and competition, to study the training categories and to use micro technology that guarantees obtaining objective and reliable data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball)

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